TERMIUM Plus^®

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The socio-ecological model is a leading framework among public health researchers and practitioners and the foundation of the model is that behavior is influenced by factors across the following levels : intrapersonal(biological and psychological), interpersonal(social and cultural), organizational or institutional, community, and public policy.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - social%20ecological%20model

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Le modèle socio-écologique [...] Ce modèle place la santé sous l'influence de facteurs interférant à plusieurs niveaux : individuel, interpersonnel, communautaire, organisationnel et politique. Il admet que les déterminants de la santé sont multidimensionnels et place en son cœur les interactions complexes entre les individus et leur environnement (social et physique).  4, fiche 1, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20socio%2D%C3%A9cologique

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A model evasion attack would allow attackers to modify inputs into the AI [artificial intelligence] model in a way that causes it to misclassify or misinterpret them, changing its intended behavior. This can be done visibly to a human observer(for example, putting small stickers on stop signs to cause self-driving cars to ignore them) or invisibly(for example, changing individual pixels in an image by adding noise that tricks an object recognition model).  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - model%20evasion%20attack

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Les attaques par exfiltration de modèle visent à permettre le vol d'un modèle d'IA [intelligence artificielle] et/ou de ses paramètres et hyperparamètres.  2, fiche 2, Français, - attaque%20par%20exfiltration%20de%20mod%C3%A8le

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As one of the most widely applied theories of health behavior..., the Health Belief Model(HBM) posits that six constructs predict health behavior : risk susceptibility, risk severity, benefits to action, barriers to action, self-efficacy, and cues to action... Originally formulated to model the adoption of preventive health behaviors in the United States, the HBM has been successfully adapted to fit diverse cultural and topical contexts...  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - Health%20Belief%20Model

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... the physics community in general remains committed to the inflation model. Both VSL and inflation require some strange behavior in the early moments of the universe, but it's unclear [if] inflation is inherently more realistic than VSL.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - variable%20speed%20of%20light

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A hurricane forecast model can be defined as any objective tool, usually based on mathematical equations, that is designed to predict the future behavior of a hurricane(or more generally, any tropical cyclone). The primary purpose of a hurricane forecast model is to predict a hurricane's track and/or intensity(and sometimes rainfall) for the next 3-5 days(although longer lead times are possible).  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - hurricane%20forecast%20model

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... the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - system%20architecture

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A system architecture can consist of system components and the sub-systems developed, that will work together to implement the overall system.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - system%20architecture

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[...] modèle conceptuel d'un système qui décrit ses propriétés externes et internes et la manière dont elles se projettent dans ses éléments, leurs relations et les principes de conception et d'évolution du système.  1, fiche 6, Français, - architecture%20d%27un%20syst%C3%A8me

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[...] modelo conceptual que define la estructura, comportamiento y más vistas de un sistema.  1, fiche 6, Espagnol, - arquitectura%20de%20sistema

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SCT... explains human behavior in terms of a three-way, dynamic, reciprocal model in which personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior continually interact.... A basic premise of SCT is that people learn not only through their own experiences but also by observing the actions of others, particularly role models who seem credible and the results of those actions.  3, fiche 7, Anglais, - social%2Dcognitive%20theory

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La théorie sociale cognitive est basée sur la notion d'interaction. [L']interaction doit être comprise comme un déterminisme réciproque des facteurs personnels, environnementaux et des comportements [...]  2, fiche 7, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20sociale%20cognitive

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[A model that] construes behavior change as an intentional process that unfolds over time and involves progress through a series of [five or] six stages of change.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - transtheoretical%20model%20of%20behaviour%20change

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The core component of the model is the stage of change (SOC), with other components such as the process of change, decisional balance (DB), and self efficacy (SE) being the outer frame of the model.  5, fiche 8, Anglais, - transtheoretical%20model%20of%20behaviour%20change

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Le modèle transthéorique de changement (MTT) [...] est un modèle théorique intégratif qui permet d'expliquer pourquoi certaines interventions psychothérapeutiques se montrent plus efficaces chez certaines personnes que chez d'autres. Les composantes principales de ce modèle sont les stades de changement et les processus de changement.  3, fiche 8, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20transth%C3%A9orique%20de%20changement%20de%20comportement

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A process by which water bodies show a flat and level water surface in a topographic model.  4, fiche 9, Anglais, - hydrological%20flattening

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Hydro-flattening is the process of creating a lidar [light detection and ranging]-derived DEM [digital elevation model] in which water surfaces appear and behave as they would in traditional topographic DEMs created from photogrammetric digital terrain models (DTMs).  5, fiche 9, Anglais, - hydrological%20flattening

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[A] digital elevation model(DEM) or triangulated irregular network(TIN) derived from LiDAR [light detection and ranging] data will show unpleasant and unnatural water surface due to the fact that LiDAR data does not provide natural breaklines and the elevations of water points is not uniform. Furthermore, hydrologic connectivity in water surfaces is necessary to ensure that the elevation of water surface decreases from upstream(U/S) to downstream(D/S). Therefore, the LiDAR data is hydro-flattened so that water bodies such as streams, rivers, and long reservoirs show an elevation change along their length, whereas ponds, lakes, or other cartographically polygonal water surfaces show a static water surface, consistent with their natural behavior and the surrounding topography...  6, fiche 9, Anglais, - hydrological%20flattening

