TERMIUM Plus^®

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The acceleration principle received its name from the accelerated effect of a change in production or income on levels of investment-equipment or inventory. Acceleration can work in both positive and negative directions. When output grows, acceleration in investment is positive; when output declines, acceleration is negative. Thus, net investment-additions to the capital stock-will occur only when production or income is growing.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - acceleration%20principle

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The accelerator principle says that small changes in consumer spending can cause big percentage changes in investment. It played a role in many business-cycle theories and is still used today to explain some of the fluctuation in investment.  6, fiche 1, Anglais, - acceleration%20principle

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Le principe d'accélération décrit l'influence d'une variation de la demande en biens de consommation sur la production de biens d'investissement. Si l'on admet, à chaque instant, le plein emploi du capital K et l'équilibre de la demande et de la production, le principe d'accélération constate que toute variation de la demande (D) entraîne une variation de la production (P) et que celle-ci nécessite une variation du capital (K) (on considère des accroissements).  4, fiche 1, Français, - principe%20d%27acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Teoría que señala que la demanda de bienes de equipo tiene mayores oscilaciones que la demanda asociada de productos finales, de forma que una variación en el ritmo de crecimiento de ésta hace variar aquélla. Junto con el multiplicador y la teoría de las expectativas contribuye a explicar el fenómeno de los ciclos económicos y las crisis.  1, fiche 1, Espagnol, - teor%C3%ADa%20del%20acelerador

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[Según] la Ortografía académica, los nombres de las teorías científicas se escriben con minúscula: modelo estándar, teoría de la gran unificación, teoría de cuerdas, teoría de la relatividad.  3, fiche 1, Espagnol, - teor%C3%ADa%20del%20acelerador

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teoría del acelerador: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, fiche 1, Espagnol, - teor%C3%ADa%20del%20acelerador

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The calculations for the ISS [International Space Station] quasi-steady acceleration environment can be compared to a set of formal design requirements which state that 50 percent of the ISPR [International Standard Payload Rack] locations within the U.S. Lab, Columbus and the JEM must have quasi-steady accelerations below 1 ug for periods of 30 continuous days a total of 6 times per year. The operation of the Station in Microgravity Mode is designed to produce these 30 day intervals. The quasi-steady acceleration vector has an additional directional stability requirement stating that the component perpendicular to the vector’s orbital average must be less than or equal to 0.2 [mu] g. To meet this requirement the Station’s attitude must be controlled during orbit so that it maintains a constant position relative to the LVLH [Local Vertical/Local Horizontal] axes.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - quasi%2Dsteady%20acceleration%20environment

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The quasi-steady state acceleration level is determined primarily by the combined effects of atmospheric drag(due to the finite residual Earth's atmosphere at the orbital altitude of the ISS), and gravity gradient stabilisation of the ISS. Gravity gradient stabilisation uses the principle that a body in orbit around the Earth will tend to rotate about it's centre of mass, as each part of the body will tend to follow it's own orbit. It will normally oscillate about a mean orientation, but will eventually remain in a stable orientation with respect to the Earth. The normal orientation for the ISS is the Torque Equilibrium Attitude discussed earlier. The resultant combination of atmospheric drag, gravity gradient and other secondary effects produce a set of gravity contours(i. e., locations of equal gravity level) which define the quasi-steady state microgravity environment of the ISS.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - quasi%2Dsteady%20acceleration%20environment

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quasi-steady acceleration environment: term officially approved by the International Space Station official approval Group (ISSOAG).  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - quasi%2Dsteady%20acceleration%20environment

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Les modèles d'analyse dynamique (DAC 8) pour l'ISS [International Space Station] prévoient un environnement caractérisé par des vibrations de l'ordre du milli-g (10-4 g) plutôt que des conditions de véritable microgravité (10-6 g) en raison des activités et des divers éléments de l'ISS qui causent des vibrations intempestives (gigue gravitationnelle). Les travaux antérieurs menés à bord de la navette et de Mir ont montré que le milieu est caractérisé par des vibrations aléatoires continues, orientées dans tous les sens, avec des accélérations de l'ordre du milli-g et des crêtes dépassant souvent les 10 milli-g.  2, fiche 2, Français, - milieu%20gravitationnel%20quasi%20stable

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milieu gravitationnel quasi stable : terme uniformisé par le Groupe de travail de la terminologie de la Station spatiale internationale (GTTSSI).  3, fiche 2, Français, - milieu%20gravitationnel%20quasi%20stable

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The Free Fall Machine(FFM) is an apparatus that provides simulated microgravity for long duration experiments. The system is based on the principle of free fall. The free fall periods in the FFM is at maximum around 900 ms and is interrupted by a acceleration of about 20 g for about 20-80 ms.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - accelerated%20free%20fall%20machine

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Conventional airborne gravimeters are essentially one-axis instruments which determine the magnitude of gravity by using a highly accurate accelerometer in flight to measure the magnitude of gravity along the local vertical. Although horizontal accelerometers are used on the platform, they are generally of poorer accuracy and are only suitable for supporting the alignment process. They cannot give the direction of the vertical with comparable accuracy. Thus, the term scalar gravimetry is used in this case. This is different with airborne gravity systems based on the principle of measuring the specific force vector by a three-axes inertial system and the aircraft acceleration vector by differential GPS. In this case, the three accelerometers of the inertial system are of the same accuracy and the three acceleration components of the aircraft show only small differences in accuracy due to the geometry of the GPS constellation. Thus, three components of each vector can be estimated with high accuracy and the full gravity disturbance vector can be obtained by differencing the specific force and the aircraft acceleration vector.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - specific%20force%20vector

