TERMIUM Plus^®

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A new approach to aquatic ecosystem analysis is suggested in which [the] top-down reductionist approach is replaced by a bottom-up approach using autonomous agents(programs to represent individual animals). This approach is exemplified by... an artificial life system designed... for modeling population behavior and evolution.  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - bottom%2Dup%20modelling%20approach

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[The] "bottom-up" approach to the generation of complex behavior is more powerful and simple than that generated by conventional system models, which are constructed in top-down fashion. The behavior of the fish school as a whole does not depend on the internal details of the entities from which it is constructed. It depends only on the details of the way in which these entities behave in each other’s presence. ... it is possible to capture within an aggregate of artificial entities a very lifelike behavior.  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - bottom%2Dup%20modelling%20approach

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Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The Fire Monitoring, Mapping and Modeling System(Fire M3) is an initiative of the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the Canadian Forest Service. The goals of Fire M3 are to use low-resolution satellite imagery to identify and locate actively burning fires on a daily basis; to estimate annual area burned; and to model fire behavior, biomass consumption, and carbon emissions from fires.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - Fire%20Monitoring%2C%20Mapping%20and%20Modeling%20System

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Le Système de surveillance, cartographie et modélisation des incendies de forêts (Fire M3) est un projet conjoint du Centre canadien de télédétection et du Service canadien des forêts. Les buts du «Fire M3» sont d'utiliser l'imagerie satellite à faible résolution afin d'identifier et de localiser les feux en pleine activité sur une base quotidienne, d'estimer les secteurs brûlés sur une base annuelle et de modéliser le comportement du feu, la combustion de la biomasse et les émissions de carbone des incendies.  1, fiche 2, Français, - Syst%C3%A8me%20de%20surveillance%2C%20cartographie%20et%20mod%C3%A9lisation%20des%20incendies%20de%20for%C3%AAts

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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CEDAR is a broad-based, community-initiated, upper atmospheric research program. The goal is to understand the behavior of atmospheric regions from the middle atmosphere upward through the thermosphere and ionosphere into the exosphere in terms of coupling, energetics, chemistry, and dynamics on regional and global scales. These processes are related to the sources of perturbations that propagate upward from the lower atmosphere as well as to solar radiation and particle inputs from above. The activities within this program combine observations, theory and modeling.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - Coupling%2C%20Energetics%20and%20Dynamics%20of%20Atmospheric%20Regions

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Diagnostic activities that can be performed at the behavioral level. Some ITS deal only with observable behavior, other infer aspects of unobservable behavior.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Wenger's taxonomy of behavioral diagnostic processes distinguishes between non-inferential ones, based on a powerful representation of knowledge correctness and on evaluating and characterizing errors(interactive diagnosis), and inferential diagnosis that reconstructs unobservable student behavior by interpreting student's responses and matching them against knowledge standards. The inference of unobservable behavior is centered on problem solving processes and requires modeling capabilities such as a theory of bugs.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

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Le diagnostic du comportement peut être interactif (le système fournit directement à l'étudiant des informations sur son comportement sans recourir à des inférences ou à des modèles, mais se basant sur une description «correcte» des connaissances sous la forme de plans annotés, de parseurs augmentés, ou d'algorithmes définis. Dans certains systèmes, le diagnostic comportemental est inférentiel en ce sens qu'il infère des comportements implicites, inaperçus en les reconstruisant et en les interprétant à partir des réponses de l'étudiant.  2, fiche 4, Français, - diagnostic%20comportemental

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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El campo de trabajo se ubica en las comunidades en el diseño y evaluación de modelos psicosociales, diagnóstico del comportamiento e investigación psico-social.  1, fiche 4, Espagnol, - diagn%C3%B3stico%20del%20comportamiento

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Bandura’s concept for the process of reproducing behaviors learned through the observation of others.  6, fiche 5, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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[Social learning theory is] a theory proposing that social development occurs through observing other people's behavior and modeling oneself on this behavior.  7, fiche 5, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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Modeling and imitation are kinds of learning from observation, as are shadowing and tagging along an expert.  8, fiche 5, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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Processus d'acquisition d'un comportement par observation. Le sujet peut copier, ou imiter les actions, les attitudes et les réponses émotives des autres.  4, fiche 5, Français, - modelage

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Selon [la théorie de l'apprentissage social] le développement social s'opère par l'observation du comportement des autres et par le modelage de soi sur ce comportement.  5, fiche 5, Français, - modelage

