TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Membrane distillation(MD) is a thermally-driven separation process, in which only vapour molecules transfer through a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The driving force in the MD process is the vapour pressure difference induced by the temperature difference across the hydrophobic membrane. This process has various applications, such as desalination, wastewater treatment and in the food industry.  3, record 1, English, - membrane%20distillation

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La distillation membranaire est un procédé thermique utilisant une membrane hydrophobe, imperméable à l'eau liquide, pour distiller l'eau salée. Une source de chaleur est nécessaire pour chauffer l'eau à une température de 70-900 °C. Lors du chauffage de l'eau salée à la surface de la membrane, la nature hydrophobe de la membrane laisse la vapeur d'eau traverser grâce à la température élevée, mais le liquide salé ne peut pas pénétrer. La vapeur d'eau qui s'accumule de l'autre côté de la membrane est ensuite condensée par différents procédés possibles pour fournir l'eau distillée nécessaire.  3, record 1, French, - distillation%20membranaire

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

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La destilación por membranas es un proceso de evaporación en el que el vapor de agua, impulsado por una diferencia en la presión de vapor, penetra a través de una membrana hidrófoba, separándose así de la fase líquida que contiene las sales disueltas.  1, record 1, Spanish, - destilaci%C3%B3n%20por%20membranas

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Membrane distillation(MD) is a separation process where a micro-porous hydrophobic membrane separates two aqueous solutions at different temperatures.... The manner in which the vapour pressure difference is generated across the membrane is determined by the specific module configuration. In the most commonly used configuration, direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD), the permeate-side consists of a condensation liquid(often clean water) that is in direct contact with the membrane.  2, record 2, English, - direct%20contact%20membrane%20distillation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Plusieurs types de distillations membranaires existent, les différences concernent uniquement le côté du perméat et vont conditionner la force motrice de la séparation. [Pour la distillation membranaire à contact direct (DCMD), une] solution aqueuse plus froide que la solution d'alimentation est maintenu en contact direct avec la membrane côté perméat. Dans ce cas, la différence de température transmembranaire induit une différence de pression de vapeur. Par conséquent, les molécules volatiles s'évaporent à l'interface liquide/vapeur de l'alimentation et se recondensent à l'interface liquide/vapeur du perméat plus froid.  2, record 2, French, - distillation%20membranaire%20%C3%A0%20contact%20direct

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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[En la] destilación por membrana de contacto directo (DCMD), [...] tanto la corriente caliente vaporizante como la corriente condensada fría (corriente de destilado) están en contacto directo con la membrana.  1, record 2, Spanish, - destilaci%C3%B3n%20por%20membrana%20de%20contacto%20directo

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Hydrophobically associating polymers are synthetically derived water-soluble polymers containing a small number of oil-soluble or hydrophobic groups.  2, record 3, English, - hydrophobically%20associating%20polymer

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Recent advances in atmospheric chemistry demonstrate that aerosol surfaces play a very important role in their chemistry. In particular, organic aerosol is aged and processed through photochemical and radical oxidation reactions. These reactions likely affect each aerosol particle uniquely, resulting in a patchwork of molecules and chemical functionalities even on originally homogeneous aerosol. The end result of these reactions is likely a surface with mixed hydrophilic and hydrophobic character.  2, record 4, English, - homogeneous%20aerosol

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reversed-phase chromatography(RPC) is a liquid chromatography technique that involves the separation of molecules on the basis of hydrophobic interactions between the solute molecules in the mobile phase and the ligands attached to the stationary phase.  2, record 5, English, - reversed%2Dphase%20chromatography

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Reversed phase chromatography. A chromatographic method in which the mobile phase is more polar than the stationary phase.  8, record 5, English, - reversed%2Dphase%20chromatography

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La chromatographie en phase normale, séparant les composés polaires dans une phase mobile organique, et la chromatographie en phase inverse, séparant les composés non polaires dans une phase mobile partiellement aqueuse, sont deux modes complémentaires qui nécessitent des colonnes différentes et des systèmes de solvant qui ne sont pas nécessairement compatibles.  8, record 5, French, - chromatographie%20en%20phase%20inverse

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cromatografía de fase reversa (inversa): la fase estacionaria tiene una naturaleza apolar (cadenas hidrocarbonadas, grupos fenilo) y las interacciones que se producen son inespecíficas (efecto solvófobo).  2, record 5, Spanish, - cromatograf%C3%ADa%20de%20fase%20reversa

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A growth factor with specificity for vascular endothelial cells has been identified in conditioned medium of pituitary-derived growth factor(FSdGF), was purified to homogeneity by a combination of heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, Bio-Gel P-60 exclusion chromatography, Mono Sion-exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography on a C4 reverse-phase HPLC column. FSdGF(folliculo stellate growth factor) was a molecular mass of 23 KDa...  3, record 6, English, - folliculo%20stellate%20derived%20growth%20factor

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tiré de: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 86 (19), 1989, 7311-7315.  3, record 6, English, - folliculo%20stellate%20derived%20growth%20factor

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La vasculotropine est le dernier facteur angiogénique découvert. Il a été isolé à partir de cellules folliculaires de l'hypophyse de bœuf ou à partir du milieu conditionné de la lignée cellulaire hypophysaire AtT-20 (J. Plouet, communication personnelle). Il porte également le nom de folliculo stellate-derived growth factor (FSdGF).  1, record 6, French, - vasculotropine

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reversible attachment is a function of the initial attraction of a bacterium to a surface and is controlled by several competing forces, including hydrophobic, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces...  3, record 7, English, - reversible%20attachment

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Adhésion réversible. La première phase d'adhésion de microorganismes à une surface s'effectue par des interactions de longue distance (entre 50 et 3 nm [nanomètres]) de deux types : des attractions correspondantes aux forces de van der Waals [et] des forces de répulsion électrostatiques [...]  2, record 7, French, - adh%C3%A9sion%20r%C3%A9versible

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Las partículas, entre ellas las bacterias, son atraídas hacia la superficie por interacciones débiles de tipo inespecífico, que actúan a una relativa distancia. Ellas incluyen la gravitación, [...] las fuerzas de London Van Der Waals, fuerzas electroestáticas y la tensión superficial. [...] Cuando las fuerzas de atracción y repulsión se equilibran mantienen a la bacteria en un débil estado denominado [...] adherencia reversible [...]  1, record 7, Spanish, - adherencia%20reversible

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Plasma coating refers to a coating that has been deposited on a substrate surface using a plasma system. This plasma technology is used in a number of applications where a very thin and uniform film thickness is required. Common coating materials include chemicals such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride as well as a variety of organic polymer forming species.... Plasma coating applications include coating objects with antiglare, dielectric, water repellent(hydrophobic), heat and chemical resistance coatings. A coating may be deposited on a variety of materials including metals, polymers and ceramics.  1, record 8, English, - plasma%20coating

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Facile à nettoyer : le revêtement fonctionnel qui repousse l'eau et les salissures. Le revêtement par plasma produit des surfaces très hydrophobes, c'est-à-dire qu'elles repoussent l'eau (effet lotus). [Les] domaines d'application pionniers sont le revêtement de pièces automobiles (par exemple, des jantes en aluminium) ou les fenêtres et les vitres.  2, record 8, French, - rev%C3%AAtement%20par%20plasma