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Processus grâce auquel les masses d'eau se présentent comme des surfaces planes dans un modèle topographique.  2, fiche 9, Français, - aplanissement%20hydrologique

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Proceso por el cual las masas de agua aparecen como superficies planas en un modelo topográfico.  1, fiche 9, Espagnol, - aplastamiento%20de%20masas%20de%20agua

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A model accounting for the behavior of organizations in terms of Passive, Active, and Defensive systems.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - organizational%20complex

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Modèle prévalant pour le comportement des organisations en termes de systèmes passifs, actifs et défensifs.  1, fiche 10, Français, - personnalit%C3%A9%20d%27une%20organisation

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The domain knowledge necessary to solve problems.  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - ideal%20student%20model

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Ideal Student Model. The tutor must be able to solve problems in the domain so that it can understand the student's behavior and assist in the problem-solving as required. However, an expert system could not adequately serve as the basis for the tutor. Experts will solve problems using more advanced heuristics, macro-rules, and other techniques not yet in the curriculum for the student. Instead, the tutor must not only be able to solve problems, but must be able to solve them as advanced students would do.... the LISP tutor contains an ideal student model : a simulation of the programming knowledge ideal students use in solving LISP problems.  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - ideal%20student%20model

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The "ideal student model", or the domain expert, enables the tutor to solve for itself the problem on which the student is working.  3, fiche 11, Anglais, - ideal%20student%20model

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The ideal model contains both planning and coding production rules. The planning rules design an algorithm to achieve a particular program specification, and the coding productions then write the code to achieve the algorithm.  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - ideal%20student%20model

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The complete set of correct rules for writing code is referred to as the ideal student model and represents the instructional objectives of the text and tutor.  4, fiche 11, Anglais, - ideal%20student%20model

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Représentation du niveau de connaissance qu'un apprenant devrait idéalement atteindre dans le domaine enseigné afin de résoudre des problèmes de façon optimale.  2, fiche 11, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve%20id%C3%A9al

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La mise en œuvre du modèle de «l'élève idéal». Ce modèle de «l'élève idéal» est appelé à jouer un rôle dans deux contextes différents : Il sert de référence si l'élève pose une question au système sur la résolution proprement dite. [...] Il assure avec le module de diagnostic et le module pédagogue, le suivi du travail de l'élève. Ce module est mis en œuvre par un système expert [...]  1, fiche 11, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve%20id%C3%A9al

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Ce modèle reflète l'attente de l'enseignant et formalise les connaissances et les processus de résolution d'un élève idéal à un niveau donné de sa scolarité.  2, fiche 11, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve%20id%C3%A9al

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Display of measurements and storage to the computer disk drive will include significant wave height, peak wave period, mean wave period, peak wave length, mean wave direction, peak wave direction, wind sea period (< 10 s), wind sea wave direction, swell wave period (> 10 s), swell wave direction, wave frequency spectra and wave heading-frequency (directional) spectra and sea surface elevation maps.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - directional%20wave%20heading%2Dfrequency%20spectrum

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directional wave spectrum: A two-dimensional spectrum that shows how the wave energy is distributed between various directions of incidence, in addition to how it is distributed among various frequencies.  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - directional%20wave%20heading%2Dfrequency%20spectrum

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The wave model selected for use … simulates the behavior of a random sea through use of a two-dimensional wave spectrum in which the wave energy density is a function of both frequency and direction.  4, fiche 12, Anglais, - directional%20wave%20heading%2Dfrequency%20spectrum

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Spectres directionnels. - La forme des spectres en fréquence est encore le sujet de discussions […] en particulier dans sa partie haute fréquence qui est très importante pour la réflexion d’ondes radar [...] Pour la forme directionnelle des vagues les incertitudes sont bien plus grandes, même au niveau du pic spectral, en particulier à cause du faible nombre d’observations directionnelles de bonne qualité. Le spectre fréquence-direction [...] se décompose de manière usuelle [...]  2, fiche 12, Français, - spectre%20directionnel%20fr%C3%A9quence%2Ddirection%20des%20vagues

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Les bouées de mesures du spectre directionnel des vagues (pilonnement, roulis, tangage, cap) ont deux avantages importants par rapport aux autres instrumentations possibles : elles sont utilisables quelle que soit la profondeur d'eau en dehors de la zone littorale de déferlement, et elles fournissent une information continue en fréquence sur tout le spectre de vagues de périodes supérieures à 2.5 secondes.  3, fiche 12, Français, - spectre%20directionnel%20fr%C3%A9quence%2Ddirection%20des%20vagues