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La désensibilisation, le modelage et l'inondation sont actuellement les méthodes les plus couramment utilisées par les thérapeutes du comportement.  6, fiche 5, Français, - modelage

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«modeling»/modelage : adoptés par le Comité de normalisation de la terminologie des services sociaux.  4, fiche 5, Français, - modelage

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Modeling the behavior of single solids and their mixtures in a circulating fluidized bed.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - single%20solid

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Les solides simples [...] sont essentiellement des oxydes simples [...] ou des sulfures [...] On les trouve sur la terre mais aussi dans les météorites et la Lune.  1, fiche 6, Français, - solide%20simple

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The spreading of a behavior pattern through a large number of people. Contagion is a modeling effect.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - contagion

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Propagation d'un pattern de comportement chez un grand nombre de personnes. La contagion est un effet du modelage.  1, fiche 7, Français, - contagion

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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To properly capture the dynamic behavior of interconnected electric systems requires good dynamics modeling of all of the interconnected systems within state-of-the-art simulation software capabilities.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - interconnected%20electric%20system

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Identification of the decisions or operators responsible for the success or failure of achieving a goal.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - credit%2Fblame%20assignment

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In epistemic diagnosis, the task of discovering which knowledge, correct or incorrect, has been used to produce behavior, and which relevant knowledge has been overlooked. This requires the availability of a modeling language and some form of differential modeling, whereby the knowledge used by the student can be compared to that which the expert would have used. The methods used in credit/blame assignment are : model tracing, structural consistency and longitudinal consistency.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - credit%2Fblame%20assignment

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

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Repérage des décisions ou des opérateurs déterminant le succès ou l'échec quant à l'atteinte d'un but.  1, fiche 9, Français, - attribution%20de%20cr%C3%A9dit%2Fbl%C3%A2me

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Voir attribution du mérite, attribution du blâme.  1, fiche 9, Français, - attribution%20de%20cr%C3%A9dit%2Fbl%C3%A2me

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Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The system ... selects from its models of correct and incorrect knowledge elements the ones that account for the student’s behavior.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - student%27s%20behavior

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... the adequacy of EMYCIN rules as a representation for modeling the student's behavior.  3, fiche 10, Anglais, - student%27s%20behavior

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

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[...] le modèle est construit en cumulant des statistiques sur les réalisations et comportements de l'élève. Ce modèle conserve également une trace des principales erreurs conceptuelles détectées chez l'élève et des diverses interventions du tuteur.  1, fiche 10, Français, - comportement%20de%20l%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve

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Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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An important consideration in tutoring is the use by the student of rules that do not correspond to "expert" knowledge already represented in the program. However, the technique of overlay modeling, used by GUIDON..., attempts to explain the student's behavior exclusively in terms of MYCIN's rules...  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - overlay%20modeling

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

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Voir modèle cognitif partiel.  1, fiche 11, Français, - mod%C3%A9lisation%20cognitive%20partielle

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A modeling language is required to be able to simulate the problem solving behavior of the student.  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - modeling%20language

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... the modeling language is almost inevitably a simplification of the complex processes of human reasoning and decision making.  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - modeling%20language

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... another solution is to gather a great deal of information about likely errors and misconceptions for a given domain and a given population of students and to include theses observed distortions as primitives of the modeling language.  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - modeling%20language

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Le système d'aide à la décision Optrans intègre un système SGBD numériques et un langage de modélisation.  1, fiche 12, Français, - langage%20de%20mod%C3%A9lisation

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In epistemic diagnosis by direct assignment of credit or blame, a modeling method for extracting information from behavior that follows observable behavior.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The idea behind model tracing is to create a close correspondence between units of the internal model and single steps of observable behavior. The required tuning of granularity can affect the design of the interface as well as that of the internal model. In ACT theory, knowledge compilation transforms declarative knowledge into a rule format that is directly usable for performance. As a consequence, compiled problem-solving knowledge, though it is a form of knowledge, maps directly onto behavior, unlike a concept or a principle, which must be interpreted before it can manifest itself in behavior. Thus knowledge compilation is really the core principle of the model-tracing paradigm. It can summarize claims of reasoning of arbitrary complexity as more coarsely grained rules. Model tracing is, in this sense, at the border between behavioral and epistemic diagnosis.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The model-tracing method operates in the context of intelligent tutoring systems which monitor students’ problem-solving activity. In that context, the diagnostic component need not compute the student’s solution path, because it can observe what the student does, step by step.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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[A ITS modeling technique] whereby the knowledge used by the student can be compared to that which the expert would have used (e.g. WEST, GUIDON).  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - differential%20modeling

