TERMIUM Plus^®

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... the task somewhat resembles both automated theory formation(where a theory must be built to account for some data) and some aspects of automatic programming(where a program must be built to account for some behavior).  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - automated%20theory%20formation

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Voir résolution de théories.  2, fiche 1, Français, - construction%20automatique%20de%20th%C3%A9ories

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Fuzzy set theory models an imprecise situation, like the estimation on the human behavior, by allowing one to estimate the plausibility and possibility of an element being a member of a set.  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - fuzzy%20sets%20theory

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The theory of fuzzy sets has been applied in classification problems where a non-exclusive assignment of patterns to classes is desired ... a fuzzy classifier would provide the degree of membership of a pattern to each of the classes.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - fuzzy%20sets%20theory

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In 1965 Lotfi A. Zadeh introduced the concept of fuzzy sets, laying the foundations for what is now called fuzzy set theory.  5, fiche 2, Anglais, - fuzzy%20sets%20theory

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Théorie de Zadeh qui prend en compte, non l'incertitude des données, mais leur imprécision.  2, fiche 2, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20des%20ensembles%20flous

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En théorie des ensembles flous, une fonction caractéristique assigne à x un degré d'appartenance à l'ensemble E.  3, fiche 2, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20des%20ensembles%20flous

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Un ensemble flou est un ensemble dont la frontière n'est pas nette.  2, fiche 2, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20des%20ensembles%20flous

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The study of the experiential and neurobiological aspects of cultural activity.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - neuroanthropology

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Neuroanthropology has four clear roles :(1) understanding the interaction of brain and culture and its implication for our understanding of mind, behavior, and self;(2) examining the role of the nervous system in the creation of social structures;(3) providing empirical and critical inquiry into the interplay of neuroscience and ideologies about the brain; and(4) using neuroanthropology to provide novel syntheses and advances in human science theory.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - neuroanthropology

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La neuroanthropologie est un domaine de recherche à l'intersection des sciences et de la culture qui peut être appliqué pour créer de meilleurs façons de vivre, non seulement dans l'environement culturel mais aussi ecologique.  3, fiche 3, Français, - neuroanthropologie

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Los autores discuten la neuroantropología como un campo del conocimiento antropológico que investiga la relación del cerebro con las condiciones sociales y culturales de la naturaleza humana.  1, fiche 3, Espagnol, - neuroantropolog%C3%ADa

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Differential opportunity theory was one of the first to integrate the ideas from two distinct theories. The motivation for deviance strain theory was combined with the theories about means to learn criminal behavior. Differential opportunity theory was used to explain the emergence of three different delinquent subcultures : the criminal, the conflict, and the retreatist subcultures.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - differential%20opportunity%20theory

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[Optimizing] the performance of a telecommunications network by [using probability theory to analyze, predict and regulate] the behavior of data transmitted over that network.  5, fiche 5, Anglais, - teletraffic%20engineering

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Evolutionary ecology uses natural selection theory to understand behavior and adaptation in an ecological framework, and employs optimality models to understand fitness related behavior.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - evolutionary%20ecology

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Discipline à l'intersection de l'écologie et de la biologie évolutive.  2, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9cologie%20%C3%A9volutive

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[L'écologie et la biologie évolutive] cherchent à décrire la variabilité des systèmes naturels à différents niveaux d'organisation (organismes, populations, communautés) et à découvrir ses bases fonctionnelles.  2, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9cologie%20%C3%A9volutive

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[Ciencia que] se encarga de estudiar la interfase de las presiones de selección y la modificación de los ambientes donde los organismos se desarrollan.  1, fiche 6, Espagnol, - ecolog%C3%ADa%20evolutiva

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[...] la ecología evolutiva estudia las causas y las consecuencias de la diversidad de la vida, de las diferencias y similitudes entre los organismos, de las características adaptativas y no adaptativas. […] El entendimiento fino de las bases moleculares de la genética, junto con el uso de herramientas evolutivas y estadísticas, nos ha permitido avances importantes en la comprensión de la evolución y los procesos ecológicos que determinan esta evolución.  1, fiche 6, Espagnol, - ecolog%C3%ADa%20evolutiva

