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The main construct in Bowlby's … attachment theory is the attachment behavioral system, an innate psychobiological system that motivates people to seek proximity to supportive others(attachment figures) in times of need. Although the attachment system is most crucial in the early years of life, because of human infants’ extreme immaturity and dependence on others, Bowlby … claimed that it is active throughout life and is manifested in thoughts and behaviors related to proximity and support-seeking and in the resulting sense of security.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - attachment%20behavioural%20system

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Le système d'attachement a pour but de favoriser la proximité de l'enfant avec une ou des figures adultes afin d'obtenir un réconfort lui permettant de retrouver un sentiment de sécurité interne face aux éventuels dangers de l'environnement.  3, fiche 1, Français, - syst%C3%A8me%20comportemental%20d%27attachement

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The learning theory of Thorndike represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology : Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. Such associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. The paradigm for S-R theory was trial and error learning in which certain responses come to dominate others due to rewards.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - trial%20and%20error%20learning

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Trial and error learning. Students now are rewarded almost exclusively for getting the right answer on a test. A system more in tune with leadership in today’s world would involve students more often in trial and error projects, in which one learns from what goes wrong as well as what goes right.  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - trial%20and%20error%20learning

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Apprentissage par tâtonnement.  1, fiche 2, Français, - apprentissage%20par%20essais%20et%20erreurs

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L'expression «trial and error» fut utilisée primitivement par le philosophe écossais Alexander Bain (1818-1903) pour désigner la méthode d'apprentissage fondée sur l'association : les essais infructueux s'éliminent alors que les essais couronnés de succès se combinent entre eux, se renforcent mutuellement, favorisant ainsi l'apparition d'un nouveau comportement. En d'autres termes, nous dirions avec Alain qu'il faut «chercher et barboter pour raisonner vraiment, car la vraie pensée ne naît jamais que d'erreurs surmontées». (Propos sur l'éducation.)  1, fiche 2, Français, - apprentissage%20par%20essais%20et%20erreurs

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Forma de descubrir la mejor manera de alcanzar el resultado deseado o unas soluciones correctas, probando uno o más modos o medios, observando y eliminando los errores o causas de fracaso.  1, fiche 2, Espagnol, - aprendizaje%20por%20ensayo%20y%20error

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Diagnostic activities that can be performed at the behavioral level. Some ITS deal only with observable behavior, other infer aspects of unobservable behavior.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Wenger's taxonomy of behavioral diagnostic processes distinguishes between non-inferential ones, based on a powerful representation of knowledge correctness and on evaluating and characterizing errors(interactive diagnosis), and inferential diagnosis that reconstructs unobservable student behavior by interpreting student's responses and matching them against knowledge standards. The inference of unobservable behavior is centered on problem solving processes and requires modeling capabilities such as a theory of bugs.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - behavioral%20diagnosis

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Le diagnostic du comportement peut être interactif (le système fournit directement à l'étudiant des informations sur son comportement sans recourir à des inférences ou à des modèles, mais se basant sur une description «correcte» des connaissances sous la forme de plans annotés, de parseurs augmentés, ou d'algorithmes définis. Dans certains systèmes, le diagnostic comportemental est inférentiel en ce sens qu'il infère des comportements implicites, inaperçus en les reconstruisant et en les interprétant à partir des réponses de l'étudiant.  2, fiche 3, Français, - diagnostic%20comportemental

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El campo de trabajo se ubica en las comunidades en el diseño y evaluación de modelos psicosociales, diagnóstico del comportamiento e investigación psico-social.  1, fiche 3, Espagnol, - diagn%C3%B3stico%20del%20comportamiento

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The Journal of Social Issues is a thematic journal published quarterly by Blackwell Publishers. Through JSI the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues seeks to bring behavioral and social science theory, empirical evidence and practice into focus on human problems. Each issue of JSI is devoted to a single topic and has as its goal the communication of scientific findings and interpretations in an accurate but readily understandable fashion.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - Journal%20of%20Social%20Issues

