TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A polynya is a stretch of unfrozen sea in the middle of an ice sheet.... Polynyas form from wind blowing areas of ice away or from warm water welling up from lower layers of the ocean and melting the ice on the surface. Some polynyas are permanent fixtures, while some open and close seasonally.  6, fiche 1, Anglais, - polynya

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... sub-mariners refer to [polynyas] as skylights.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - polynya

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polynyas; polynyi: plural.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - polynya

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polynia: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector, and by Parks Canada.  7, fiche 1, Anglais, - polynya

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Espace de pleine eau enclos dans un environnement marin totalement glacé, formé par fragmentation et fonte de la banquise soit sous l'action de courants marins ascendants, soit sous l'effet de la chaleur atmosphérique, des vents et des courants de surface.  4, fiche 1, Français, - polynie

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Les sous-mariniers [...] appellent [les polynies] des claires-voies.  3, fiche 1, Français, - polynie

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polynie : terme en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre, de même qu'à Parcs Canada.  5, fiche 1, Français, - polynie

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polynie : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 3 octobre 2025.  6, fiche 1, Français, - polynie

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Volumen de agua englobada en la masa de hielo fijo, generalmente de rápida formación; este espacio permanece constante y generalmente tiene forma alargada.  1, fiche 1, Espagnol, - polynya

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Normal thermal stratification of a pond, if it is to occur, generally begins in May or early June and ends in September or early October. Ponds can stratify because water attains maximum density at 39°F. It becomes less dense(lighter in weight) both above and below 39°F. Soon after the ice melts in the early spring, the water temperature throughout the pond rises to 32°F. Winds blowing across the pond's surface cause the water to pile up on the downwind side. The water moves downward, across the pond bottom, to the upwind side. The entire pond begins to circulate from top to bottom, maintaining a uniform temperature. As long as winds are strong enough, the pond temperature will remain uniform, even as the pond begins to warm during spring. This is a period known as "spring overturn. "  5, fiche 2, Anglais, - spring%20overturn

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When surface water reaches 39 degrees in spring, it becomes heavier than the water immediately below it and therefore sinks. The downward movement of surface water forces water in the deeper parts of the lake upward. The resulting circulation of water is called spring turnover. Spring winds also help promote water circulation.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - spring%20overturn

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turnover: A phenomenon usually occurring in spring and fall because of the increase in density of water above and below the temperature of minimum density. In the spring, as the surface of the water warms above the freezing point, the water increases in density, becomes heavier, and tends to sink, producing vertical currents, while in the fall, as the surface water becomes colder and therefore heavier, it also tends to sink. Also see overturning.  6, fiche 2, Anglais, - spring%20overturn

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spring overturn: term extracted from the “Glossaire de l’environnement” and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  7, fiche 2, Anglais, - spring%20overturn

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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renversement printanier; brassage de printemps : termes extraits du «Glossaire de l’environnement» et reproduits avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  2, fiche 2, Français, - renversement%20printanier

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When aeration fans are used, they are designed to either blow fresh air up through the compost pile, or suck air down through the pile. Blowing air up and through the pile is referred to as positive aeration.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - positive%20aeration

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsque les ventilateurs sont utilisés, ils sont conçus pour souffler l'air vers le haut de la pile de compost ou aspirer l'air vers le bas de la pile. Le fait de souffler l'air vers le haut et à travers la pile est appelé aération positive.  1, fiche 3, Français, - a%C3%A9ration%20positive

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When aeration fans are used, they are designed to either blow fresh air up through the compost pile, or suck air down through the pile. Blowing air up and through the pile is referred to as positive aeration. Using fans to suck air down through a pile is referred to as negative aeration.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - negative%20aeration

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsque les ventilateurs sont utilisés, ils sont conçus pour souffler l'air vers le haut de la pile de compost ou aspirer l'air vers le bas de la pile. Le fait de souffler l'air vers le haut et à travers la pile est appelé aération positive. L'utilisation des ventilateurs pour aspirer l'air vers le bas de la pile est appelée aération négative.  1, fiche 4, Français, - a%C3%A9ration%20n%C3%A9gative

