TERMIUM Plus^®

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[A robot that] operates, in theory, through an infinite number of points in space that, when joined, describe a smooth compound curve.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - continuous%2Dpath%20robot

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Continuous path robots ... [in] theory at least, ... can move along a smooth path of any shape, with continuous variation of speed as the arm moves along the path.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - continuous%2Dpath%20robot

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[A smooth compound] curve is usually developed during the programming or "teaching" phase, which is carried out by an operator.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - continuous%2Dpath%20robot

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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L'outil terminal des robots à trajectoire continue suit un chemin prédéfini, à allure relativement régulière. Les degrés de liberté de ces machines évoluent tous simultanément de façon à obtenir un suivi précis de la trajectoire.  2, fiche 1, Français, - robot%20%C3%A0%20trajectoire%20continue

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Los robots de trayectoria continua son capaces de realizar ciclos de movimiento en los que se controla la trayectoria del robot. Los puntos individuales se definen por la unidad de control y no por el programador, el cual especifica el punto inicial y el punto final de la trayectoria y la unidad de control calcula la secuencia de puntos individuales que permite al robot seguir una trayectoria de línea recta o curva suave.  1, fiche 1, Espagnol, - robot%20de%20trayectoria%20continua

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Expert testimony regarding battered spouse syndrome(BSS) and by extension battered woman syndrome(BWS) is admissible in every state... and therefore is available as an affirmative theory of self-defense for criminal charges in all state courts... In most jurisdictions, BSS and BWS defenses have arisen in common law through judicial rulings establishing precedent... but in a number of states including California, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Kentucky, state legislatures have codified BSS in statute as a focused self-defense...  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - battered%20spouse%20syndrome

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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syndrome du conjoint battu; syndrome de la conjointe battue : désignations normalisées par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 2, Français, - syndrome%20du%20conjoint%20battu

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Expert testimony regarding battered spouse syndrome(BSS) and by extension battered woman syndrome(BWS) is admissible in every state... and therefore is available as an affirmative theory of self-defense for criminal charges in all state courts... In most jurisdictions, BSS and BWS defenses have arisen in common law through judicial rulings establishing precedent... but in a number of states including California, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Kentucky, state legislatures have codified BSS in statute as a focused self-defense...  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - battered%20man%20syndrome

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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syndrome de l'homme battu; syndrome de la femme battue : désignations normalisées par le Comité de normalisation, Promotion de l'accès à la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 3, Français, - syndrome%20de%20l%27homme%20battu

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain autonomously learns to attend, categorize, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - adaptive%20resonance%20theory

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Adaptive resonance theory(ART) is a theory developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter on aspects of how the brain processes information. It describes a number of neural network models which use supervised and unsupervised learning methods, and address problems such as pattern recognition and prediction.  3, fiche 4, Anglais, - adaptive%20resonance%20theory

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In statistical theory, the field of high-dimensional statistics studies data whose dimension is larger(relative to the number of datapoints) than typically considered in classical multivariate analysis.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - high%2Ddimensional%20statistics

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high-dimensional statistics: noun used with a singular verb.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - high%2Ddimensional%20statistics

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

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Le domaine [de la statistique] en haute dimension étudie les données dont la dimension est plus grande que celle généralement considérée dans l'analyse multivariée classique.  3, fiche 5, Français, - statistique%20en%20haute%20dimension

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A vastly large number of mathematically feasible string theory vacua... currently exist, so it seems virtually impossible to figure out which could describe our universe.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - string%20theory%20vacuum

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vacua: plural.  3, fiche 6, Anglais, - string%20theory%20vacuum

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Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In theoretical physics, a brane... is an object which can have any number of allowed dimensions. Branes are most popular for their presence in string theory, where it is a fundamental object, along with the string.  2, fiche 7, Anglais, - brane

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brane: While the designation comes from the term "membrane", the latter refers to a specific kind of brane (p-brane) and must not be used as a synonym for "brane."  3, fiche 7, Anglais, - brane

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[...] la théorie des cordes prédit l'existence d'objets étendus, appelés branes [...] dont le nombre de dimensions peut être de 0 (comme les particules), 1 (comme les cordes élémentaires), ou tout autre nombre jusqu'au nombre de dimensions spatiales lui-même.  1, fiche 7, Français, - brane