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Assimilation and accommodation as component processes of adaptation in the first two years of life develop into sensorimotor intelligence, which coordinates perception and movement sequences.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - sensorimotor%20intelligence

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In his theory of the development of intelligence in stages, Piaget distinguishes four different periods of development relative to the form of organization of cognitive structures, and passing organically into one another : the periods of(a) sensorimotor intelligence,(b) preoperational representation,(c) concrete operations and(d) formal operations. The period of sensorimotor intelligence embraces the time when development is taking place from the first reflex-like forms of behavior shortly after birth, passing through the first motor habits, the connecting of means and ends, and active experimentation, and finally reaching the stage of spontaneous invention and the internalization of what until then were sensorimotor schemata, at the age of 1 1/2 to 2 years.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - sensorimotor%20intelligence

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Selon Piaget le développement mental comporte trois grandes périodes, la première d'intelligence sensori-motrice, de la naissance à deux ans environ (avec 6 stades), la deuxième de préparation et organisation des opérations concrètes, de 2 à 11 ans environ (avec 5 stades), et la troisième des opérations formelles, de 11 à 14 ans (avec 2 stades).  2, fiche 7, Français, - intelligence%20sensori%2Dmotrice

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An analysis of consumer behavior based only on the information on choices actually made by the consumer in various price-income situations.... By making certain quite plausible assumptions about the consistency of the choices of the consumer in the various price-income situations, it is possible to prove some of the important propositions in consumer demand theory... The revealed preference approach was first formulated by P. A. Samuelson.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - revealed%20preference

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[...] l'interprétation de la théorie économique de la demande par l'étude des "préférences révélées" permet de résoudre, en principe, le problème de l'évaluation objective du choix des consommateurs.  1, fiche 8, Français, - pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%20r%C3%A9v%C3%A9l%C3%A9e

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[...] en dissimulant ses véritables préférences, [...] [chacun peut] bénéficier des avantages tout en participant le moins possible à leur financement. [...] [Cependant il y a des] moyens, nécessairement indirects, de tourner cette difficulté de révélation des préférences.  2, fiche 8, Français, - pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%20r%C3%A9v%C3%A9l%C3%A9e

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L'utilisation du terme «préférence révélée» est sujette à caution car il est mis entre guillemets dans UNIVE.  3, fiche 8, Français, - pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence%20r%C3%A9v%C3%A9l%C3%A9e

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Expresión utilizada por Paul Samuelson para referirse a la forma de apreciar la demanda, no tanto por el valor de las mercancías o su utilidad, sino por el conjunto de fenómenos que tieneen su resultado final en las actitudes que expresa el consumidor.  1, fiche 8, Espagnol, - preferencia%20revelada

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A form of psychotherapy employing conditioned response techniques.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - behaviour%20therapy

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Behavior therapy is based on the theory that emotional problems arise because the individual has either failed to learn effective responses or has acquired faulty behavior patterns.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - behaviour%20therapy

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The theory suggests that life-course persistent antisocial behavior is a personality deficiency influencing or influenced by dysfunctions in the nervous system occurring during development, where disadvantaged homes, schools and neighborhood stress increase the risk of antisocial behavior.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - personality%20deficiency

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De nombreux détenus ayant des besoins spéciaux ont des capacités intellectuelles limitées, un manque de comportement adaptif et souffrent d'une déficience caractérielle.  2, fiche 10, Français, - d%C3%A9ficience%20caract%C3%A9rielle

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A theory of psychology based on the three main assumptions that behavior is purposive, that each individual is endowed with certain instincts and that the entire behavior is determined by these instincts or their derivatives called sentiments or tastes.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - hormic%20theory

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Théorie de W. McDougall d'après laquelle tout comportement est dirigé vers un but (purposive) par une force (drive, urge), une hormê (mot grec) qui se trouve à la base de toutes les activités des êtres vivants [...]  1, fiche 11, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20hormique

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The theory that neurotic behavior consists of learned patterns of reaction that should therefore be unlearned through extinction or inhibition.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - behaviour%20theory