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partition chromatography in which the stationary phase is an organic extractant applied on a porous, hydrophobic support, and the mobile phase is a suitable aqueous solution(acid, base, or salt).  2, record 9, English, - extraction%20chromatography

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Supercritical fluid extraction chromatography.  3, record 9, English, - extraction%20chromatography

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La chromatographie d’extraction combine les avantages de l’échange d’ions et de l’extraction par solvants dont elle conserve le principe. L’agent extractant est fixé sur un support inerte, une poudre de Téflon ou de composé minéral disposée comme phase stationnaire dans une colonne. Cette méthode s’est peu développée,peut-être parce que la mise en œuvre de l’extraction liquide/liquide est plus rapide, sans doute aussi parce que les coefficients de distribution sont souvent à l’avantage des échangeurs d’ions et que les phases aqueuses sont polluées par le solvant.  1, record 9, French, - chromatographie%20d%26rsquo%3Bextraction

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A colloidal solution consisting of a suitable dispersion medium, which may be gas, liquid or solid, and the colloidal substance, the disperse phase, which is distributed throughout the dispersion medium.  2, record 10, English, - sol

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A hydrophobic colloid has little attraction for water. A solution of this type of colloid is called a sol.  3, record 10, English, - sol

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Suspensions of solid particles of colloidal size in liquids are called sols. Suspensions of either solid or liquid particles in a gas are called aerosols. Emulsions are suspensions of liquid droplets in a second liquid. Foams are suspensions of liquid droplets in either a liquid or a solid. For both emulsions and foams the suspended particles are frequently substantially larger than the usual colloidal range and also, in the case of foams, the continuous medium is often so thin as it surrounds the gas bubbles as to be itself in the colloidal state.  4, record 10, English, - sol

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Des particules qui portent elles-mêmes une charge électrique (ions) ou des charges partielles, attirent les molécules d'eau et s'entourent d'une enveloppe hydratée. Les protéines forment ainsi une solution colloïdale. Lorsqu'elles perdent de l'eau, cette solution appelée sol devient gélatineuse et s'épaissit.  2, record 10, French, - sol

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Suspensión coloidal de partículas pequeñas de una sustancia en otra.  1, record 10, Spanish, - sol

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A reagent added to a pulp to bring about adherence between solid particles and air bubbles.  7, record 11, English, - collecting%20reagent

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Flotation reagent. ... Collecting reagents increase the angle of contact of the three-phase system and, therefore, the interfacial tension between the particle and the liquid. Among useful reagents of this type are fatty acids and soaps. The usefulness of collectors is enhanced by activating reagents ... Depressing reagents accomplish the opposite task.  1, record 11, English, - collecting%20reagent

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

collector : A heteropolar compound containing a hydrogen-carbon group and an ionized group, chosen for ability to adsorb selectively in froth flotation process and render adsorbing surface relatively hydrophobic.  8, record 11, English, - collecting%20reagent

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Réactif ajouté à la pulpe pour provoquer l'adhérence entre particules solides et bulles d'air.  4, record 11, French, - r%C3%A9actif%20collecteur

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La flottation est ainsi utilisée pour la séparation sélective de certains solides contenus dans une pulpe et pour leur concentration. Pour opérer cette sélection, on utilise des réactifs collecteurs, particulièrement hydrophobes, qui ont pour but d'augmenter la répulsion vis-à-vis de l'eau du minerai que l'on désire sélectionner. Les réactifs dépresseurs de gangue auront pour but au contraire d'augmenter la mouillabilité de la masse de matières que l'on ne désire pas retenir.  1, record 11, French, - r%C3%A9actif%20collecteur

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le collecteur, en se fixant sélectivement sur les grains, les rend hydrophobes, ou accroît leur hydrophobie, et leur impose de passer depuis le bain de flottation (aqueux) jusque dans une mousse, d'où ils seront extraits.  5, record 11, French, - r%C3%A9actif%20collecteur

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Les principaux agents collecteurs sont : les savons [...]; les xanthogénates [...]; les amines aliphatiques [...]; enfin les dithiophosphates.  6, record 11, French, - r%C3%A9actif%20collecteur

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

collecteur: Agent de flottage provoquant un contact plus intime entre le mouillant et la particule à faire monter à la surface (goudron, xanthate).  7, record 11, French, - r%C3%A9actif%20collecteur

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Plasma surface treatment is extremely versatile and used in a range of industries. It can enhance biocompatibility, prevent moisture absorption through hydrophobic treatments, and it improves functionalization and adhesion-all from a value-driven, green alternative to harsh chemical techniques. It even extends treatment lifetime from days to years.  2, record 12, English, - plasma%20surface%20treatment

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Traitement de surface par plasma - Dans l'industrie, on fait appel aux traitements plasma pour l'amélioration et le contrôle fin des propriétés de surface des matériaux : revêtement, nettoyage, activation, gravure... Lorsqu'une pièce est au contact d'un plasma, un film se forme à sa surface. Les molécules présentes dans la phase gazeuse conditionnent la nature du film formé. Les procédés plasmas sont des hautes technologies industrielles qui permettent le traitement de surface à haute performance et à haute valeur ajoutée de tous types de matériaux : métaux, plastiques et élastomères, verres, céramiques, composites, textiles, etc.  2, record 12, French, - traitement%20de%20surface%20par%20plasma

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A stain used to visualize DNA fragments on electrophoresis gels. It fluoresces in a hydrophobic environment on exposure to radiation in the 250-310 nm range.  1, record 13, English, - ethidium%20bromide

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Colorant fluorescent qui se fixe aux fragments d'ADN en s'intercalant entre les nucléotides. Il est utilisé pour révéler les bandes d'ADN séparées par électrophorèse en gel.  2, record 13, French, - bromure%20d%27%C3%A9thidium

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Así, mediante evolución dirigida, Leslie E. Orgel y colaboradores, del Instituto Salk en San Diego, han creado variantes del ARN de Qß resistentes a bromuro de etidio, droga inhibidora de la replicación del ARN in vitro.  1, record 13, Spanish, - bromuro%20de%20etidio

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Sigma-Aldrich Materials Science, in collaboration with Nanocor Corporation, is pleased to offer a line of montmorillonite nanoclays. To make the clays compatible with hydrophobic polymers, they are surface exchanged with alkylammonium cations; the five Nanomer [registered trademark] I clays differ in the chemical nature of their surface bound cations. Cationic clay layers of the Nanoclay, Nanomer [registered trademark] PGV(682659) are hydrophilic and can be dispersed in aqueous polymers.  2, record 14, English, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

New Nanomer-insulation coatings based on polymer matrix nanocomposites show considerably high partial electric discharge stability. Conventional polymer-insulation coatings suffer from quick ageing in an alternating electric field due to overvoltage by partial discharge. The new Nanomer-insulation coatings can compensate such deficits by nano scaled particles exhibiting special electronic structure.  3, record 14, English, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nanomer®: A trademark of Nalco.  2, record 14, English, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Marque de commerce désignant un] vernis composite qui emprisonne de minuscules particules de céramique dont la taille est de l'ordre du nanomètre.  2, record 14, French, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un polycarbonate recouvert d'une couche de Nanomer devient aussi résistant aux rayures que le verre et offre une très haute résistance à l'impact.  2, record 14, French, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La modification de la résine industrielle UF avec des nanoparticules de type Nanomer 130E a donné une nouvelle résine qui permet de réduire d'une façon appréciable les émanations de formaldéhyde.  3, record 14, French, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nanomer® : Marque de commerce de la société Nalco.  3, record 14, French, - Nanomer%C2%AE