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A counseling/psychotherapy theory, developed by Albert Ellis, that emphasizes rational thinking as opposed to irrational beliefs that have destructive emotional and behavioral consequences.  5, fiche 5, Anglais, - rational%2Demotive%20therapy

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Some key theoretical terms or concepts associated with this form of therapy: rational thinking, eleven irrational ideas, A-B-C Theory, happiness vs. unhappiness, self-verbalizations, illogical thoughts, emotional disturbance, perception, attitudes, beliefs. Some counseling techniques associated with this form: teaching, persuasion, verbal attacks, encouragement, suggestion, prescription of activities, rational music therapy.  5, fiche 5, Anglais, - rational%2Demotive%20therapy

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Thérapeutique cognitive émotive du comportement [...] Elle s'appuie sur des expériences qui ont prouvé la validité de sa théorie sur les troubles émotionnels et les modifications de la personnalité.  2, fiche 5, Français, - th%C3%A9rapie%20rationnelle%2D%C3%A9motive

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Ellis considère que les troubles émotionnels sont le résultat de pensées irrationnelles, elles-mêmes secondaires [...] à de fausses croyances et à des principes de vie erronés à partir desquels le sujet juge le monde environnant. De façon schématique, Ellis décrit ainsi l'«A-B-C-D-E» de son système, dénommé thérapie rationnelle-émotive: - A est l'événement activant; - B (belief) est la croyance erronée; - C est la conséquence de cette fausse croyance; - D fait appel à la définition et à la discrimination, parties intégrantes du traitement qui permet l'effet; - E correspond aux effets bénéfiques attendus (amélioration)[...]  1, fiche 5, Français, - th%C3%A9rapie%20rationnelle%2D%C3%A9motive

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The functional autonomy principle suggests another way of thinking about human motivation, quite different from any other theory. In the mature personality, for instance, habits, skills and behavioral patterns originally developed for instinctual satisfaction may become self-motivating and independent from their historical causes.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - functional%20autonomy%20principle

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To improve and build leadership skills and practices as it relates to the application of behavioral theory to the management of the work force with a "quality focused" organization.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - behavioral%20theory

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In epistemic diagnosis by direct assignment of credit or blame, a modeling method for extracting information from behavior that follows observable behavior.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The idea behind model tracing is to create a close correspondence between units of the internal model and single steps of observable behavior. The required tuning of granularity can affect the design of the interface as well as that of the internal model. In ACT theory, knowledge compilation transforms declarative knowledge into a rule format that is directly usable for performance. As a consequence, compiled problem-solving knowledge, though it is a form of knowledge, maps directly onto behavior, unlike a concept or a principle, which must be interpreted before it can manifest itself in behavior. Thus knowledge compilation is really the core principle of the model-tracing paradigm. It can summarize claims of reasoning of arbitrary complexity as more coarsely grained rules. Model tracing is, in this sense, at the border between behavioral and epistemic diagnosis.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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The model-tracing method operates in the context of intelligent tutoring systems which monitor students’ problem-solving activity. In that context, the diagnostic component need not compute the student’s solution path, because it can observe what the student does, step by step.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - model%20tracing

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In Allport's theory, behavioral or personality tendencies that are highly characteristic of a given individual and easy to infer. Allport argues that surprisingly few central traits, perhaps five or ten, can give a fairly accurate description of an individual' s personality.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - central%20trait

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Although, according to Allport, each individual has only one cardinal trait, each of us presumably has up to 10 central or "main traits" that determine our personality make-up.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - central%20trait

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Selon Allport, bien que chaque personne n'ait qu'un seul trait fondamental, elle possède jusqu'à 10 autres traits centraux ou principaux qui déterminent sa personnalité.  1, fiche 9, Français, - trait%20central

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Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A proposed theory of planned behavior, an extension of I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein's(1980) theory of reasoned action was tested in 2 experiments.(abstract)(Prediction of goal-directed behaviour : Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control-Journal of Experimental Social Psychology; 1986; Sept. ;Vol. 22(5) ;pp. 453-474)  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - planned%20behaviour

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