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Field theory arises from two interrelated views : the belief that psychological studies should focus on the individual, and the conviction that the only way to describe and predict behavior with any degree of accuracy is to view the individual in a field of dynamic relationships.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - field%20theory

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Théorie explicative de la personnalité axée sur l'individu en situation concrète qu'on peut représenter par un schéma topologique.  1, fiche 13, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20des%20champs

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"orbital theory" : The quantum theory of matter applied to the nature and behavior of the electrons.  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - molecular%20orbital

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Distribution spatiale des électrons de liaison dans une molécule.  2, fiche 14, Français, - orbitale%20mol%C3%A9culaire

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Voir aussi «électron orbital», «orbite», «orbitale» et «couche».  3, fiche 14, Français, - orbitale%20mol%C3%A9culaire

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[The] tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions).  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - cognitive%20dissonance%20theory

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory, developed by Leon Festinger(1957), is concerned with the relationships among cognitions […] When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors(dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior.  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - cognitive%20dissonance%20theory

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Théorie selon laquelle la coexistence, chez un même individu, d’éléments de connaissance qui ne s’accordent pas, entraîne de sa part un effort pour les faire, d’une façon ou d’une autre, mieux s’accorder.  2, fiche 15, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20dissonance%20cognitive

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The theory that behavior is characterized by purpose, not by reflexes.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - purposive%20psychology

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[One who conducts] research into theory, origin, development, interrelationships and functioning of political institutions, movements and individual political behavior...  3, fiche 17, Anglais, - political%20scientist

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Spécialiste de la science qui se propose d'étudier le jeu des forces politiques dans la société.  4, fiche 17, Français, - politologue

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CEDAR is a broad-based, community-initiated, upper atmospheric research program. The goal is to understand the behavior of atmospheric regions from the middle atmosphere upward through the thermosphere and ionosphere into the exosphere in terms of coupling, energetics, chemistry, and dynamics on regional and global scales. These processes are related to the sources of perturbations that propagate upward from the lower atmosphere as well as to solar radiation and particle inputs from above. The activities within this program combine observations, theory and modeling.  2, fiche 18, Anglais, - Coupling%2C%20Energetics%20and%20Dynamics%20of%20Atmospheric%20Regions

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A "macroeconometric model" is a mathematical representation of a nation's economic behavior. Typically, such models are a collection of equations developed by using multiple regression to determine the coefficients of linear relationships hypothesized by economic theory. Macroenconometric models are used primarily for forecasting purposes.  2, fiche 19, Anglais, - macroeconometric%20model

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Un modèle macroéconométrique est constitué de deux sortes d'équations : les équations de comportement et les équations comptables. Les équations de comportement décrivent une causalité issue de la théorie économique, comme entre le revenu ou la richesse et la consommation, ou bien des réalités institutionnelles, comme entre cotisations sociales et masse salariale.  2, fiche 19, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20macro%C3%A9conom%C3%A9trique

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Diagnostic activities that can be performed at the behavioral level. Some ITS deal only with observable behavior, other infer aspects of unobservable behavior.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Wenger's taxonomy of behavioral diagnostic processes distinguishes between non-inferential ones, based on a powerful representation of knowledge correctness and on evaluating and characterizing errors(interactive diagnosis), and inferential diagnosis that reconstructs unobservable student behavior by interpreting student's responses and matching them against knowledge standards. The inference of unobservable behavior is centered on problem solving processes and requires modeling capabilities such as a theory of bugs.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Le diagnostic du comportement peut être interactif (le système fournit directement à l'étudiant des informations sur son comportement sans recourir à des inférences ou à des modèles, mais se basant sur une description «correcte» des connaissances sous la forme de plans annotés, de parseurs augmentés, ou d'algorithmes définis. Dans certains systèmes, le diagnostic comportemental est inférentiel en ce sens qu'il infère des comportements implicites, inaperçus en les reconstruisant et en les interprétant à partir des réponses de l'étudiant.  2, fiche 20, Français, - diagnostic%20comportemental

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El campo de trabajo se ubica en las comunidades en el diseño y evaluación de modelos psicosociales, diagnóstico del comportamiento e investigación psico-social.  1, fiche 20, Espagnol, - diagn%C3%B3stico%20del%20comportamiento