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The association of several protein monomers into a larger unit; the monomers are held together by the same forces that create secondary and tertiary structure, hydrophobic bonding being the most important.  1, record 15, English, - quaternary%20structure

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The quaternary structure describes the way in which certain, complex, usually intracellular enzymes consist of a number of polypeptide chains associated by means of secondary forces to form multi-subunit enzymes.... Evaluation of the functional significance of the quaternary structure is an important part of fundamental studies on the catalytic properties of enzymes. In some enzymes, which exhibit allosteric properties, the main correlations between subunit interactions and enzyme activity are generally understood. However in many other enzymes considerably less is known about the occurrence of subunit interactions or the significance of the oligomeric structure.  2, record 15, English, - quaternary%20structure

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

For example, hemoglobin, A, [alpha subscript 2 beta subscript 2], is composed of two alpha monomers and two beta monomers.  1, record 15, English, - quaternary%20structure

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Façon caractéristique dont les chaînes polypeptidiques s'assemblent les unes aux autres dans la conformation native des protéines oligomériques.  2, record 15, French, - structure%20quaternaire

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement aux structures primaire, secondaire ou tertiaire qui contiennent une seule chaîne polypeptidique, la structure quaternaire implique deux ou plusieurs chaînes. Ces chaînes sont ou ne sont pas identiques, mais dans les deux cas elles sont reliées par des liaisons faibles (non convalentes). [...] Le maintien d'une protéine dans une structure tertiaire et quaternaire déterminée est essentiel pour son activité biologique (enzymatique par exemple).  3, record 15, French, - structure%20quaternaire

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cet ensemble n'est pas une organisation immuable : c'est un état d'équilibre entre l'association et la dissociation partielle des chaînes.  2, record 15, French, - structure%20quaternaire

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nivel de estructura proteínica en el que varias moléculas individuales se unen y forman una agrupación funcional.  1, record 15, Spanish, - estructura%20cuaternaria

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

El ejemplo clásico lo constituye la hemoglobina, un complejo de cuatro unidades.  1, record 15, Spanish, - estructura%20cuaternaria

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sequence of amino acid residues along a polypeptide chain in a protein.  2, record 16, English, - primary%20structure

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Today, the relative ease of gene sequencing is leading to an explosion in the derivation of protein primary structure by direct gene translation. This information is being stored in DNA databanks. The current problem with the design of enzymes is that we are still unable to predict reliably the three-dimensional structure adopted by a known primary structure(amino acid sequence)... Minor changes in primary structure can result in the formation of additional intramolecular intersubunit electrostatic or hydrophobic bonds. Even a small number of these bonds can drastically increase the stability of subunit enzymes against dissociative inactivation.  3, record 16, English, - primary%20structure

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It completely determines the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.  2, record 16, English, - primary%20structure

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dans une chaîne polypeptidique, arrangement séquentiel des acides aminés dont l'enchaînement est assuré par des liaisons peptidiques covalentes.  2, record 16, French, - structure%20primaire

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La structure primaire de la molécule protéique [...] est la structure la plus importante et la plus spécifique : elle détermine les structures secondaire et tertiaire. [...] Les protéines thermostables, une fois déterminées leurs structures primaire et tertiaire, serviraient de modèles pour la construction d'enzymes qui pourraient alors être produites par génie génétique. Car si nous comprenions les principes qui donnent leur stabilité aux protéines, nous pourrions ne modifier que quelques résidus d'acides aminés de protéines connues pour les rendre stables.  2, record 16, French, - structure%20primaire

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Secuencia lineal de residuos que forman un polímero, como por ejemplo, ácidos nucleicos, polisacáridos o proteínas.  2, record 16, Spanish, - estructura%20primaria

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

White, free-flowing amorphous powder or aqueous solution. Soluble in water and organic solvents. Combustible with wide range of hydrophillic and hydrophobic resins... Uses : Pharmaceuticals; blood plasma expander... ;cosmetics... ;textile finishes...  2, record 17, English, - polyvinylpyrrolidone

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Polyvinylpyrrolidone. ... A clarifying agent for vinegar, a PH stabilizing agent for food.  5, record 17, English, - polyvinylpyrrolidone

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Poudre amorphe blanche, soluble dans l'eau, employée en médecine (substitut du plasma sanguin) et en pharmacie. Clarifiant du vinaigre, stabilisant de nombreuses denrées alimentaires.  2, record 17, French, - polyvidone

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Componente ocasional de medios de aislamiento de cultivos de tejidos vegetales. La PVP tiene un peso molecular variable; su fórmula general es (C6H9NO)n. Por sus propiedades antioxidantes se utiliza para prevenir el pardeamiento oxidativo de los tejidos vegetales cortados. Aunque con menor frecuencia, se utiliza también como estabilizador osmótico en medios de cultivo.  1, record 17, Spanish, - polivinilpirrolidona

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and electrostatic interactions between the carrier and the substrate and/or effectors often produce an unequal distribution of these species between the micro-and macroenvironment. This is called the partition effect... The most obvious example here would be the case of an enzyme, acting on an cationic substrate, immobilized by attachment to a polyanion(i. e. a negatively charged polymer). The positive substrate would be concentrated around the negative polymer and thus, although the average concentration of the substrate in the system might be low, around the enzyme it will be relatively high.  3, record 18, English, - partitioning%20effect

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le faible volume de distribution est sans doute imputable à la forte liaison du naproxen aux protéines plasmatiques et à l'effet de cloisonnement selon le pH qui, ensemble, confinent fortement le médicament au compartiment plasmatique.  1, record 18, French, - effet%20de%20cloisonnement

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A measure of the tendency for organic hydrophobic chemicals to sorb primarily to the organic carbon present in soils or sediment.  2, record 19, English, - organic%20carbon%2Dwater%20distribution%20ratio

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A high value indicates a strong tendency for adsorption to soil or sediment, rather than remain dissolved in soil solution (or pore water). Strongly adsorbed molecules will not leach or move unless the soil particle to which they are adsorbed moves (as in erosion). Koc of less than 500 indicates little or no adsorption and a potential for leaching.  2, record 19, English, - organic%20carbon%2Dwater%20distribution%20ratio

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Koc = K_oc  5, record 19, English, - organic%20carbon%2Dwater%20distribution%20ratio

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 3 OBS

partition coefficient: this term is not recommended [by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry] and should not be used as a synonymm for "distribution coefficient" or "distribution ratio."  1, record 19, English, - organic%20carbon%2Dwater%20distribution%20ratio

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rapport entre la quantité adsorbée d'un composé par unité de poids de carbone organique du sol ou du sédiment et la concentration en ce même composé en solution aqueuse à l'équilibre.  6, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le facteur de retard est proportionnel au coefficient de distribution Kd, qui décrit la séparation d'un soluté dissous entre les phases aqueuse et sorbée. Le degré d'adsorption est directement lié au contenu en carbone organique du sol. On sait qu'il existe une relation empirique entre Kd, la fraction massique en carbone organique dans le sol (foc) et le coefficient de distribution carbone organique / eau (Koc) : Kd =foc.Koc.  5, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le coefficient de partage carbone organique-eau (Koc) [...] représente la capacité qu'a un produit à se fixer sur les particules organiques d'un sol.  7, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le coefficient de partage carbone organique-eau (Koc) [...] permet d'évaluer la mobilité de la substance dans le sol.  8, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La tendance d'un composé à s'adsorber sur un sol dépend de ses propriétés physico-chimiques et de la teneur en carbone organique du sol ou du sédiment. Koc peut être utilisé pour déterminer la répartition d'un composé entre l'eau et le solide.  6, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 3 OBS

coefficient de partage : Cette expression n'est pas recommandée et elle ne doit pas être utilisée comme synonyme de [...] coefficient de distribution.  9, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 4 OBS

rapport de distribution : terme recommandé par l'Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée.  1, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 5 OBS

L'usage de l'oblique au lieu du trait d'union est à éviter. L'oblique oppose deux éléments alors que le trait d'union les lie.  10, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 6 OBS

Kco s'écrit : K_co  11, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 7 OBS

Koc : coefficient de partage carbone organique-eau [s'exprime en] cm³/g.  12, record 19, French, - rapport%20de%20distribution%20carbone%20organique%2Deau

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A chemical compound which is soluble in alcohol, acetone and ether, forms yellow flakes, boils at 248°C, and which is used as a fungicide, defoliant and herbicide.  3, record 20, English, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtrichlorophenol

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Wang et al. performed a laboratory study of transport of the hydrophobic organic compound 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol through a layer of clean sediment placed over contaminated sediment.  4, record 20, English, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtrichlorophenol

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

2,4,6-trichlorophenol: form recommended by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).  5, record 20, English, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtrichlorophenol

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Wang et al. (1991) ont expérimenté en laboratoire le transport du trichloro-2,4,6 phénol à travers une couche de sédiments propres placés sur des sédiments contaminés.  4, record 20, French, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtrichloroph%C3%A9nol

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Trichlorophénol. [...] Le dérivé 2,4,6 est un fongicide et antiseptique puissant.  5, record 20, French, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtrichloroph%C3%A9nol

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

2,4,6-trichlorophénol : forme recommandée par l'UICPA (Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée).  2, record 20, French, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtrichloroph%C3%A9nol

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Hojuelas amarillas con olor fenólico. No inflamable. Soluble en acetona, alcohol y éter. Muy tóxico. Etiqueta de veneno.  1, record 20, Spanish, - 2%2C4%2C6%2Dtriclorofenol

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A molecule which has a polar head attached to a long hydrophobic tail.  2, record 21, English, - amphiphile

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In polar media such as water, the hydrophobic part of the amphiphiles forming the micelle tends to locate away from the polar phase while the polar parts of the molecule(head groups) tend to locate at the polar micelle solvent interface.  3, record 21, English, - amphiphile

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Molécule qui a une moitié hydrophile et une moitié hydrophobe.  2, record 21, French, - mol%C3%A9cule%20amphiphile

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Afin de se localiser à l'interface eau-huile, le tensioactif doit être formé de molécules dites «amphiphiles». [...] ces molécules se placent spontanément à cheval sur les interfaces eau-huile : la partie hydrophile va dans l'eau et la partie hydrophobe dans l'huile.  1, record 21, French, - mol%C3%A9cule%20amphiphile

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Certains auteurs considèrent les termes «amphipathique» et «amphiphile» comme des synonymes (Grand dictionnaire encyclopédique Larousse et Compendium of Chemical Terminology, par exemple) d'autres, comme le dictionnaire de chimie et de ses applications de Duval et le McGraw-Hills, préfèrent les distinguer.  3, record 21, French, - mol%C3%A9cule%20amphiphile

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The superfamily of GPCRs are integral membrane proteins. Their sequences show seven hydrophobic domains, commonly interpreted as seven transmembrane helices. GPCRs are found in a very wide range of species, and are always involved in signalling from outside the cell to inside the cell.  2, record 22, English, - G%20protein%2Dcoupled%20receptor

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs), composant une grande famille de protéines [...] ont pour caractéristique commune de n'être composés que d'une chaîne polypeptidique comportant sept régions hydrophobes vraisemblablement transmembranaires.  5, record 22, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20coupl%C3%A9%20%C3%A0%20une%20prot%C3%A9ine%20G

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G appartiennent à une même famille, mais ont des propriétés variables en termes d'internalisation, de dégradation et de recyclage des récepteurs libres ou liés à un agoniste.  3, record 22, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20coupl%C3%A9%20%C3%A0%20une%20prot%C3%A9ine%20G

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

GPCR : Bien que cet acronyme soit utilisé en français, il est issu du terme anglais «G protein-coupled receptor». On devrait lui préférer l'acronyme RCPG.  6, record 22, French, - r%C3%A9cepteur%20coupl%C3%A9%20%C3%A0%20une%20prot%C3%A9ine%20G

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Production of enzymatically active beads having good mechanical strength is possible using an aqueous solution containing enzyme and acrylic monomers which is dispersed in a hydrophobic phase and polymerized, resulting in well defined spherical beads. The beads contain entrapped active enzyme and show good mechanical stability and high flow rates in column processes.  2, record 23, English, - active%20bead

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An approach in which the general features on enzyme active sites are studied by correlating the rates of reactions with the structures of the substrates. For instance, by comparing the rates of hydrolysis of a large number of amide derivation of amino acids, it has been demonstrated that chymotrypsin has a strong preference for substrates containing aromatic or bulky hydrophobic R groups, whereas elastase has a strong preference for substrates containing small hydrophobic R groups. Clearly the substrate-binding sites of these enzymes must contain features which account for the observed specificities. Another approach useful in mapping active sites is the use of reagents capable of covalently modifying different types of functional groups in enzyme molecules, in order to establish whether such groups are necessary for catalytic activity.  2, record 24, English, - active%20site%20mapping

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La relation entre la structure moléculaire d'un inhibiteur compétitif et son affinité pour l'enzyme, exprimée par la Ki, fournit des informations intéressantes sur la structure et la géométrie du site actif : il s'agit là d'un abord expérimental important de l'étude topologique des sites actifs.  1, record 24, French, - %C3%A9tude%20topologique%20des%20sites%20actifs

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type of chromatography developed following the observation that certain proteins were unexpectedly retained on affinity gels containing hydrophobic spacer arms. This concept was extended, and families of hydrophobic adsorbents prepared using a homologous series of hydrocarbon chains of different lengths. In practice most proteins can be satisfactorily purified using C-8 or phenyl substituents. Hydrophobic interactions are strongest at high ionic strength, so adsorption to a hydrophobic matrix can be conveniently performed after a salt precipitation or ion exchange chromatography step. Elution can be effected by altering the solvent ionic strength, pH, or composition or by the use of a dielectric constant modifier such as ethanediol.  2, record 25, English, - hydrophobic%20chromatography