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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An upslope wind; it usually applies only to the wind blowing up a hill or mountain as the result of strong surface heating of the slopes.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - anabatic%20wind

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vent remontant une pente; ne s'applique habituellement qu'au vent soufflant vers le sommet d'une colline ou d'une montagne et dû à un fort réchauffement de la surface des pentes.  2, fiche 5, Français, - vent%20anabatique

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Viento dirigido pendiente arriba; habitualmente se refiere sólo al viento que sopla hacia la cima de una colina o una montaña y que se debe al fuerte recalentamiento de la superficie de la ladera.  2, fiche 5, Espagnol, - viento%20anab%C3%A1tico

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Estimates based on aerosol product industry sources. Table 12. 12 shows the estimated times to develop and install emission control equipment and to substitute a new blowing agent. Up to 6 more years should be added if new substitute chemicals must be identified and developed.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - substitute%20chemical

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Producers of CFCs have concentrated their efforts on alternative chemicals. Currently, the most promising contenders are CFC-123 to replace CFC-11 and CFC-134a to replace CFC-12. Both CFC-123 and 134a are less damaging to ozone. CFC-11 and 12 are used mainly as refrigerants, blowing agents and aerosol propellants.  4, fiche 6, Anglais, - substitute%20chemical

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

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Substance chimique qui peut remplacer une substance interdite parce qu'elle possède les propriétés recherchées sans toutefois en présenter les inconvénients.  2, fiche 6, Français, - substance%20chimique%20de%20remplacement

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Les termes produit chimique de remplacement et produit chimique de substitution peuvent être également employés pour désigner cette notion; le terme produit est cependant un peu ambigu car il peut aussi désigner un «article, à base de la substance chimique de remplacement, proposé sur le marché par une entreprise».  2, fiche 6, Français, - substance%20chimique%20de%20remplacement

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Index intended to compare the climates of different locations in Canada based on four factors of discomfort, psychological effect, hazard and outdoor mobility. The higher the number, the more severe the climate is in that area. The lower the score, the more ideal the climate.  4, fiche 7, Anglais, - Climate%20Severity%20Index

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Ten years ago the federal government asked David Phillips, senior climatologist at Environment Canada, to come up with a reliable comparison of weather extremes across the country. He took into account such factors as extreme cold, the frequency of blowing snow and freezing rain, as well as hours of daylight. He also looked at warm weather nasties such as extreme heat, humidity and thunderstorms. The result of all this work was the Climate Severity Index.  5, fiche 7, Anglais, - Climate%20Severity%20Index

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nombre résumant divers inconvénients du climat canadien. D'après un ouvrage de D.W. Phillips et R.B. Crowe, publié par Environnement Canada  1, fiche 7, Français, - indice%20de%20rigueur%20du%20climat

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Air sparging is the process of injecting air directly into groundwater. Air sparging remediates groundwater by volatilizing contaminants and enhancing biodegradation. It is akin to blowing bubbles from a straw into a bowl of water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants are removed from the groundwater by physical contact with the air(i. e., stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone(i. e., soil). As the contaminants move into the soil, a soil vapor extraction system is usually used to remove vapors.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - air%20sparging

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Air sparging is an in situ technology ...  3, fiche 8, Anglais, - air%20sparging

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

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Barbotage. En vertu de cette méthode, on introduit de l'air dans les eaux souterraines par le biais d'un réseau de puits d'injection. Ce faisant, on crée dans la subsurface un système de strippage à l'air qui, par volatilisation, sépare les contaminants de l'eau souterraine. Pour que les composés volatils soient captés, il faut que le barbotage coïncide avec l'extraction des vapeurs du sol.  1, fiche 8, Français, - barbotage

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Le barbotage est une méthode de décontamination in situ.  2, fiche 8, Français, - barbotage