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

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Imaginons un véhicule totalement coupé du monde extérieur en ce qui concerne : Les télécommunications; les émissions d'onde de toute sorte (électromagnétiques, acoustiques, etc. ...). Donc ne pouvant rien émettre ni rien recevoir. Mais : autonome en énergie. Pouvant emporter tout type de connaissances (disques, livres, CDROM, mémoire informatique ,..). Pouvant utiliser tous moyens de calculs imaginables. Disposant de moyens expérimentaux de tout type, mais autonomes. Que peut-on connaître du mouvement de ce vehicule ? Réponse : «Principe de relativité de Galilée-Einstein». Il est possible de mesurer à bord du véhicule deux vecteurs : Le vecteur rotation instantanée du véhicule par rapport au référentiel absolu. Le vecteur force spécifique f et rien d'autre.  1, fiche 4, Français, - vecteur%20force%20sp%C3%A9cifique

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A more advanced type of gyro is the optical gyroscope. These devices are based on two counter-rotating beams of light travelling in a ring-like structure. The interaction of the two light beams produces a standing wave pattern. If the ring is then rotated about its centre axis (think of a torus spinning around its core), one of the beams has to travel a slightly longer distance, and the other a slightly shorter distance to get back to where they started. This will cause a shift in the pattern of the standing wave, and this can be measured to determine the rate of rotation.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - optical%20gyro

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Most people would remember the classic rotating disc gyroscope, which belongs to the mechanical group. One of today's high precision gyros is still the mechanical, rotating gyro; however it is dependent on linear accelerations because of its mechanical measuring principle. The optical group comprises the fibre optic-and laser types. These use the Sagnac Effect(named after its French discoverer), which, when the sensor is turned, results in a difference in transit time between two light waves passing through the same optical path but in opposite directions. Optical gyros therefore do not depend on acceleration as gyros in the mechanical group. This is one of their biggest advantages...  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - optical%20gyro

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

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Réaliser un gyroscope optique d'un prix de revient de quelques centaines de francs. Voilà une prouesse technologique quand on sait que les systèmes actuels, les gyroscopes laser, coûtent entre 100 000 francs et 1 million de francs. La solution mise au point par Mohamed Bouamra, chercheur à l'École nationale supérieure de physique de Strasbourg, tient à une habile substitution de technologies : une simple diode électroluminescente remplace le laser, tandis que des banales fibres optiques multimodes prennent la place des coûteuses fibres monomodes.  2, fiche 5, Français, - gyroscope%20optique

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[...] certains laboratoires ont étudié divers dispositifs de mesure des rotations absolues ne présentant qu'une analogie assez lointaine avec les gyroscopes classiques. Ce sont les gyroscopes à vibrations [...]; les gyroscopes nucléaires [...]; les gyroscopes optiques, exploitant les propriétés de la lumière cohérente [...]  3, fiche 5, Français, - gyroscope%20optique

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Linear proton accelerators. The design principle applied in linear accelerators for protons was originated by Luis Alvarez at Berkeley in 1946. It is based on the formation of standing electromagnetic waves in a long cylindrical metal tank, or cavity, as it is sometimes called. In the design that has been adopted, the electric field is parallel to the axis of the tank. Most of these accelerators operate at frequencies of about 200 MHz. During the time required for a proton to traverse one of these tanks, the accelerating electric fields undergo many reversal of direction. In Alvarez’ design, the decelerating effect of the field during the intervals when it opposes the motion of the particles is prevented by installing on the axis of the tank a number of "drift tubes".... The electric field is zero inside the drift tubes, and if their lengths are properly chosen, the protons cross the gap between adjacent drift tubes when the direction of the field produces acceleration and are shielded by the drift tubes when the field in the tank would decelerate them. The length of the drift tubes are proportional to the speeds of the particles that pass through them.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - linear%20proton%20accelerator

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

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(...) ce n'est qu'avec le développement des générateurs de puissance radiofréquence (rf) que Luis W. Alvarez a été en mesure de proposer (...) la structure qui est encore utilisée aujourd'hui dans les versions modernes de l'accélérateur linéaire à protons. Une cavité résonnante cylindrique est excitée à une fréquence d'environ 200 MHz (...) Il s'agit d'une onde électromagnétique caractérisée par un champ magnétique perpendiculaire à la direction de propagation et un champ électrique possédant une composition parallèle à la direction de propagation. Pour que les protons ne soient soumis au champ électrique que pendant une phase accélératrice, des tubes de glissement, formant cage de Faraday pour les particules les traversant, sont disposés suivant l'axe de la cavité. (...) La longueur des tubes croît à mesure que la vitesse des protons augmente.  1, fiche 6, Français, - acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rateur%20lin%C3%A9aire%20%C3%A0%20protons

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Thus, we may be in a vicious circle where the acceleration principle and the multiplier interact to produce a cumulative deflationary(or inflationary) spiral(...)  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - cumulative%20deflationary%20spiral

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... Thus, we may be in a vicious circle where the acceleration principle and the multiplier interact to produce a cumulative deflationary(or inflationary) spiral...  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - cumulative%20inflationary%20spiral

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... accelerator-multiplier analysis may explain the ultimate end of a recession and the onset of an upturn. When output plummets downward rapidly, the acceleration principle calls for negative investment(or disinvestment) greater than the rate at which machines can wear out.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - accelerator%2Dmultiplier%20analysis

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