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One variable which affects the accuracy of individuals’ self-perception is gender. Significant gender differences have been found in the accuracy with which participants estimate their IQ’s ...  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - self%2Dperception

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self-perception theory : A theory, proposed by Bem(1972) which suggests that people have no direct knowledge of their own internal states but infer their existence from observations of their own behavior.  3, fiche 21, Anglais, - self%2Dperception

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Interprétation, par l'individu, de ce qu'il croit de lui-même, de ses attitudes, de ses comportements, de ses sentiments, etc.  3, fiche 21, Français, - perception%20de%20soi

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Three characteristics describe motor skills :(1) The term refers to limb or body movement adjusted to spatial and temporal demands.(2) Skilled motion is controlled, and perceptual-or sensorimotor skilled motion acknowledges both sensory control and the role of movement-produced cues....(3) Differences from other behavior are not significant in theory.  2, fiche 22, Anglais, - motor%20skill

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Bandura’s concept for the process of reproducing behaviors learned through the observation of others.  6, fiche 23, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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[Social learning theory is] a theory proposing that social development occurs through observing other people's behavior and modeling oneself on this behavior.  7, fiche 23, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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Modeling and imitation are kinds of learning from observation, as are shadowing and tagging along an expert.  8, fiche 23, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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Processus d'acquisition d'un comportement par observation. Le sujet peut copier, ou imiter les actions, les attitudes et les réponses émotives des autres.  4, fiche 23, Français, - modelage

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Selon [la théorie de l'apprentissage social] le développement social s'opère par l'observation du comportement des autres et par le modelage de soi sur ce comportement.  5, fiche 23, Français, - modelage

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La désensibilisation, le modelage et l'inondation sont actuellement les méthodes les plus couramment utilisées par les thérapeutes du comportement.  6, fiche 23, Français, - modelage

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«modeling»/modelage : adoptés par le Comité de normalisation de la terminologie des services sociaux.  4, fiche 23, Français, - modelage

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The theory that sensory functions mechanisms develop after mechanisms responsible for motor functions.  2, fiche 24, Anglais, - motor%20primacy%20theory

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Intermittent spontaneous prenatal behavior has long been recognized as in integral component of fetal development... Wihelm Preger... called these spontaneous movements "impulsive movements" because of the distinctiveness of their uncoordinated, aimless, seemingly nonadaptive nature... of underlying motivation behind much of Preger's developmental work was the problem of "psychogenesis" or the genesis of mind, through his motor primary theory, Preger proposed a central role for these impulsive autogenous movements in physiogenesis and ultimately in psychogenesis.  1, fiche 24, Anglais, - motor%20primacy%20theory

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The theory that people infer their own attitudes from knowledge of their behavior.  2, fiche 25, Anglais, - self%2Dperception%20theory

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perception de soi : Interprétation, par l'individu, de ce qu'il croit de lui-même, de ses attitudes, de ses comportements, de ses sentiments, etc.  2, fiche 25, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20perception%20de%20soi

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In epistemic diagnosis by direct assignment of credit or blame, a modeling method for extracting information from behavior that follows observable behavior.  1, fiche 26, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The idea behind model tracing is to create a close correspondence between units of the internal model and single steps of observable behavior. The required tuning of granularity can affect the design of the interface as well as that of the internal model. In ACT theory, knowledge compilation transforms declarative knowledge into a rule format that is directly usable for performance. As a consequence, compiled problem-solving knowledge, though it is a form of knowledge, maps directly onto behavior, unlike a concept or a principle, which must be interpreted before it can manifest itself in behavior. Thus knowledge compilation is really the core principle of the model-tracing paradigm. It can summarize claims of reasoning of arbitrary complexity as more coarsely grained rules. Model tracing is, in this sense, at the border between behavioral and epistemic diagnosis.  1, fiche 26, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The model-tracing method operates in the context of intelligent tutoring systems which monitor students’ problem-solving activity. In that context, the diagnostic component need not compute the student’s solution path, because it can observe what the student does, step by step.  2, fiche 26, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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Behavioral indicators [of abused children] ... manipulative behaviour to get attention ....  2, fiche 27, Anglais, - manipulative%20behavior