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The Fire Monitoring, Mapping and Modeling System(Fire M3) is an initiative of the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the Canadian Forest Service. The goals of Fire M3 are to use low-resolution satellite imagery to identify and locate actively burning fires on a daily basis; to estimate annual area burned; and to model fire behavior, biomass consumption, and carbon emissions from fires.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - Fire%20Monitoring%2C%20Mapping%20and%20Modeling%20System

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Le Système de surveillance, cartographie et modélisation des incendies de forêts (Fire M3) est un projet conjoint du Centre canadien de télédétection et du Service canadien des forêts. Les buts du «Fire M3» sont d'utiliser l'imagerie satellite à faible résolution afin d'identifier et de localiser les feux en pleine activité sur une base quotidienne, d'estimer les secteurs brûlés sur une base annuelle et de modéliser le comportement du feu, la combustion de la biomasse et les émissions de carbone des incendies.  1, fiche 13, Français, - Syst%C3%A8me%20de%20surveillance%2C%20cartographie%20et%20mod%C3%A9lisation%20des%20incendies%20de%20for%C3%AAts

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The behavior of investors who model their investment decisions on those of others.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - herding

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Herding often connotes blindly (irrationally) following others’ movements. However, in most financial models of herding the participants are rationally following the behavior of others.  4, fiche 14, Anglais, - herding

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Comportement des investisseurs qui calquent leurs choix de placement sur ceux d'autres investisseurs.  3, fiche 14, Français, - mim%C3%A9tisme

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Plusieurs crises financières internationales ont été aggravées par le comportement mimétique.  4, fiche 14, Français, - mim%C3%A9tisme

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A wind tunnel in which the air stream is vertical.  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - vertical%20wind%20tunnel

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If there is a question of a wind instrument in the Sacso project, it is not a matter of music but of flight mechanics and aerodynamics. Sacso designates a very particular model testing mechanism in a wind tunnel, dedicated to predicting the behavior of aircraft in flight. Contrary to the traditional setup where the model is fixed to the wall by some rigid device(sting, mast, or other), here it is suspended and driven in motion in the flow by nine cables, with controlled tension. Recent robotics techniques are used to control the system, namely "hybrid force-position control of parallel redundant kinematics. "This mechanism is currently dimensioned for the low-velocity domain(0-35 m/s) and is installed in Onera's vertical wind tunnel in Lille.  3, fiche 15, Anglais, - vertical%20wind%20tunnel

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Soufflerie dans laquelle le courant d'air est vertical [...] Principalement employé pour essayer des maquettes en vrille libre.  2, fiche 15, Français, - soufflerie%20verticale

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Les mesures en soufflerie ne permettront jamais de se passer d'essais en vol. Mais, dans la soufflerie verticale de l'Onera (Office national d'études et de recherches aéronautiques), à Lille, un nouveau montage laisse entrevoir des perspectives inédites pour le réalisme des tests. Alors que les mouvements des maquettes de soufflerie sont généralement limités à un seul degré de liberté, ce montage permet de les faire évoluer selon des conditions proches du vol libre grâce à une suspension active, et donc d'étudier les couplages entre l'aérodynamique et le mouvement. Soit un gain énorme sur la capacité de prévision du mouvement des aéronefs : «Pour nous, il s'agit de prendre en compte la position de l'avion par rapport au vent, ainsi que les effets propres aux avions en rotation dans le vent» [...  3, fiche 15, Français, - soufflerie%20verticale

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The Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction(FBP) System provides quantitative estimates of potential head fire spread rate, fuel consumption, and fire intensity, as well as fire descriptions. With the aid of an elliptical fire growth model, it gives estimates of fire area, perimeter, perimeter growth rate, and flank and back fire behavior.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - Canadian%20Forest%20Fire%20Behavior%20Prediction%20System

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La Méthode canadienne de prévision du comportement des incendies de forêt (PCI) fournit des estimations quantitatives de la vitesse de propagation de la tête des incendies, de la consommation de combustible et de l'intensité des incendies ainsi qu'une description des incendies. Au moyen d'un modèle elliptique de la propagation du feu, on produit des estimations de la superficie et du périmêtre des zones touchées et de la vitesse d'extension du périmètre ainsi qu'une indication du comportement du feu sur les flancs et l'arrière.  1, fiche 16, Français, - M%C3%A9thode%20canadienne%20de%20pr%C3%A9vision%20du%20comportement%20des%20incendies%20de%20for%C3%AAt

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The job component method is a statistically developed job evaluation method which relies on scored questionnaires, multiple regression analysis and factor analysis. Employees complete a standardized questionnaire which either identifies the behavioral components of the job or the task based components of the job. The incumbent indicates for each task or behavior, the importance of the category and the frequency of perfomance. The questionnaire is input into a computerized mathematical model and a job score is determined.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - job%20component%20method

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A finite element model which takes account of plasticity and contact for the behavior of bolted steel connections is presented in this study.  2, fiche 18, Anglais, - steel%20connection