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When carrying out the hydrophobic chromatography of human urokinase..., the solution containing the crude urokinase which is prepared from human urine in the usual simple method, is adjusted to a salt concentration of 0. 2 to 2 M, preferably 0. 2 to 1 M. The solution is then made to flow through the hydrophobic column packed with the protein adsorbent of this process.... The pH is not critical when carrying out the hydrophobic chromatography, however, the pH is usually adjusted to pH 5. 5 to 10, preferably 6 to 8. 5 at which pH urokinase is stable against inactivation. Purified urokinase can be obtained by treating the effluent from the hydrophobic column in a usual method, namely by lyophilization after desalting.  3, record 25, English, - hydrophobic%20chromatography

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Certaines observations faites en chromatographie d'affinité ont montré que divers effets non spécifiques étaient attribuables à des interactions de type hydrophobe. De là est venue l'idée d'employer des chaînes carbonées fixées à un support d'agarose. On dispose maintenant de familles de composés, ne différant entre eux que par de minimes variantes de structure, mais présentant des propriétés chromatographiques intéressantes. Diverses protéines se fixent réversiblement et selon des modalités variées à ces chaînes hydrophobes : c'est donc une possibilité de séparation. Cette chromatographie "hydrophobe" est actuellement en expansion.  2, record 25, French, - chromatographie%20hydrophobe

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrophobic interaction chromatography... separates proteins on the basis of their relative hydrophobicities and uses insoluble supports, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, to which... alkyl or aryl... hydrophobic groups have been covalently attached. Liquid chromatography columns of such hydrophobic resins have been used in the purification of a number of integral membrane proteins. Proteins bound to the resin by means of hydrophobic interactions can then often be eluted sequentially, depending on the strength of this interaction, by gradual changes in hydrophobicity, ionic strength, pH, or temperature of the eluting buffer.  1, record 26, English, - hydrophobic%20group

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Groupement moléculaire qui n'a aucune aptitude à retenir des molécules d'eau et qui est, au mieux, peu soluble dans l'eau.  2, record 26, French, - groupement%20hydrophobe

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La chromatographie sur papier [...] repose sur les différences de solubilité relative des molécules dans un solvant aqueux et un solvant organique. [...] Plus un composé possède de groupements polaires [...] plus il est soluble dans l'eau, mais plus il possède de groupements hydrophobes [...] plus il est solubles dans les solvants organiques. On profite de la différence relative de solubilité de différents constituants d'un mélange [...]dans un liquide organique et dans un liquide aqueux pour les séparer.  3, record 26, French, - groupement%20hydrophobe

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Is said of a colloid which is antagonistic to water.  3, record 27, English, - hydrophobic

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrophobic. Literally meaning "water-hating", this term describes substances which repel water and thus are difficult to "wet" or emulsify. Most notable of these are fats, waxes and oils, but this property also is found in many solids in finely divided form, e. g., carbon black, magnesium carbonate, and metal powders. Rubber is notably hydrophobic, as are many synthetic polymers. In liquids, this property is often due to differences in surface tension.  4, record 27, English, - hydrophobic

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... water repellent surface that will adhere to air bubbles.  5, record 27, English, - hydrophobic

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Hydrophobic hydrocarbon.  6, record 27, English, - hydrophobic

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'un colloïde tendant, en milieu aqueux, à s'agréger par suite de non affinité pour l'eau.  2, record 27, French, - hydrophobe

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrocarbure hydrophobe.  3, record 27, French, - hydrophobe

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le corps chimique hydrophobe repousse l'eau par un phénomène de capillarité. Les paraffines ou les silicones en sont des exemples.  4, record 27, French, - hydrophobe

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Ne pas confondre avec «hydrofuge»; les paraffines sont hydrofuges parce qu'elles sont hydrophobes.  5, record 27, French, - hydrophobe

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dícese de ciertos grupos de moléculas que no tienen afinidad por el agua y que, al encontrarse en su seno, tienden a ser expulsados por las moléculas de la misma.  3, record 27, Spanish, - hidr%C3%B3fobo

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A naturally hydrophobic polyester with fiber cross-sections that have strong wicking ability.  1, record 28, English, - CoolMax%C2%AE

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[CoolMax] is made by DuPont and is often used in outerwear linings and light layering garments.  1, record 28, English, - CoolMax%C2%AE

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 2 OBS

CoolMax®: A trademark of DuPont.  1, record 28, English, - CoolMax%C2%AE

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tissu hydrophile fabriqué par la compagnie Dupont dont les capacités supérieures de gestion d'humidité corporelle en font un produit idéal pour vêtements légers utilisés en climat chaud et humide.  1, record 28, French, - CoolMax%C2%AE

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

CoolMax® : Marque de commerce de la société DuPont.  1, record 28, French, - CoolMax%C2%AE

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Grouping of similar atoms (two or more), generally carbons, as in the ethyl radical, (C₂H₅) that branches off from a straight-chain or cyclic (for example, benzene) molecule.  1, record 29, English, - side%2Dchain

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The amino acid side-chains extending outward from a polypeptide chain structure may be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The most hydrophilic, or water loving, are those with net ionic charges. Nonpolar side-chains tend to cluster together in the interior of protein molecules to avoid exposure to water. The force causing this comes only from the propensity of the surrounding water to resist being forced into ordered structures by the presence of nonpolar groups. The so-called hydrophobic bond is actually an association created by spurned water.  3, record 29, English, - side%2Dchain

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Suite d'atomes fixés sur un noyau ou une chaîne droite.  2, record 29, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20lat%C3%A9rale

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ce sont surtout les propriétés des chaînes latérales qui déterminent la configuration spatiale des protéines. Les interactions entre une chaîne latérale, et, soit une autre chaîne latérale, soit le milieu où se trouve la protéine, peuvent forcer le polypeptide à se replier en un globule compact de forme stable et bien déterminée.  3, record 29, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20lat%C3%A9rale

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Properties :(pure substance) White, hydrophobic powder free from grittiness; faint odor;... Use : Cosmetics, lacquers, ointments; dusting powder, lubricant, mold-release agent, filler, antifoamer, heat and light stabilizer, medicine(dermatitis), tablet manufacture, dietary supplement.  2, record 30, English, - zinc%20stearate

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Percentage of zinc may vary according to intended use, some products being more basic than others.  2, record 30, English, - zinc%20stearate

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Chemical formula: Zn(C₁₈H₃₅O₂)₂  3, record 30, English, - zinc%20stearate

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : Zn(C₁₈H₃₅O₂)₂  2, record 30, French, - st%C3%A9arate%20de%20zinc

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme composed of identical subunits or unlike subunits.  2, record 31, English, - oligomeric%20enzyme

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Oligomeric enzymes are usually dissociated into subunits by treatment with denaturing agents such as guanidine hydrochloride. The forces involved in the association of the subunits are thus of the weak, non-covalent type which are involved in stabilizing the folded structure of a polypeptide chain i. e. hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic forces.  3, record 31, English, - oligomeric%20enzyme

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Many investigators in the late sixties questioned the very existence of uneven numbered oligomers. However, by now we know of well-defined cases for trimeric enzymes.... Pentameric enzymes are rare, whereas no heptamer has so far been found. It is therefore justifiable to say that even-numbered oligomers are much more common than those having an uneven number of protomers, but the latter also exist.... Very few true oligomeric enzymes contain ten, twelve or more subunits.  1, record 31, English, - oligomeric%20enzyme