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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"The Peru Current is the strongest of five areas of oceanic upwelling, "explained Dr. Julio Valdivia. "Winds blowing up from the south drive surface water offshore, to be replaced by deeper colder waters rich in nutrients. "  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - oceanic%20upwelling

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Phosphorites are related to the open ocean in that they evidently form on continental platforms and slopes adjacent to oceanic "upwellings," or ascending currents that bring cold, relatively phosphate-rich deep water to the surface.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - oceanic%20upwelling

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upwelling: The rising of cold, heavy sub-surface water toward the surface, especially along the western coasts of continents (as along the coast of southern California); the displaced surface water is transported away from the coast by the action of winds parallel to it or by diverging currents. Upwelling may also occur in the open ocean where cyclonic circulation is relatively permanent, or where southern trade winds cross the equator.  4, fiche 9, Anglais, - oceanic%20upwelling

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'activité biologique élevée concentre le phosphore à proximité des zones de remontée des eaux océaniques [...]  1, fiche 9, Français, - remont%C3%A9e%20des%20eaux%20oc%C3%A9aniques

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remontée d'eau : Venue d'eaux profondes froides vers la surface de la mer. Les remontées d'eau s'observent à la côte ou au large. [...] - Au large, on constate deux types de situation : dans la zone équatoriale, la divergence des eaux superficielles entraîne des remontées d'eau qui s'étendent de manière quasi continue aux basses latitudes [...] - ailleurs, des remontées sont liées à des phénomènes météo-océaniques transitoires : cyclones tropicaux, dépressions des latitudes moyennes.  2, fiche 9, Français, - remont%C3%A9e%20des%20eaux%20oc%C3%A9aniques

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Fog formed as air is cooled adiabatically by blowing up sloping terrain.  3, fiche 10, Anglais, - upslope%20fog

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The upslope cooling may form clouds concurrently with the fog. As is the case with advection fog, upslope fog can form with moderate to strong winds under cloudy skies. In stable air, upslope fog will form as soon as the air is cooled to the surface dew point. Temperature and dew point close at about 4°F for each 1,000 feet rise in altitude. When air is unstable, convective clouds may form; fog forms at the surface where the ground level is at or above the condensation level.  3, fiche 10, Anglais, - upslope%20fog

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

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Brouillard formé sur les pentes de colline ou de montagne exposées au vent, par suite de l'ascension forcée de l'air, de la détente et du refroidissement adiabatiques correspondants.  3, fiche 10, Français, - brouillard%20de%20pente

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Le brouillard de détente [se produit lorsqu']une masse d'air humide se soulève et se refroidit, par exemple d'une vallée vers une colline, d'où la condensation de la vapeur d'eau.  4, fiche 10, Français, - brouillard%20de%20pente

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Niebla formada en las pendientes a barlovento, como consecuencia del ascenso forzado del aire y de una expansión y un enfriamiento adiabáticos.  1, fiche 10, Espagnol, - niebla%20de%20ladera

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Soft, flexible Black Diamond climbing pants allow you to move freely. Hassle-free pull-on style with drawstring elastic waist and narrow tapered legs. Side seam pockets. Back hook-and-loop closure pocket.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

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Climbing trousers, constructed from a hardwearing lightweight fabric. The thermal quality makes them ideal for warming up, bouldering and rock climbing. The ultimate combination of durability warmth & comfort!  3, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Read the paper, went to the shops where I managed to get myself some alpine climbing trousers from Decathlon. Made by Millet, they look like your standard baggy synthetic trousers, but they stretch a bit so they can be tighter without sacrificing mobility. A snip at 33 quid.  4, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

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In the selection of pants, again looseness and comfort are of prime importance. For both hiking and climbing, trousers should never be too tight.  5, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

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Be sure the trousers are roomy. They must be ample around the waist in order to accommodate a heavy sweater, shirt, and extra layer of wool, and still allow unrestricted movement.  6, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