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PRO-PAR, est fier de ses réalisations dans la fabrication et la conception technique d'assemblages en acier. Son personnel compétent et expérimenté fabrique des produits adaptés à vos spécifications et n'hésite pas à faire des suggestions ingénieuses et innovatrices pour améliorer davantage votre produit.  1, fiche 18, Français, - assemblages%20en%20acier

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Par analogie avec «assemblages boulonnés».  2, fiche 18, Français, - assemblages%20en%20acier

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Terme proposé par un professeur de la faculté d'ingénierie de l'Université McGill.  2, fiche 18, Français, - assemblages%20en%20acier

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A "macroeconometric model" is a mathematical representation of a nation's economic behavior. Typically, such models are a collection of equations developed by using multiple regression to determine the coefficients of linear relationships hypothesized by economic theory. Macroenconometric models are used primarily for forecasting purposes.  2, fiche 19, Anglais, - macroeconometric%20model

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Un modèle macroéconométrique est constitué de deux sortes d'équations : les équations de comportement et les équations comptables. Les équations de comportement décrivent une causalité issue de la théorie économique, comme entre le revenu ou la richesse et la consommation, ou bien des réalités institutionnelles, comme entre cotisations sociales et masse salariale.  2, fiche 19, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20macro%C3%A9conom%C3%A9trique

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By the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). "The English version of this specification is the only normative version".  2, fiche 20, Anglais, - Synchronized%20Multimedia%20Integration%20Language%20%28SMIL%29%201%2E0%20Specification

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This document specifies version 1 of the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language(SMIL 1. 0, pronounced "smile"). SMIL allows integrating a set of independent multimedia objects into a synchronized multimedia presentation. Using SMIL, an author can describe the temporal behavior of the presentation describe the layout of the presentation on a screen associate hyperlinks with media objects. This specification is structured as follows : Section 1 presents the specification approach. Section 2 defines the "smil" element. Section 3 defines the elements that can be contained in the head part of a SMIL document. Section 4 defines the elements that can be contained in the body part of a SMIL document. In particular, this Section defines the time model used in SMIL. Section 5 describes the SMIL DTD.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - Synchronized%20Multimedia%20Integration%20Language%20%28SMIL%29%201%2E0%20Specification

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Par le consortium W3C, 1998. «Ceci est une traduction ... Seul le document original en anglais a valeur de norme».  2, fiche 20, Français, - Sp%C3%A9cification%20du%20langage%20d%27int%C3%A9gration%20multim%C3%A9dias%20synchronis%C3%A9s%20%28SMIL%29%20version%201%2E0

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Ce document spécifie la version 1 du langage d'intégration multimédias synchronisés (SMIL 1.0, prononcé « smaïle »). SMIL permet l'intégration d'un jeu d'objets multimédias indépendants dans une présentation multimédia synchronisée. À l'aide de SMIL, un auteur peut : décrire le comportement d'une présentation dans le temps ; décrire la disposition d'une présentation à l'écran ; associer des hyperliens à des objets média. Cette spécification est structurée comme suit : la section 1 expose l'approche de la spécification ; la section 2 définit l'élément smil ; la section 3 définit les éléments pouvant être contenus dans la partie en-tête d'un document SMIL ; la section 4 définit les éléments pouvant être contenus dans le corps d'un document SMIL, notamment le modèle temporel employé dans SMIL, et la section 5 la DTD pour SMIL.  1, fiche 20, Français, - Sp%C3%A9cification%20du%20langage%20d%27int%C3%A9gration%20multim%C3%A9dias%20synchronis%C3%A9s%20%28SMIL%29%20version%201%2E0

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A simplified mathematical representation of a system through which a number of alternative choices can be run whereby the outcome of the various choices can be demonstrated.  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - simulation%20model

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Building a model to simulate or emulate the behavior of a particular process.  3, fiche 21, Anglais, - simulation%20model

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Modèle mathématique représentant un système, par exemple un plan, un programme, une opération, auquel plusieurs choix décisionnels peuvent être appliqués ainsi que les résultats possibles de l'un ou l'autre de ces choix.  2, fiche 21, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20simulation

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Modelo matemático dinámico, que representa el funcionamiento de un sistema mediante el proceso de resolución paso a paso de la ecuación que lo describe.  2, fiche 21, Espagnol, - modelo%20de%20simulaci%C3%B3n

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The behavioral model is a synthesis of the student's behavior. Therefore, it takes into account the whole set of the student's answers, regardless of whether they are correct or not. So, by definition, it models the student's misconceptions.  1, fiche 22, Anglais, - behavioral%20model

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En EIAO [Environnements Interactifs d'Apprentissage avec Ordinateur], représentation des comportements typiques de l'apprenant qui permet d'inférer les intentions de celui-ci à partir de la séquence de ses commandes.  1, fiche 22, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20comportemental

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Théorie des modèles comportementaux  1, fiche 22, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20comportemental

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A theoretical model is presented that is consistent with the observed cyclical behavior of stocks and the stock-sales ratio. The model has firms forming sales expectations, then producing sufficient output, if possible, to cover the expected sales and to maintain a given stock expected sales ratio.  3, fiche 23, Anglais, - stock%2Dsales%20ratio

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Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In WUSOR-II(Carr and Goldstein, 1977), a student model that compares the student's behavior with the expert's. The student's state of knowledge is viewed as a subset of the expert's knowledge : hence the term "overlay". The overlay model has a single critic that determines when an individual skill can be considered as acquired.  4, fiche 24, Anglais, - overlay%20model

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The overlay model will fail if the domain allows for multiple problem-solving paradigms and if the student follows one that the expert is not programmed to know, possibly making good moves that the expert system would consider non-optimal. Dealing with multiple paradigms would require a "meta-expert" - a set of different experts among which the system would choose the appropriate model.  4, fiche 24, Anglais, - overlay%20model

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... an overlay model specifies which portion, and thereby ... which knowledge units the student still needs to learn.  5, fiche 24, Anglais, - overlay%20model

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[The overlay model] has a serious restriction on the modeling capability, since it cannot represent the student’s incorrect knowledge.  6, fiche 24, Anglais, - overlay%20model

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TPart of the model is overlay-like (the model includes that part of the student’s knowledge which overlaps with the knowledge of the system): it contains the proof of the current stage of achievement, together with the student’s plan.  7, fiche 24, Anglais, - overlay%20model

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Image des connaissances de l'apprenant vues comme un sous-ensemble de la base de connaissances du module expert. Elle reproduit fidèlement les concepts maîtrisés, les chemins empruntés dans le réseau pour les découvrir et l'historique de l'enseignement.  1, fiche 24, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20cognitif%20partiel

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Notion introduite par B. Carr et I. Goldstein en 1977 et adoptée depuis 1980 dans la construction du système Sophie. Plus récemment, on considère que les connaissances de l'apprenant comprennent surtout des connaissances (incorrectes) autre que celles de l'expert.  1, fiche 24, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20cognitif%20partiel

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La plupart des systèmes d'EIAO considèrent l'état des connaissances de l'élève donne un sous-ensemble des connaissances de l'expert.  3, fiche 24, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20cognitif%20partiel

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With this interpretation, Thurstone's [1927] law of comparative judgment becomes similar to Harsanyi's random utility model. Indeed, the picture of the smooth best response curve drawn above is very similar to behavior curves that have been derived empirically in psychological experiments.  1, fiche 25, Anglais, - law%20of%20comparative%20judgment

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... the paper provided little evidence as to why an equilibrium model based on flexible prices would explain the behavior of the exchange rate and the current account better than would a disequilibrium model based on sticky prices.  1, fiche 26, Anglais, - sticky%20price

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Se basan también en modelos en los que las expectativas de que se produzca una crisis da lugar a un incremento de los salarios nominales, que, cuando los precios son rígidos, eleva los salarios reales y reduce la competitividad.  1, fiche 26, Espagnol, - precio%20r%C3%ADgido

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The course will conclude with a review of market segmentation within the consumer behavior model as well as the influence of store, price and sales person behavior on consumer behavior.  2, fiche 27, Anglais, - consumer%20behavior%20model

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Feature of a student model or other software that is executable or runnable.  2, fiche 28, Anglais, - runnability

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Anderson and co-workers do not make any strong claims about the runnability of their student models.  3, fiche 28, Anglais, - runnability

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An executable student model can be run to yield exact predictions about the behavior of a particular student in a particular context.  2, fiche 28, Anglais, - runnability

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Exécutabilité d'un programme.  1, fiche 28, Français, - ex%C3%A9cutabilit%C3%A9

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Several studies are planned, using an attitude-behavior model that addresses the influence of sex, age and personality variables on attitudes and beliefs, the subsequent influence of these factors on behavioral intentions, and the ultimate influence of these intentions on behavior.  1, fiche 29, Anglais, - attitude%2Dbehavior%20model

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Identification of the decisions or operators responsible for the success or failure of achieving a goal.  2, fiche 30, Anglais, - credit%2Fblame%20assignment

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In epistemic diagnosis, the task of discovering which knowledge, correct or incorrect, has been used to produce behavior, and which relevant knowledge has been overlooked. This requires the availability of a modeling language and some form of differential modeling, whereby the knowledge used by the student can be compared to that which the expert would have used. The methods used in credit/blame assignment are :model tracing, structural consistency and longitudinal consistency.  3, fiche 30, Anglais, - credit%2Fblame%20assignment

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Repérage des décisions ou des opérateurs déterminant le succès ou l'échec quant à l'atteinte d'un but.  1, fiche 30, Français, - attribution%20de%20cr%C3%A9dit%2Fbl%C3%A2me

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Voir attribution du mérite, attribution du blâme.  1, fiche 30, Français, - attribution%20de%20cr%C3%A9dit%2Fbl%C3%A2me

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The goal of having an implemented process model of expertise is an interesting constraint for the definition of the subject matter. For a model to be operational, knowledge cannot be merely enunciated and explained : it must be put to work. Thus, all the knowledge critical to the target behavior has to be captured in the model of expertise, including the knowledge required for appropriately using knowledge. The fact that this model must be able to solve the same problems the student will eventually learn to solve ensures that, at some level of epistemic fidelity, it is complete.  3, fiche 31, Anglais, - process%20model

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In the representation of the subject matter, process models have been used to simulate two types of processes: 1) to model the phenomena the student has to understand, such as electronic circuits in SOPHIE and rainfall in WHY, 2) to model parts of the actual reasoning process the student learns to perform (ACTP tutors).  3, fiche 31, Anglais, - process%20model

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... the ideal component of the process model contains plans that describe how more complex tasks can be accomplished using a sequence of simpler tasks and commands, and have been implemented as a hierarchy of frames.  4, fiche 31, Anglais, - process%20model

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... a process model of the student’s decision making....  4, fiche 31, Anglais, - process%20model

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Compare to mental state and mental models. See knowledge state.  5, fiche 31, Anglais, - process%20model

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Voir modélisation de processus, modèle quantitatif et modèle qualitatif.  1, fiche 31, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20processus

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In epistemic diagnosis by direct assignment of credit or blame, a modeling method for extracting information from behavior that follows observable behavior.  1, fiche 32, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The idea behind model tracing is to create a close correspondence between units of the internal model and single steps of observable behavior. The required tuning of granularity can affect the design of the interface as well as that of the internal model. In ACT theory, knowledge compilation transforms declarative knowledge into a rule format that is directly usable for performance. As a consequence, compiled problem-solving knowledge, though it is a form of knowledge, maps directly onto behavior, unlike a concept or a principle, which must be interpreted before it can manifest itself in behavior. Thus knowledge compilation is really the core principle of the model-tracing paradigm. It can summarize claims of reasoning of arbitrary complexity as more coarsely grained rules. Model tracing is, in this sense, at the border between behavioral and epistemic diagnosis.  1, fiche 32, Anglais, - model%20tracing

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The model-tracing method operates in the context of intelligent tutoring systems which monitor students’ problem-solving activity. In that context, the diagnostic component need not compute the student’s solution path, because it can observe what the student does, step by step.  2, fiche 32, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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[a student model] that abstracts how the student's behavior is critically different from that of an expert.  3, fiche 33, Anglais, - differential%20model

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... the differences between the lists of issues respectively applied by the student and the expert ... provide information for updating the student model. In WEST, the differential model records how often each issue was used appropriately and how often it was overlooked. There is no notion of erroneous issues .... Pedagogically, WEST adopts a cautious attitude and intervenes only when there is good evidence for a weakness....  4, fiche 33, Anglais, - differential%20model

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... a «differential» student model provides the capability, in principle, of recognizing and then acting upon a student’s misconception, for example that "while" may be substituted for "if" in certain situations in Pascal, knowledge used by Proust ..., or that pieces of program plan may be systematically but incorrectly interleaved.  5, fiche 33, Anglais, - differential%20model

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The process of forming and updating the student model by analyzing data made available to the system. Detailed diagnosis usually requires search, whether the system is trying to reconstruct a goal structure to interpret the student's behavior or attempting to model his knowledge.  2, fiche 34, Anglais, - cognitive%20diagnosis

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Term used in preference to "student modeling", because less restrictive: students are not the only human beings who can be diagnosed, and a model is not the only possible kind of diagnosis. [cf. AIEDU, 1987, vol.1, p. 205, note 2.  3, fiche 34, Anglais, - cognitive%20diagnosis

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Représentation de l'état cognitif de l'apprenant réalisée par le module pédagogique du système EIAO à l'issue d'une session.  2, fiche 34, Français, - diagnostic%20cognitif

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Fonction d'un tutoriel intelligent de dépister les erreurs d'apprentissage, les méprises, et les difficultés rencontrées par l'élève lors d'une session EIAO, grâce à une représentation de l'état cognitif de l'élève, et à la mise à jour systématique de cette représentation.  3, fiche 34, Français, - diagnostic%20cognitif

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À partir du comportement de l'élève, le système infère l'état cognitif de celui-ci et identifie les méprises ou idées fausses à rectifier.  4, fiche 34, Français, - diagnostic%20cognitif

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Ce diagnostic est fonction du modèle de l'apprenant intégré au tutoriel et des performances réalisées par l'apprenant au cours de la session et enregistrées dans la base de faits. Voir aussi : état cognitif, fonctionnement cognitif [CTN, Paris, 1991].  5, fiche 34, Français, - diagnostic%20cognitif

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As a communication medium, the interface needs to facilitate interpretation of the system's behavior so that the student is able to reconstruct the model of expertise at the epistemic level.  1, fiche 35, Anglais, - communication%20medium

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Research suggests that the behavior of people who consider themselves ill is influenced by the... many social and cultural factors which affect attitudes to pain, health, illness and health services. The most popular approach is the Health Belief Model(Becker 1974)....  2, fiche 36, Anglais, - Macmillan%27s%20Health%20Opinion%20Survey

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Type of secondary structure of protein molecules, being random in the sense that there is no repeating pattern in which each residue interacts with other residues (as in an alpha helix).  1, fiche 37, Anglais, - random%2Dcoil

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Since enzyme deactivation should be an intrinsically monomolecular process, overall kinetics other than first-order clearly suggest a multistep reaction scheme. Recently a two-step, in-series model has been proposed that assumes that the native enzyme undergoes an irreversible transition to an equilibrium distribution of at least two intermediate structures of entirely different stability and kinetic behavior. These, in turn, degrade to a totally inactive, random-coil situation.  2, fiche 37, Anglais, - random%2Dcoil

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Forme que prend une chaîne macromoléculaire par repliements successifs sur elle-même. (Certaines macromolécules, très rigides, conservent en solution un certain état d'extension et ne présentent d'infléchissement que sur de longues distances. Au contraire, d'autres, plus souples, prennent une forme pelotonnée. Comme la forme et les dimensions d'une telle pelote sont continuellement changeantes, on lui adjoint le qualificatif "statistique".)  1, fiche 37, Français, - pelote%20statistique

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Les structures secondaires et tertiaires des protéines sont maintenues par des liaisons faibles et des liaisons disulfures. Si ces liaisons sont rompues, ces structures disparaissent, la protéine est dite dénaturée, sa molécule devient désordonnée, elle devient une "pelote statistique". En fait la molécule peut ne pas perdre entièrement sa structure, si l'agent dénaturant n'agit pas de manière trop énergique, mais en général, la dénaturation est irréversible. La dénaturation s'accompagne souvent d'une précipitation de la protéine, les molécules tendent en effet a former des agrégats qui ne restent pas en solution. Très généralement la dénaturation fait perdre aux protéines leurs propriétés biologiques, comme l'activité enzymatique.  2, fiche 37, Français, - pelote%20statistique

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Diagnosis at the epistemic level. It distinguishes three phases in the inference of a knowledge state : direct assignment of credit and blame(determining which knowledge elements have been directly involved in the available account of behavior), structural consistency(broadcasting of repercussions of this direct recognition on the rest of the knowledge state), and longitudinal consistency(updating of the existing student model according to new information).  1, fiche 38, Anglais, - epistemic%20diagnosis

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Le comportement inféré lors du diagnostic inférentiel peut servir de point de départ dans le diagnostique épistémique des données sur le comportement et l'attribution directe du crédit ou du blâme. Ce sont le traçage de modèles, la reconstruction procédurale ou non procédurale, et la reconnaissance d'objectifs pédagogiques en tant qu'éléments du curriculum.  1, fiche 38, Français, - diagnostic%20%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mique

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An assessment method of the reliability of incoming data based on information derived from the contents of the knowledge state, and on the assumption that the acquisition of new pieces of knowledge follows natural links connecting them to existing knowledge. The locus of learning is predicted by the frontier of the student's knowledge as defined on the network of these genetic links. In the student model, the confidence in the mastery of each piece of knowledge can be assessed not only on the basis of data extracted from behavior, but also in terms of the number and nature of genetic connections with other parts of the curriculum that have been made explicit by instruction.  1, fiche 39, Anglais, - genetic%20organization

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Voir graphe génétique.  1, fiche 39, Français, - organisation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

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The third and last phase of epistemic diagnosis where the updating of the knowledge state takes place as a continuous series of observations from which new diagnostic information is integrated into the existing student model. This includes the recognition of patterns that manifest themselves over time. The updating methods use scalar attributes, such as numerical weights, associated with individual elements of the knowledge state. These weights are updated by some statistical or pseudostatistical computations as knowledge manifests itself in behavior. Some diagnostic updating methods are very similar to what is called in AI "truth maintenance" or "belief revision"(Doyle 1979, de Kecer 1986).  1, fiche 40, Anglais, - longitudinal%20consistency

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Diagnostic updating methods which combine theories of learning and belief revision in a form of "reasoning about learning" still belong to the future (Halpern 1986).  1, fiche 40, Anglais, - longitudinal%20consistency

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A combination of component models.  2, fiche 41, Anglais, - aggregate%20model

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At the top level, they find the functional model described earlier. This functional model is based on an aggregate model, which deals with the behaviours of groups of similar particles forming entities like a gas or a liquid. Finally, the behavior of these aggregate entities can be explained in terms of an underlying model. This study emphasizes the hierarchical relations between models. Like scripts with subscripts, models support one another in a "reductionistic" fashion where some relations in one model can be explained in terms of another, lower-level model.  2, fiche 41, Anglais, - aggregate%20model

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agrégat : assemblage hétérogène d'éléments qui adhèrent solidement entre eux.  2, fiche 41, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%2Dagr%C3%A9gat

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Comparer à agrégat (de données).  1, fiche 41, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%2Dagr%C3%A9gat

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A diagnostic modeling scheme based on a procedural network contains all the necessary subskills for the global skill, as well as all the possible buggy variants(or bugs) of each subskill. It can replace an individual subskill in the procedural network by one of its bugs, and thus attempt to reproduce a student's incorrect behavior. If such a faulted network does obtain the same answers as the student on a sufficient set of problems, the bugs that have replaced their correct siblings in the network are then posited as being those possessed by the student. Such an instantiation of the subprocedure calls, which actually models the student in a deterministic fashion, is considered a deep-structure model : it explains the student's incorrect behavior in terms of a set of exact internalized errors, rather than of, say, a probabilistic estimate of correct and incorrect answers such as is typical of stochastic models.  1, fiche 42, Anglais, - deep%2Dstructure%20model

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Voir : structure profonde.  2, fiche 42, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20structure%20profonde

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In the overlay model, a student's suboptimal behavior is modeled by a syntactic simplification of the expert skill in that some units of knowledge are simply ignored.  1, fiche 43, Anglais, - expert%20skill

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L'habileté est au savoir-faire ce que la connaissance est au savoir-que.  1, fiche 43, Français, - savoir%2Dfaire%20d%27expert

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The overly theory defines multiple sources of evidence available to the diagnostic module for its update of the overlay model :(Implicit evidence) is derived from a comparison of the student's behavior with the expert's decision, and is the kind used in WEST's differential model. It requires the ability to relate a given behavior to a specific set of skills.  1, fiche 44, Anglais, - implicit%20evidence

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Antonyme d'évidence explicite.  1, fiche 44, Français, - %C3%A9vidence%20implicite

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A diagnostic modeling scheme based on a procedural network contains all the necessary subskills for the global skill, as well as all the possible buggy variants(or bugs) of each subskill. It can replace an individual subskill in the procedural network by one of its bugs, and thus attempt to reproduce a student's incorrect behavior. If such a faulted network does obtain the same answers as the student on a sufficient set of problems, the bugs that have replaced their correct siblings in the network are then posited as being those possessed by the student. Such an instantiation of the subprocedure calls, which actually models the student in a deterministic fashion, is considered a deep-structure model  1, fiche 45, Anglais, - diagnostic%20modeling%20scheme

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Tomkins’ affect management model implies that positive and negative affect smokers may need to find alternate affect management strategies to substitute for cigarettes in order to quit smoking(abstract)(Affect-management and habit mechanisms in the modification of smoking behavior)(Addictive Behaviors(Oxford), 1979, Vol. 4(1), pp. 39-46)  2, fiche 46, Anglais, - affect%20management

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A step-by-step procedure for practicing and learning person-to-person skills. When conducting behavior rehearsal, you provide an opportunity to view a model of the skill, identify the specific behaviors that comprise that skill, rehearse each specific behavior, and receive feedback on that performance. Behavior rehearsal is the most effective method for improving person-to-person skills.  1, fiche 47, Anglais, - behavior%20rehearsal

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Models can be classified in three ways : (i) Empirical, based on correlations and observations (ii) Theoretical, based on fundamental principles ... Semi-empirical, a combination of (i) and (ii).  2, fiche 48, Anglais, - empirical%20model

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Model where operational behavior is predicted from ad hoc relationships based on evidence from direct observation of natural phenomena or experimental data.  3, fiche 48, Anglais, - empirical%20model

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Les modèles empiriques concurrencent les modèles mathématiques en se proposant d'obtenir des informations quantitatives au moyen d'une représentation visualisée de l'évolution d'un panache depuis son point d'émission jusqu'à ses divers points de contact avec le sol, le site étant simulé par une maquette réalisée à une certaine échelle.  1, fiche 48, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20empirique

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A model accounting for the behavior of people in terms of three interacting systems; the Passive, Active, and Defensive.  1, fiche 49, Anglais, - psychological%20complex

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Modèle représentant le comportement des individus au moyen de trois systèmes imbriqués: le passif, l'actif, et le défensif.  1, fiche 49, Français, - personnalit%C3%A9%20psychologique

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personnalité psychologique (d'un individu)  1, fiche 49, Français, - personnalit%C3%A9%20psychologique

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A model of the decision making process in which "ideal" decision models are modified to reflect the way decisions are often made. This includes a lack of opportunistic surveillance and the use of satisficing behavior.(See also Econologic Decision Making Model).  1, fiche 50, Anglais, - bounded%20rationality%20decision%20making%20model

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A model of behavior centered on the individual.  1, fiche 51, Anglais, - individual%20behavior%20model

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Encounter-group leadership behavior that involves eliciting responses from members by issuing direct demands and exhortations and by serving as an exemplary or model group member.  1, fiche 52, Anglais, - intrusive%20modeling

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A basic model of adaptive behavior emphasizing feedback of information and decision making.  1, fiche 53, Anglais, - cybernetic%20feedback%20model

Fiche 53,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 53,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 54,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 54, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Views motivation as a process governing choices. In this model, a person who has a goal weighs the likelihood that various behaviors will achieve that goal and is likely to select the behavior that is expected to be most successful.  1, fiche 54, Anglais, - expectancy%20motivation%20model

Fiche 54,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 54,  Justifications,  Espagnol