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme [...] formé de plusieurs chaînes (ou sous-unités) identiques ou différentes. Lorsque les enzymes comprennent des sous-unités identiques, chacune des chaînes est bien entendu porteuse d'un centre actif : un enzyme tétramérique a 4 centres actifs. Dans cette catégorie d'enzymes [...] on trouve les enzymes allostériques (qui représentent 10-20 % des enzymes à structure quaternaire).  1, record 31, French, - enzyme%20oligom%C3%A8re

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans le modèle de Monod, Wyman et Changeux, l'enzyme oligomère peut prendre deux états conformationnels différents : R et T dans lesquels, toutes les sous-unités changent leur conformation d'une façon concertée. Les deux états sont en équilibre. En l'absence de substrat, la plus grande partie des molécules de l'enzyme prennent l'état T. Puisque le substrat se lie de préférence à l'état R, l'addition du substrat déplace l'équilibre vers cet état R. De cette façon, la liaison des premières molécules du substrat favorise la liaison de celles qui suivent, étant donné que plus de molécules enzymatiques prennent l'état R.  2, record 31, French, - enzyme%20oligom%C3%A8re

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Immobilization method for enzymes characterized by the binding of enzymes to water-insoluble carriers.  2, record 32, English, - carrier%2Dbinding%20method

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the carrier-binding mehtod... care is required regarding the selection of carriers as well as in binding techniques. Namely, the amount of enzyme bound to the carrier and the activity after immobilization depend markedly on the nature of the carrier. Although the selection of a carrier also depends on the nature of the enzyme itself, the following aspects must be considered;(1) particle size,(2) surface area,(3) molar ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic groups, and(4) chemical composition.  1, record 32, English, - carrier%2Dbinding%20method

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Attachment of an enzyme to an insoluble carrier is the oldest ... and most prevalent method for enzyme immobilization ... The artificial immobilization of enzymes can be subclassified according to the binding mode of the enzyme into: physical adsorption, ionic binding, chelation or metal binding, and covalent binding. In any of these methods the selection of the insoluble carrier as well as the binding method is of paramount importance.  3, record 32, English, - carrier%2Dbinding%20method

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode d'immobilisation d'enzymes dans laquelle l'enzyme doit être fixée aussi solidement que possible au support. Il importe donc de prendre en compte les caractéristiques propres tant de la protéine que l'on veut fixer que du support : taille des particules, rapport molaire des groupements hydrophiles et hydrophobes, groupements réactifs.  2, record 32, French, - fixation%20sur%20un%20support%20solide

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'immobilisation des enzymes a pu être réalisée par des procédés très divers : réticulation de la protéine enzymatique, conduisant à des agrégats insolubles, inclusion dans les mailles d'un gel [...] ou en microcapsules poreuses, ou fixation sur un support solide insoluble (matrice) par adsorption, ou mieux par liaison covalente.  3, record 32, French, - fixation%20sur%20un%20support%20solide

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The terminology used to describe the structure of multisubunit enzymes is as follows. A protein composed of a number of subunits is called an oligomeric protein, or an oligomer. The subunits building the oligomeric structure are referred to as protomers, monomers, or subunits... Some regulatory proteins are composed of identical subunits such as in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or from nonidentical subunits as in the case of hemoglobin... Most oligomeric proteins are composed of a small number of subunits which form closed oligomeric structures that rarely contain more than 12 subunits... Minor changes in primary structure... result in the formation of additional intramolecular intersubunit electrostatic or hydrophobic bonds. Even a small number of these bonds can drastically increase the stability of subunit enzymes.  2, record 33, English, - multisubunit%20enzyme

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Certaines enzymes sont constituées d'une seule chaîne polypeptidique; il s'agit le plus souvent d'enzymes sécrétées telle la ribonucléase par exemple. D'autres, en beaucoup plus grand nombre, sont formées de plusieurs chaînes (ou sous-unités) identiques ou différentes. Lorsque les enzymes comprennent des sous-unités identiques, chacune des chaînes est bien entendu porteuse d'un centre actif : une enzyme tétramérique a 4 centres actifs. Dans cette catégorie on trouve les enzymes allostériques (qui représentent 10-20 % des enzymes à structure quaternaire).  1, record 33, French, - enzyme%20oligom%C3%A8re

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

There are two types of colloids, hydrophilic and hydrophobic.... A hydrophobic colloid has little attraction for water. A solution of this type of colloid is called sol.  2, record 34, English, - hydrophobic%20colloid

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Corps dont les micelles en phase dispersée n'ont pas d'affinité pour le milieu aqueux qui les baigne.  3, record 34, French, - collo%C3%AFde%20hydrophobe

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 OBS

D'après leur affinité pour l'eau, on peut subdiviser les colloïdes [en deux classes] : 1) «Suspensoïdes» ou colloïdes hydrophobes tels les minéraux argileux, dont la molécule est entourée d'une mince couche d'eau. 2) «Émulsoïdes» ou colloïdes hydrophiles [...]  4, record 34, French, - collo%C3%AFde%20hydrophobe

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Water is a critical component of all living cells. Interestingly, tissue membranes show a great degree of water permeability. Mammalian red cells, renal proximal tubules, and descending thin limb of Henle are extraordinarily permeable to water. Water crosses hydrophobic plasma membranes either by simple diffusion or through a facilitative transport mechanism mediated by special proteins "aquaporins". Over the last decade, genes for several members of aquaporin family have been cloned, expressed, and their distribution studied in many tissues.  2, record 35, English, - aquaporin

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans 90% des cas, le diabète insipide néphrogénique héréditaire lié à l'X, est dû à des mutations du récepteur de l'argénine-vasopressine qui affectent la première étape de la transmission du signal aboutissant au transport de l'eau. Dans 10% des cas, la maladie est liée à des mutations du gène de l'aquaporine.  1, record 35, French, - aquaporine

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Bcg/Ity/Lsh locus is a major gene controlling early phases of infection with intracellular parasites in mice. Natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1(Nramp1) has been shown to be the Bcg gene in mice. Analysis of a bovine cDNA homolog of murine Nramp1, designated as bovine NRAMP1, predicted a 548-amino-acid protein with hydrophobic domains, an amino-terminal SH3-binding domain, and a conserved consensus transport motif. Northern blotting indicated that bovine NRAMP1 was expressed primarily in macrophages and tissues of the recticuloendothelial system.  3, record 36, English, - natural%20resistance%20associated%20macrophage%20protein%201

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le gène NRAMP1 (natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1) code pour une protéine intégrale des cellules phagocytaires professionnelles, macrophages et granulocytes, localisée dans la membrane de leurs phagosomes. Il participe à la résistance naturelle aux infections: en son absence, ou lorsqu'il est muté, la croissance des parasites intracellulaires, Mycobacterium, leishamania, Salmonelles [...] n'est plus contrôlée.  1, record 36, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20NRAMP1

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[In colloid chemistry], phenomenon by which hydrophobic sol is protected against flocculation by the addition of high concentrations of hydrophilic colloid. [The definition was written according to source GOLCH-E].  2, record 37, English, - protective%20action

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

L'addition de faibles quantités d'un colloïde hydrophile à un sol hydrophobe peut rendre ce dernier plus sensible à la floculation par des électrolytes. Des concentrations plus élevées du même colloïde hydrophile protègent généralement le sol hydrophobe de la floculation. Ce phénomène se nomme action protectrice.  1, record 37, French, - action%20protectrice