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[A type of modeling] whereby the student's behavior is analyzed and recorded in relation to the expert's choices for the same circumstances.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - differential%20modeling

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... the student’s problem-solving activities can be followed by the system and readily compared to the internal model’s decisions by differential modeling.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - differential%20modeling

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Voir modèle différentiel.  2, fiche 14, Français, - mod%C3%A9lisation%20diff%C3%A9rentielle

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contagion : the spreading of a behavior pattern through a large number of people. Contagion is a modeling effect.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - modeling%20effect

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contagion: propagation d'un pattern de comportement chez un grand nombre de personnes. La contagion est un effet du modelage.  1, fiche 15, Français, - effet%20du%20modelage

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A theory proposing that social development occurs through observing other people's behavior and modeling oneself on this behavior.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - social%20learning%20theory

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Français

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Selon cette théorie, le développement social s'opère par l'observation du comportement des autres et par le modelage de soi sur ce comportement.  1, fiche 16, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20l%27apprentissage%20social

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A diagnostic modeling scheme based on a procedural network contains all the necessary subskills for the global skill, as well as all the possible buggy variants(or bugs) of each subskill. It can replace an individual subskill in the procedural network by one of its bugs, and thus attempt to reproduce a student's incorrect behavior. If such a faulted network does obtain the same answers as the student on a sufficient set of problems, the bugs that have replaced their correct siblings in the network are then posited as being those possessed by the student. Such an instantiation of the subprocedure calls, which actually models the student in a deterministic fashion, is considered a deep-structure model : it explains the student's incorrect behavior in terms of a set of exact internalized errors, rather than of, say, a probabilistic estimate of correct and incorrect answers such as is typical of stochastic models.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - deep%2Dstructure%20model

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Voir : structure profonde.  2, fiche 17, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20structure%20profonde

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Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A diagnostic modeling scheme based on a procedural network contains all the necessary subskills for the global skill, as well as all the possible buggy variants(or bugs) of each subskill. It can replace an individual subskill in the procedural network by one of its bugs, and thus attempt to reproduce a student's incorrect behavior. If such a faulted network does obtain the same answers as the student on a sufficient set of problems, the bugs that have replaced their correct siblings in the network are then posited as being those possessed by the student. Such an instantiation of the subprocedure calls, which actually models the student in a deterministic fashion, is considered a deep-structure model  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - diagnostic%20modeling%20scheme

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The second difficulty is specific to the overlay modeling paradigm. In some ways, the overlay's evaluation of single rules is similar to the tags used in SCHOLAR to indicate the acquisition of pieces of factual information. However, errors in procedural knowledge are more complex than gaps in factual knowledge. The overlay assumes that suboptimal behavior is caused only by the insufficient mastery of individual skills and that distortions in the correct skills do not occur.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - overlay%20modeling%20paradigm

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Voir modèle cognitif partiel et modélisation cognitive partielle.  1, fiche 19, Français, - paradigme%20de%20mod%C3%A9lisation%20cognitive%20partielle

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We can identify three types of diagnostic reasoning techniques which must be applicable to bug diagnosis : classificatory reasoning about symptoms, causal reasoning about behavior, and intention modeling.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - diagnostic%20reasoning%20technique

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Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Work Group 2 has reviewed the modeling, monitoring and research aspects of the atmospheric behavior of acid-forming pollutants, particularly sulfur, between their source regions and deposition areas. The role, capabilities and applications of selected transport models from both Canada and the U. S. have been described.  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - transport%20model

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It was necessary to determine the potential distribution of radioactive material through transport and fate models to establish isopleths based on deposition rates.  3, fiche 21, Anglais, - transport%20model

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Il en résulte, par conséquent, une extrême variabilité dans le dépôt d'acidité pour chaque événement précis de précipitation, pour l'ensemble, il en résulte un profil spatial moyen. Un modèle de ce profil peut être obtenu facilement à partir de modèles d'émission, de transport, de réaction et de dépôt.  2, fiche 21, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20du%20transport%20des%20polluants

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