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Managing manipulative behavior in the helping relationship. [This journal article] defines and discusses manipulative behavior so that social workers can discern such tactics and manage them skillfully. Manipulative behavior's potentially detrimental impact on helping relationships is discussed within the context of communication-interaction theory. Types of manipulative behavior discussed and illustrated include attempting to control conditions of treatment, avoiding engaging in the helping process, attempting to gratify needs in the helping relationship that are ordinarily gratified from other sources, seeking to avoid aversive consequences of infractions, and seeking to gain unearned benefits and favors [Source : PASCAL database].  1, fiche 27, Anglais, - manipulative%20behavior

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En ce qui a trait aux comportements mésadaptés reliés aux catégories de troubles de la personnalité du DSM-III, Stephens et al. ont dégagé des comportements-cibles partagés par au moins deux des onze catégories; [entre autres] le comportement manipulateur.  1, fiche 27, Français, - comportement%20manipulateur

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Chaos theory is a relatively new field which studies the complicated dynamics that may reside in even very simple mathematical models. Researchers believe that chaos theory offers a mathematical framework for understanding much of the noise and turbulence that is seen in experimental science. Phenomena as diverse as weather patterns, population dynamics, chemical reactions, and laser optics, sport, chaotic features that the theory may shed light on. Even the simple pendulum can be "kicked" into displaying chaotic behavior.  4, fiche 28, Anglais, - science%20of%20chaos

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Nouvel ensemble de croyances scientifiques (paradigme) soumis ces vingt dernières années à l'examen théorique et expérimental en physique, chimie, mathématiques, biologie, astronomie, économie, psychologie et bien d'autres disciplines. Il postule, contrairement aux principes fondamentaux du déterminisme, que les systèmes complexes peuvent engendrer des comportements simples, que les systèmes simples peuvent avoir des comportement complexes et que les lois de la complexité sont universelles nonobstant les différences de détail ou de composition des systèmes considérés.  2, fiche 28, Français, - chaologie

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A theory proposing that social development occurs through observing other people's behavior and modeling oneself on this behavior.  1, fiche 29, Anglais, - social%20learning%20theory

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Selon cette théorie, le développement social s'opère par l'observation du comportement des autres et par le modelage de soi sur ce comportement.  1, fiche 29, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20l%27apprentissage%20social

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Chaotic behavior can sometimes be defined by a simple formula. Some researchers believe that chaos theory offers a mathematical framework for understanding much of the noise and turbulence that is seen in experimental science.  1, fiche 30, Anglais, - chaotic%20behavior

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D. Ruelle et F. Takens [...] se sont penchés de façon plus abstraite et mathématique sur la nature profonde de la turbulence [....] Ils aboutissent à la conclusion [...] qu'un système agité par des mouvements où seules existent trois fréquences indépendantes, peut se déstabiliser, ses mouvements devenant alors totalement irréguliers et erratiques [....]  2, fiche 30, Français, - comportement%20chaotique

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Wave function of electron in atom, molecule or solid state, computed by any one-electron approximation method.  3, fiche 31, Anglais, - orbital

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"orbital theory" : The quantum theory of matter applied to the nature and behavior of the electron, either in single atoms(atomic orbital) or in united atoms(molecular orbital).... In simple language, the orbital theory considers the electron not as a particle, but as a three-dimensional wave that can exist at several energy levels; its exact location and position in the "shell"(which in most elements is a group of orbitals) cannot be precisely determined, but only predicted by the laws of mathematical probability. The orbital levels and the movement of electrons within them are expressed by wave functions and quantum numbers. The probability that an electron will be found in a given volume(i. e., the square of the one-electron wave function) is called the orbital of that electron, and the shape of the orbital is defined by surfaces of constant probability(i. e. spheres and doughnut-shaped ellipses). The electron orbital, described in terms of probability, is like a cloud, with indefinite boundaries.  2, fiche 31, Anglais, - orbital

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«Orbitale atomique» ou «moléculaire» : distribution spatiale d'un électron dans un atome, des électrons de liaison dans une molécule. (Dans la mesure où, en théorie quantique, le carré du module de la fonction d'onde de l'électron représente sa densité de probabilité de localisation, le mot «orbitale» est souvent entendu en un sens synonyme de «fonction d'onde».  2, fiche 31, Français, - orbitale

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La notion d'orbitale a remplacé celle d'orbite, propre au modèle planétaire de Bohr, lorsque fut reconnue l'impossibilité d'attribuer des trajectoires aux électrons atomiques.  2, fiche 31, Français, - orbitale

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Control theory is based on the premise that regardless of the circumstances all our behaviour is our best attempt to satisfy the forces that drive us- our basic needs.  2, fiche 32, Anglais, - control%20theory

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Control theory is the most recent in a succession of names for the developing body of theory based up on a feedback-system paradigm. Other names are cybernetic-psychology, general feedback theory of human behavior, or simply, systems theory psychology.  3, fiche 32, Anglais, - control%20theory

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Elliott Wave Theory, derived from the Wave Principle posited by accountant R. N. Elliott(1939), is based on investor psychology, which is said to alternate rhythmically between pessimism to optimism. These rhythms are called wave patterns and repeat themselves. By studying the patterns, Prechter predicts market behavior.  2, fiche 33, Anglais, - wave%20theory

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Utilisant également la théorie de la vague pour distinguer les points tournants et entrevoir les perspectives, les prévisions de la maison Deragon, Langlois rejoignent largement les mouvements prévus par The Elliot Wave Theorist.  3, fiche 33, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20vague

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A theory which attempts to explain the behavior of physical systems on the assumption that they are composed of large numbers of atoms or molecules in vigorous motion; it is further assumed that energy and momentum are conserved in collisions of these particles, and that statistical methods can be applied to deduce the particles’ average behavior.  3, fiche 34, Anglais, - kinetic%20theory

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According to the kinetic theory, the absolute temperature is proportional to the kinetic energy of motion of molecules in a gas. ... By assuming that the major part of the heat energy of a gas consists of kinetic energy of motion of the molecules, one finds that the average velocity of a molecule is several hundred meters per second under ordinary conditions.  4, fiche 34, Anglais, - kinetic%20theory

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Théorie expliquant un ensemble de phénomènes à partir des seuls mouvements des particules matérielles.  2, fiche 34, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20cin%C3%A9tique

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La théorie cinétique explique d'emblée le mouvement brownien. Dans le cas de molécules polyatomiques (...), il faut tenir compte de la vitesse de rotation des molécules autour de leurs centres de gravité et des vibrations des atomes autour de leur position d'équilibre. (...) La théorie cinétique des gaz ne constitue un bon modèle que pour des gaz très dilués (...)  2, fiche 34, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20cin%C3%A9tique

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The overly theory defines multiple sources of evidence available to the diagnostic module for its update of the overlay model :(Implicit evidence) is derived from a comparison of the student's behavior with the expert's decision, and is the kind used in WEST's differential model. It requires the ability to relate a given behavior to a specific set of skills.  1, fiche 35, Anglais, - implicit%20evidence

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Antonyme d'évidence explicite.  1, fiche 35, Français, - %C3%A9vidence%20implicite

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A proposed theory of planned behavior, an extension of I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein's(1980) theory of reasoned action was tested in 2 experiments.(abstract)(Prediction of goal-directed behaviour : Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control-Journal of Experimental Social Psychology; 1986; Sept. ;Vol. 22(5) ;pp. 453-474)  2, fiche 36, Anglais, - planned%20behaviour

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A motivational theory developed by Abraham Maslow that maintains that humans have a five-level array of needs, the level of which determines behavior; the most basic need is physiological, then safety, social, ego or self-esteem, and self-actualization, the highest order need.  1, fiche 37, Anglais, - hierarchy%20of%20human%20needs

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McGregor's theory that behind every management decision is a set of assumptions that a manager makes about human behavior. The Theory X manager assumes that people are lazy, dislike work, want no responsibility, and prefer to be closely directed. The Theory Y manager assumes(...) [the contrary].  1, fiche 38, Anglais, - Theory%20X%20%2D%20Theory%20Y

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