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Advantages and disadvantages of certain materials. Whipcord is made for laborers, postmen, milkmen, and such and will not get wet with the first raindrops. Corduroy, on the other hand, soaks up moisture too easily and is not very durable. Wool will remain warm even when drenched and is the best answer for outdoor wear. You may consider lederhosen, leather pants imported from the Alps. The knicker length variety, though expensive, are a good investment because rocks will not tear them. Non-waterproof nylon wind pants are useful to wear over other trousers in windy, frigid areas and when climbing extensively above timberline. Wind pants should be loose-fitting and have a drawstring around the ankles to prevent wind from blowing up the legs. Rain pants in waterproof fabric are of some value in wet, brushy areas, but in general the lack of ventilation makes these pants unsatisfactory. A light pair of cotton pants may be used as extras for hot weather, but are no substitute for wool pants in cold weather.  7, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

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Terms usually used in the plural.  8, fiche 11, Anglais, - climbing%20pants

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

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La forme la plus pratique pour un pantalon de montagne est la forme knicker (forme courte s'arrêtant à 10 cm au-dessous du genou).  3, fiche 11, Français, - pantalon%20d%27escalade

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Pour le pantalon, je vais devoir en acheter un mais j'hésite entre un pantalon d'alpinisme et sur pantalon gore tex + bas en capilène.  2, fiche 11, Français, - pantalon%20d%27escalade

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Avantages et inconvénients de certains tissus. Le velours absorbe l'humidité, donc une fois mouillé sèche difficilement. Le meilleur tissu, car il est chaud, est ce qu'on appelle le drap de montagne, donc les draps de Bonneval, de Bagnes et de Bessans et le whipcord. Les pantalons peuvent être en gabardine légère pour les courses de rocher.  4, fiche 11, Français, - pantalon%20d%27escalade

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Le cuir est à déconseiller, car il durcit en séchant et blesse l'entre-jambe.  4, fiche 11, Français, - pantalon%20d%27escalade

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Le pantalon de laine est chaud, mais lourd.  4, fiche 11, Français, - pantalon%20d%27escalade

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A gentle wind blowing up a valley or mountain slope in the absence of cyclonic or anticyclonic winds, caused by the warming of the mountainside and valley floor by the sun.  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - valley%20breeze

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A valley breeze develops during the day as the sun heats the land surface and air at the valley bottom and sides ... As the air heats it becomes less dense and buoyant and begins to flow gently up the valley sides. Vertical ascent of the air rising along the sides of the mountain is usually limited by the presence of a temperature inversion layer. When the ascending air currents encounter the inversion they are forced to move horizontally and then back down to the valley floor. This creates a self-contained circulation system. If conditions are right, the rising air can condense and form into cumuliform clouds.  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - valley%20breeze

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Vent anabatique soufflant le jour le long des pentes, des vallées vers les montagnes.  3, fiche 12, Français, - brise%20de%20vall%C3%A9e

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Brise de pente et brise de vallée. De jour, le réchauffement de l'air le long des pentes produit un flux ascendant vers les crêtes, d'où un courant général vers le haut de la vallée, c'est la brise d'aval. De nuit, au contraire, l'air se refroidit au contact du sol et a tendance à descendre le long des pentes vers le fond de la vallée où s'instaure un courant général vers le bas de la vallée, c'est la brise d'amont.  2, fiche 12, Français, - brise%20de%20vall%C3%A9e

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Viento anabático que sopla por las laderas hacia arriba durante el día.  1, fiche 12, Espagnol, - brisa%20de%20valle

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Flat pane glass made by the process of blowing a bubble of glass, transferring it from the blow-pipe to a rod, cutting it open, then rapidly rotating it, with repeated reheatings, until, by centrifugal force, it was spread into a large flat disk, up to 4 ft in diameter.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - crown%20glass

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Français

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Verre à vitre circulaire, obtenu par l'ouverture et le déploiement d'une sphère soufflée.  1, fiche 13, Français, - verre%20%C3%A0%20boudine

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol