TERMIUM Plus^®

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A size range of approximately 1 to 100 nm.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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The nanoscopic scale is, roughly speaking, a lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids. For technical purposes, the nanoscopic scale is the size at which the expected fluctuations of the averaged properties due to the motion and behavior of individual particles can no longer be reduced to below some desirable threshold(often a few percent), and must be rigorously established within the context of any particular problem.  6, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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nm: nanometre.  7, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this size range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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Features of nanometric scale: thin films, fine particles, chemical synthesis, advanced microlithography.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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nanoscale: term and definition standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).  8, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

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Nanoscale cellular coherence, fabrication method, pattern, patterning.  9, fiche 1, Anglais, - nanoscale

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Échelle de longueur s'étendant approximativement de 1 à 100 nm.  6, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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Les particules à la nanoéchelle, faciles à fabriquer de manière sporadique, mais difficiles à assembler, devraient tirer profit d'une nouvelle technologie de «retouche collante», dont les chercheurs de l'Université du Michigan disent qu'elle permet l'assemblage automatique à la nanoéchelle.  7, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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nm : nanomètre.  8, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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Les propriétés qui ne constituent pas des extrapolations par rapport à des dimensions plus grandes sont généralement, mais pas exclusivement, présentes dans cette échelle de longueur. Pour ces propriétés, les limites dimensionnelles indiquées sont approximatives.  6, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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Cette échelle permet de mesurer des structures au niveau moléculaire.  9, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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La réduction de la dimension des systèmes jusqu'à une échelle nanométrique affecte de façon spectaculaire leurs propriétés physiques.  10, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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Dans cette définition, une limite inférieure (approximativement 1 nm) a été introduite pour éviter que des atomes individuels ou de petits groupes d’atomes soient considérés comme étant des nano-objets ou des éléments de nanostructures, ce qui aurait pu être le cas en l’absence d'une telle limite.  6, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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nano-échelle : terme normalisé par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO) dans la norme ISO/TS 27687:2008(F), mais non repris dans la norme plus récente ISO/TS 80004-4:2011(F). Dans cette dernière, il est indiqué que l'ISO/TS 27687:2008 doit faire l'objet d’une révision et devenir l'ISO/TS 80004-2.  8, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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échelle nanométrique : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  11, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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Dispositif, matériau, particule, pièce à la nanoéchelle.  9, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

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L'assemblage automatique devient primordial pour la nanoéchelle, le mouvement devient hautement coopératif à la nanoéchelle.  9, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20nanom%C3%A9trique

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Dimensión comprendida entre 1 y 100 nm [nanómetros].  3, fiche 1, Espagnol, - nanoescala

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Problem gambling is any gambling behavior that disrupts your life. If you’re preoccupied with gambling, spending more and more time and money on it, chasing losses, or gambling despite serious consequences in your life, you have a gambling problem.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - problem%20gambling

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For some authors, "problem gambling" is synonym with pathological gambling, but for others it refers to a less intense form of excessive gambling.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - problem%20gambling

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On parle de jeu problématique lorsque le comportement de jeu entraîne des conséquences négatives. Ces problèmes peuvent être d'ordre financier, familial, professionnel, social et/ou psychologique.  1, fiche 2, Français, - jeu%20probl%C3%A9matique

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Le jeu problématique fait référence à un problème moins grave que le jeu pathologique.  2, fiche 2, Français, - jeu%20probl%C3%A9matique

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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[A chronic mental disorder] characterized by psychosis(loss of contact with reality), hallucinations(false perceptions), delusions(false beliefs), disorganized speech and behavior, flattened affect(restricted range of emotions), cognitive deficits(impaired reasoning and problem solving), and occupational and social dysfunction.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - schizophrenia

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dementia praecox: [This term is the] original name for schizophrenia, when it was characterized as a psychosis with adolescent onset and a chronic course ending in deterioration.  4, fiche 3, Anglais, - schizophrenia

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[Maladie mentale caractérisée par] des pensées confuses, des délires (croyances fausses ou irrationnelles), des hallucinations (voir ou entendre ce qui n'existe pas)[,] un comportement bizarre [et les personnes] qui souffrent de schizophrénie ont de la difficulté à accomplir des tâches qui nécessitent une mémoire abstraite et une attention soutenue.  4, fiche 3, Français, - schizophr%C3%A9nie

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Functional Analysis of Behavior. A crucial step in applied behavior analysis is conducting the functional assessment. A functional assessment allows the practitioner to identify and describe the problem behavior and the antecedents and consequences of that behavior in the context within which it occurs.  5, fiche 4, Anglais, - functional%20analysis%20of%20behaviour

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Cette analyse fonctionnelle du comportement, qui exige qu'on déploie des efforts pour repérer les conditions environnementales qui déterminent le comportement, suppose [...] que le comportement s'établit par rapport à des événements précis dans l'environnement.  2, fiche 4, Français, - analyse%20fonctionnelle%20du%20comportement

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A problem-oriented language, often a computer-processible combination of natural language and artificial language, designed for expressing the requirements, design, behavior, or other characteristics of a system or a component and that provides special constructs and, sometimes, verification protocols used to develop, analyze, and document the specified entities.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - specification%20language

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Specification languages provide the means for describing problem domain, the required behavior of a software system, and also the overall design of a software system. The tradeoff in specification languages is between their expressive power and the degree to which they can be supported with tools such as compilers, interpreters, and theorem provers.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - specification%20language

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specification language : term and definition standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and ISO/IEC.  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - specification%20language

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

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Langage adapté au problème, souvent sous la forme d'une combinaison, pouvant être traitée par ordinateur, de langage naturel et de langage artificiel, permettant d'exprimer les besoins, la conception, le comportement ou d'autres caractéristiques d'un système ou d'un composant, et qui fournit des outils particuliers, et parfois des protocoles de vérification, pour développer, analyser et documenter les entités spécifiées.  2, fiche 5, Français, - langage%20de%20sp%C3%A9cification

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Les langages de spécification sont basés sur ce que l'on appelle les types abstraits algébriques.  3, fiche 5, Français, - langage%20de%20sp%C3%A9cification

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langage de spécification : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO/CEI.  4, fiche 5, Français, - langage%20de%20sp%C3%A9cification

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Lenguaje que, por lo general, suele ser matemático, usado para expresar una especificación.  1, fiche 5, Espagnol, - lenguaje%20de%20especificaci%C3%B3n

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Frontal Lobe-Front part of the brain; involved in planning, organizing, problem solving, selective attention, personality and a variety of "higher cognitive functions" including behavior and emotions.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - frontal%20lobe

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Le lobe frontal forme la portion antérieure de l'encéphale en se disposant au-dessus de la scissure latérale (sylvienne) et en avant du sillon central.  1, fiche 6, Français, - lobe%20frontal

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Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Bullying Awareness Week in Canada, a week that recognizes the devastating consequences of a problem that is much more than “just kid stuff”— and affirms that this destructive behavior must be stopped.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - Bullying%20Awareness%20Week

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

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Au Canada, c'est la Semaine de la sensibilisation à l'intimidation. Le programme ÉduRespect : Prévention de la violence de la Croix-Rouge canadienne aide à enrayer le tourment qui afflige tant de jeunes grâce à des programmes et à des activités de sensibilisation.  1, fiche 7, Français, - Semaine%20de%20la%20sensibilisation%20%C3%A0%20l%27intimidation

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A tutoring system that provides unobtrusive assistance while the student is involved in independent learning. It does not lecture, but fosters the learning inherent in the activity, points out existing learning opportunities and transforms failures into learning experiences. It motivates learning and exercises pedagogical judgement.  7, fiche 8, Anglais, - coaching%20system

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A diagnostic tutor compares the student's behavior with that of an expert for the problem domain involved. When discrepancies arise, the student is given advice about better learning or performance strategies. Diagnostic tutors are usually a more appropriate form of ICAI [intelligent computer-assisted instruction] for games, simulations, and problem-solving situations than a mixed-initiative tutor approach.  3, fiche 8, Anglais, - coaching%20system

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... WEST and WUSOR, two early projects concerned with the design of coaching systems.  7, fiche 8, Anglais, - coaching%20system

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Coaches are a variant of tutors which simply monitor a student’s problem-solving and so focus on a restricted part of the process of learning programming. Their job is to observe the way that a student tackles a problem and either comment when something seems to be going wrong, provide help when asked or ... try to constrain the student to set about the problem in a particular way.  8, fiche 8, Anglais, - coaching%20system

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Contrast with "mixed-initiative dialog" system and with "directive tutoring".  9, fiche 8, Anglais, - coaching%20system

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Voir guidage tutoriel.  3, fiche 8, Français, - syst%C3%A8me%20d%27accompagnement

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Diagnostic activities that can be performed at the behavioral level. Some ITS deal only with observable behavior, other infer aspects of unobservable behavior.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Wenger's taxonomy of behavioral diagnostic processes distinguishes between non-inferential ones, based on a powerful representation of knowledge correctness and on evaluating and characterizing errors(interactive diagnosis), and inferential diagnosis that reconstructs unobservable student behavior by interpreting student's responses and matching them against knowledge standards. The inference of unobservable behavior is centered on problem solving processes and requires modeling capabilities such as a theory of bugs.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Le diagnostic du comportement peut être interactif (le système fournit directement à l'étudiant des informations sur son comportement sans recourir à des inférences ou à des modèles, mais se basant sur une description «correcte» des connaissances sous la forme de plans annotés, de parseurs augmentés, ou d'algorithmes définis. Dans certains systèmes, le diagnostic comportemental est inférentiel en ce sens qu'il infère des comportements implicites, inaperçus en les reconstruisant et en les interprétant à partir des réponses de l'étudiant.  2, fiche 9, Français, - diagnostic%20comportemental

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El campo de trabajo se ubica en las comunidades en el diseño y evaluación de modelos psicosociales, diagnóstico del comportamiento e investigación psico-social.  1, fiche 9, Espagnol, - diagn%C3%B3stico%20del%20comportamiento

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The theory that sensory functions mechanisms develop after mechanisms responsible for motor functions.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - motor%20primacy%20theory

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Intermittent spontaneous prenatal behavior has long been recognized as in integral component of fetal development... Wihelm Preger... called these spontaneous movements "impulsive movements" because of the distinctiveness of their uncoordinated, aimless, seemingly nonadaptive nature... of underlying motivation behind much of Preger's developmental work was the problem of "psychogenesis" or the genesis of mind, through his motor primary theory, Preger proposed a central role for these impulsive autogenous movements in physiogenesis and ultimately in psychogenesis.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - motor%20primacy%20theory

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Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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behavior disorder : a conduct problem as contrasted with a personality problem; generally functional rather than organic in origin; in these disorders a child may appear to be "acting out" his emotional difficulties aggressively...  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - behaviorally%20disordered%20child

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Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Problem-driven Learning.... the progression of models enables the system to present students with a sequence of problem solving situations that motivate the need for developing particular transformations of their models of circuit behavior. In solving new problems, the students attempt to transform their models of circuit behavior in concordance with the evolution of the system's models. The focus is on having students solve problems on their own, without providing them first with explanations for how to solve them. Only when they run into difficulty, do they request explanations of circuit behavior.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - problem%2Ddriven%20learning

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Stratégie d'apprentissage dans laquelle l'apprenant est aux prises directement avec des problèmes à résoudre, sans explications préalables de la part du système, lequel n'intervient qu'en cas de besoin.  1, fiche 12, Français, - apprentissage%20%C3%A0%20partir%20de%20probl%C3%A8mes

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A modeling language is required to be able to simulate the problem solving behavior of the student.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - modeling%20language

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... the modeling language is almost inevitably a simplification of the complex processes of human reasoning and decision making.  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - modeling%20language

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... another solution is to gather a great deal of information about likely errors and misconceptions for a given domain and a given population of students and to include theses observed distortions as primitives of the modeling language.  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - modeling%20language

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Le système d'aide à la décision Optrans intègre un système SGBD numériques et un langage de modélisation.  1, fiche 13, Français, - langage%20de%20mod%C3%A9lisation

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Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... Dana had some emotional problems, but a thorough psychological assessment indicated her to be generally emotionally intact. Dana has not been able to adjust to the adoptive placement, and while her behavior has not been a problem, her adoptive parents complain that she "just doesn’t fit in-it's like she doesn’t care whether we’re here or not". Dana is withdrawn, unresponsive, doesn’t want to be with them, expresses no affection, and at times, recoils when they approach her....  1, fiche 14, Anglais, - emotionally%20intact

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... administered the Kohs Block Design Test, the Human Figure Drawing Techniques, and the Bender-Gestalt Test to 56 Colombian male street children. Subjects were relatively healthy, intelligent, and emotionally intact ... [Source: PASCAL database].  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - emotionally%20intact

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The term "intact" here implies not only that the mental integrity of a subject has not been severely affected by either inside or outside forces, but that the subject has still all his wit’s about him despite a few emotional problems. In other words, he cannot yet be categorized as having a mental sickness or disorder.  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - emotionally%20intact

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Le terme «emotionally intact» est si vague en anglais, qu'il faut déterminer la gravité du symptôme avant de choisir la locution adverbiale appropriée en français. Les propositions françaises relèvent du procédé linguistique dit modulation, ou changement d'optique. Locution adverbiale connexe : sans perturbations affectives.  1, fiche 14, Français, - sans%20troubles%20affectifs

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Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

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One recent approach to this(optimization) problem is to use statistical mechanics to analyze the behavior of groups of interacting stochastic units. The analysis guarantees that the better an item fits the description, the more likely it is to be produced as the solution.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - stochastic%20neuron

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(...) lorsque T (la température) tend vers 0, le neurone stochastique tend vers le neurone à seuil de McCulloch et Pitts.  1, fiche 15, Français, - neurone%20stochastique

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Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Operation Lifesaver has launched a long-term national program to deal with the problem of trespassing on rights-of-way. The emphasis of this program will be on education rather than enforcement; a natural extension of OL activities designed to prevent dangerous behavior by members of the public.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - Anti%2DTrespassing%20Program

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It is a kind of learning by observation of problem solving behavior  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - acquisition%2Dbased%20schema%20acquisition

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Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Universal subgoaling is an especially interesting type of reflective behavior. Although the idea was originally introduced in the context of general problem solving, we can apply it to deduction, as shown here. Consider a reasoning procedure that is undefined for certain steps on certain databases because of difficulties in supplying a satisfactory definition. For example, the procedure may not dictate any further inferences, or there may be too many possibilities. Universal subgoaling is the process of dealing with these undefined cases by reflection.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - subgoaling

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Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In geometric-analogy problem solving, a paradigm that uses simple descriptions to produce appropriate problem-solving behavior.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - describe%2Dand%2Dmatch

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Voir filtre, filtrage, appariement et et résolution de problèmes.  1, fiche 19, Français, - paradigme%20de%20filtrage

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Analyzing a general problem that occurs in organization behavior in the application of knowledge.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - basic%20objective%20research

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