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Both anodic and cathodic effects are sometimes observed in the presence of organic inhibitors but, as a general rule, organic inhibitors affect the entire surface of a corroding metal when present in sufficient concentration. Organic inhibitors usually designated as "film-forming", protect the metal by forming a hydrophobic film on the metal surface. The effectiveness of these inhibitors depends on the chemical composition, their molecular structure, and their affinities for the metal surface. Because film formation is an adsorption process, the temperature and pressure in the system are important factors.  3, record 38, English, - organic%20inhibitor

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les inhibiteurs organiques sont très nombreux, efficaces à des concentrations de quelques parties par million, agissent soit en augmentant la suspension d'hydrogène, soit en s'absorbant à la masse du métal pour constituer un film protecteur (inhibiteurs colloïdaux).  4, record 38, French, - inhibiteur%20organique

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 OBS

inhibiteur de corrosion : Produit chimique, minéral ou organique, que l'on ajoute en faible quantité à une solution corrosive en vue de diminuer ou d'arrêter son action sur un métal.  5, record 38, French, - inhibiteur%20organique

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Common adsorbents are either polar or hydrophilic types, or nonpolar, hydrophobic types.... Nonpolar adsorbents, such as coal-derived carbons and activated carbons, are generally used to remove less polar contaminants from polar bulk streams...  3, record 39, English, - nonpolar%20adsorbent

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 2 CONT

[A] significant adsorptive characteristic is possessed not alone by carbons, charcoal and chars, but also by such materials as zeolite, silica, alumina, mica and some other. All these differ widely in the number and kinds of substances they adsorb, as well as in the amount of sorbed substances they will retain. In general, the silicaneous, metallic oxides and active earth types of adsorbents are electrically polar - that is, their molecular structure contains an unsymmetrical electron distribution. Since polar substances have strong attraction for one another and since water is highly polar, the polar adsorbents mentioned above retain water in preference to most other fluids and are, therefore, incapable of adsorbing non-aqueous gases efficiently from a humid atmosphere. For use in air conservation, however, which requires a sorbent to extract very small quantities of a very numerous variety of gases and vapors from either dry or humid air during a very brief interval of contact, non-polar adsorbents such as specially processed carbon of high activity, dense structure and extreme relative hardness have been found to be adequate. Activated carbon, being non-polar and hence electronically symmetrical in structure, has no particular affinity for moisture and preferentially adsorbs organic gases and vapors.  4, record 39, English, - nonpolar%20adsorbent

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les zéolithes sont des alumino-silicates cristallisés microporeux de formule globale (AlO₂M,nSiO₂) où M représente le plus souvent un métal alcalin ou alcalino-terreux et n [est plus grand que ou égal à] 1. Il existe plus de 100 espèces de zéolithes, différant par la valeur de n et la structure cristallographique. La présence de cations dans les micropores génère des champs électriques de l'ordre de 10¹⁰ V.m^-1, ce qui fait de ces corps de puissants adsorbants polaires. [...] Les alumines activées sont des adsorbants amorphes, moyennement polaires et hydrophiles.  2, record 39, French, - adsorbant%20non%20polaire

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[...] la cyclohexanone se désorbe très mal et [...] la désorption des éthers de glycol nécessite des essais préalables associant souvent des solvants de désorption polaires et non polaires.  3, record 39, French, - adsorbant%20non%20polaire

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Textiles can be endowed with antibacterial activity in a variety of ways. Soil-repellent fluoropolymers have hydrophobic properties which reduce soiling on textiles and, secondarily, microbial growth. Small molecules such as silver, zinc, copper and quarternary ammonium compounds show antibacterial activity. Silver-coated dressings have been used in wound care... Antibacterial gaents may be added to synthetic fibers in the spinning process, but they can also be fixated to supramolecular compounds on the textile surface. Cyclodextrins are ring-like carbohydrates which form complexes with ’guest’ substances. They can be used as transdermal collector systems in toxicology monitoring, but also to diminish bacterial contamination at sweat-prone sites(so-called odor-controlling textiles) or as antibacterial textiles.  1, record 40, English, - antibacterial%20textile

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Textile] obtenu par dépôt, apprêtage ou greffage d'un agent antibactérien dans le polymère.  2, record 40, French, - textile%20antibact%C3%A9rien

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un textile antibactérien permanent. Le Bactenet [...] (France) tue les bactéries qui viennent en contact avec lui car il est fabriqué à partir d'une fibre par elle-même antibactérienne. En effet, grâce à l'incorporation, de manière indissociable, dans les fibres qui le composent d'un bactéricide inorganique de synthèse mélangé à de microscopiques particules métalliques, il se dégage sous l'effet de l'humidité de l'oxygène actif qui détruit les germes et les champignons infectieux. L'effet bactéricide autodésinfectant est permanent [...] C'est l'eau, ou l'humidité de l'air qui déclenche un effet de catalyse dégageant de l'oxygène actif.  3, record 40, French, - textile%20antibact%C3%A9rien

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The nonpolar interactions that take place between contiguous base pairs in a double-stranded DNA molecule.  2, record 41, English, - base%20stacking

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Base-stacking involves hydrophobic interactions between adjacent base pairs and adds stability to the double helix once the strands have been brought together by base-pairing.  1, record 41, English, - base%20stacking

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Liaisons hydrophobes produites entre des paires de bases adjacentes d'une molécule d'ADN.  2, record 41, French, - empilement%20de%20bases

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The smallest known infectious particle, a tiny virus-like entity highly resistant to inactivation, composed entirely of a hydrophobic protein and containing no DNA or NRA.  1, record 42, English, - proteinaceous%20infectious%20particle

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Its molecular weight is 50.000 or less. Isolated in 1983 from brain tissue of sheep with scrapie, prions are postulated to be the agents of scrapie and possibly of certain slow central nervous system infections of man which resemble scrapie, especially kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It is not known whether prions can reproduce themselves.  1, record 42, English, - proteinaceous%20infectious%20particle

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Constituant principal d'une particule protéique infectieuse jouant un rôle essentiel dans la genèse de certaines maladies et ne possédant ni ARN ou ADN.  3, record 42, French, - prion

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Baptisé «prion» (anagramme anglo-saxon abrégé de «particule protéique infectieuse»), le microorganisme «non conventionnel» devenait ainsi, soudainement, un véritable hérétique face au dogme sacro-saint de la biologie moléculaire, pour lequel aucune forme de vie reproductible n'est concevable sans acides nucléiques.  4, record 42, French, - prion

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Comme maladie à prions, on reconnaît la tremblante du mouton ou scrapie, et chez l'humain deux maladies rares, le kuru et la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob.  5, record 42, French, - prion

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

De acuerdo con la hipótesis de Stanley B. Prusiner según la cual algunas proteínas pueden comportarse como agentes infecciosos.  2, record 42, Spanish, - pri%C3%B3n

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A model used to conceptualise cell membranes, in which, the membranes are described as a structural and functional asymmetric lipid bilayer studded with embedded proteins that aid in cross-membrane transport.  3, record 43, English, - fluid%20mosaic%20model

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

It is a two-dimensional fluid, or liquid crystal, in which the hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins are constrained within the plane of the membrane, but are free to diffuse laterally.  4, record 43, English, - fluid%20mosaic%20model

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Modèle conceptuel de la membrane cellulaire, décrite en tant que bicouche asymétrique formée de lipides et de protéines qui participe au transport intra et extra-cellulaire.  1, record 43, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20la%20mosa%C3%AFque%20fluide

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le modèle a été révisé par Singer et Nicolson, qui ont montré que la membrane est faite d'une double couche fluide de phospholipides dans laquelle flottent des protéines. Ces membranes ne sont pas statiques car les phospholipides et les protéines peuvent bouger latéralement dans la membrane, d'où le nom de la mosaïque fluide.  3, record 43, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20la%20mosa%C3%AFque%20fluide

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En 1972, Singer et Nocholson ont proposé le modèle dit de la mosaïque fluide pour expliquer les propriétés des membranes biologiques.  1, record 43, French, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20la%20mosa%C3%AFque%20fluide

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A form of aggregation in which hydrophobic colloidal sols are stabilized by addition of electrolytes, which provide the necessary electric double layer of ionic charges around each particle. Such electrolytes are known as peptizing agents.  3, record 44, English, - peptization

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

peptization: term standardized by ISO.  4, record 44, English, - peptization

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si la réaction de solvatation n'est que superficielle, on obtient une suspension colloïdale, ou une gelée, suivant que le corps est mouillable ou gonflable (hydrophile). En fait, la peptisation, qui est l'expression correspondant à la dissolution colloïdale, est toujours précédée d'un gonflement de la matière solide par le liquide.  3, record 44, French, - peptisation

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

peptisation : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  4, record 44, French, - peptisation

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Forma de agregación en la que los líquidos coloidales hidrofóbicos se estabilizan mediante electrólitos que proporcionan cargas eléctricas dobles de las iónicas alrededor de cada partícula.  3, record 44, Spanish, - peptizaci%C3%B3n

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] el carbonato sódico y otros materiales básicos empleados para desflocular las barbotinas cerámicas.  4, record 44, Spanish, - peptizaci%C3%B3n

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A molecular group having an exophilic behaviour in relation to water. [Definition standardized by ISO.]  2, record 45, English, - hydrophobic%20group

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

hydrophobic group : term standardized by ISO.  3, record 45, English, - hydrophobic%20group

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Groupement moléculaire ayant un comportement exophile vis-à-vis de l'eau. [Définition normalisée par l'ISO.]  1, record 45, French, - groupement%20hydrophobe

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 OBS

groupement hydrophobe : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  3, record 45, French, - groupement%20hydrophobe

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Grupo químico que forma parte de una molécula que rechaza el agua y es insoluble en ella.  1, record 45, Spanish, - grupo%20hidr%C3%B3fobo

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

One method used to assess the effect of ions on protein conformation is to measure the melting temperature (T_m) which is the midpoint of the reversible folding ... unfolding transformation or order = disorder transformation. It can be illustrated by the thermally induced conversion of collagen from the triple helical order form to the disordered random coil conformation where T_m is the temperature at which the helical and the coil forms are equally stable. T_m decreases by about 16[degrees c] per mole if calcium chloride is added and is approximately linear with molarity. The transformation can be followed by a plot of change in optical rotation against temperature.  3, record 46, English, - melting%20temperature

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ions can potentially affect the three major factors namely hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic bonds and electrostatic interaction, that hold an enzyme in an optimal conformation.  3, record 46, English, - melting%20temperature

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The term Tm should read T[subscript]m.  4, record 46, English, - melting%20temperature

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Because of technical constraints, the formula(s) given in CBT-167 could not be reproduced.  4, record 46, English, - melting%20temperature

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Température à laquelle la moitié des molécules ont subi une transformation réversible de type déploiement de chaîne ou dénaturation.  2, record 46, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20fusion

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce terme est aussi employé pour désigner le point médian de la variation de température nécessaire pour séparer les deux brins d'une molécule d'ADN  2, record 46, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20fusion

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Substituted benzoquinone ... that plays a role in the respiratory electron transport chain, where it receives hydrogen or electrons from a flavoprotein and is reduced to a quinol, which then reduces the next member of the chain (a cytochrome).  3, record 47, English, - coenzyme%20Q

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the respiratory chain..., the simplest of the electron carriers is a small hydrophobic molecule known as ubiquinone, or coenzyme Q. Ubiquinone can pick up or donate either one or two electrons, and it temporarily picks up a proton from the medium along with each electron that it carries.  2, record 47, English, - coenzyme%20Q

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

CoQ is abbreviation for coenzyme Q.  4, record 47, English, - coenzyme%20Q

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Quinone mitochondriale intervenant dans la chaîne respiratoire.  1, record 47, French, - ubiquinone

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les ubiquinones sont universellement répandues, comme leur nom l'indique, et on les trouve surtout dans les mitochondries animales et végétales où elles jouent un rôle important dans le système transporteur d'électrons. [...] La plastoquinone a une structure très voisine et participe au transport des électrons dans les chloroplastes.  4, record 47, French, - ubiquinone

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

CoQ est une abréviation de coenzyme Q.  3, record 47, French, - ubiquinone

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Derivado de la 2-3-dimetoxi 5-metil-1, 4-benzoquinona. Funciona como transportador de electrones en sistemas procarióticos y eucarióticos.  1, record 47, Spanish, - coenzima%20Q

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Membrane proteins have been classified as integral (intrinsic) or peripheral (extrinsic) according to the degree of their association with the membrane and the methods by which they can be solubilized. ... Integral proteins represent more than 70 per cent of the two protein types and require drastic procedures for isolation.  1, record 48, English, - integral%20membrane%20protein

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Hydrophobic bond-breaking agents are required for dissociation from the membrane : detergents, organic solvents, chaotropic agents(tiré de la source a).  3, record 48, English, - integral%20membrane%20protein

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] la membrane plasmique est constituée par : 1) un double feuillet de lipides [...] 2) des protéines intrinsèques (environ 70% des protéines membranaires), et dont l'extraction nécessite des traitements drastiques (détergents, sels biliaires, solvants organiques); elles occupent tout ou [en partie] l'épaisseur de la membrane. [...] 3) protéines extrinsèques [...]  2, record 48, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20intrins%C3%A8que

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A serine proteinase produced in the pancreas. It has a large sequence in common with trypsin, and it splits peptides on the C-terminal side of hydrophobic residues.  2, record 49, English, - elastase

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In addition to inhibition of trypsin, alpha1 antitrypsin is an effective inhibitor of elastase and several other proteolytic enzymes.  3, record 49, English, - elastase

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme de la famille des sérines protéases qui hydrolyse l'élastine et certains acides aminés comme la leucine et la valine.  2, record 49, French, - %C3%A9lastase

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Liquid peracid precursor colloidal dispersions : macroemulsions... for delivering a bleaching and cleaning material is provided in which the liquid peracid precursor composition combines a dispersion medium which comprises a stabilizing effective amount of a liquid matrix and an emulsifier, and a dispersed phase... The bleaching and cleaning material comprises either a hydrophobic or hydrotropic generated mono-or diperoxyacid, or mixtures thereof.  2, record 50, English, - peracid