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brane : Bien que la désignation «brane» découle du terme «membrane», ce dernier désigne un type de précis de brane (p-brane) et ne constitue donc pas un synonyme de «brane».  2, fiche 7, Français, - brane

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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It's easier to visualize [D-branes] as flat planes, but the D-branes can exist in any number of dimensions from zero to nine, depending on the theory. A 5-dimensional D-brane would be called a D5-brane. It's easy to see how quickly these D-branes can multiply.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - D%2Dbrane

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D-brane: Dirichlet membrane.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - D%2Dbrane

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D-brane : Dirichlet membrane.  2, fiche 8, Français, - D%2Dbrane

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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[A] branch of physics that uses probability theory and statistics to solve physical problems that usually involve systems composed of a large number of units.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - statistical%20physics

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Statistical physics allows not only the calculation of the temperature dependence of thermodynamics quantities ... but also of transport properties ...  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - statistical%20physics

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[Branche de la physique qui vise à] expliquer le comportement et l'évolution de systèmes physiques comportant un grand nombre de particules [...] à partir des caractéristiques de leurs constituants microscopiques [...]  2, fiche 9, Français, - physique%20statistique

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La physique statistique reflète parfois le comportement quantique [...] des particules, et le caractère bosonique ou fermionique des corpuscules est parfois crucial.  3, fiche 9, Français, - physique%20statistique

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Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The intrinsic angular momentum of an elementary particle or nucleus, which exists even when the particle is at rest, as distinguished from orbital angular momentum.  3, fiche 10, Anglais, - quantum%20mechanical%20spin

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Elementary particles can be described in terms of a few simple properties. The most obvious of these are the mass and electric charge of the particle.... There is a... property which all particles carry, quantum mechanical spin. The name spin comes from an analogy with classical electro-magnetics. In classical electromagnetic theory, it is well known that a charged particle that is moving through a magnetic field will be deflected. If the particle... is spinning about some axis the deflection will be changed; i. e. the particle will go in a different direction than if it wasn’t spinning. The effect will depend on both the rate of spin and the rotation axis. In quantum mechanics, a similar effect is observed with any quantum particle. When passed through magnetic fields, they behave as if they are spinning electric charges. What's more, they behave as if their rates of spin are integral 0, 1, 2,... or half-integral(1/2, 3/2,...) of a base unit... much like charges come in basic multiples of the electron's charge. The concept of spin here is a bit more abstract than in the classical case. With a classical particle you can paint a little dot on the particle... and directly measure the rotation rate by counting the number of times you see the spot in a minute. This is not possible for quantum particles. They are not little spinning balls in that sense.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - quantum%20mechanical%20spin

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frustrated spin  4, fiche 10, Anglais, - quantum%20mechanical%20spin

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down-spin, up-spin  4, fiche 10, Anglais, - quantum%20mechanical%20spin

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

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Moment cinétique intrinsèque des particules élémentaires et des noyaux atomiques.  2, fiche 10, Français, - spin

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Il s'agit [...] d'une propriété essentiellement quantique qui n'admet pas d'interprétation en mécanique classique.  3, fiche 10, Français, - spin

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spin demi-entier, spin entier, spin frustré, spin non frustré  4, fiche 10, Français, - spin

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Momento angular intrínseco de un sistema. Se aplica especialmente a las partículas elementales y a los núcleos  1, fiche 10, Espagnol, - esp%C3%ADn

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The theory of the multigroup energy approximation. The multigroup energy approximation in radiation transport assumes that [an] energy domain … is partitioned into … intervals of width … By convention the energy decreases with increasing group number.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - multigroup%20energy%20approximation

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[…] les erreurs systématiques provenaient non seulement des incertitudes sur les données fondamentales de base (sections microscopiques) mais aussi des approximations méthodologiques. Parmi ces dernières, on peut citer la séparation espace-direction angulaire-énergie des neutrons dans les calculs spectraux, la non-utilisation systématique de modélisation tridimensionnelle et l’approximation énergétique multigroupe dans les études de projets industriels. Ces études sont relatives à des calculs de cœurs de réacteurs, des piscines de stockage d’assemblages usés, des calculs de protection et toutes autres études mettant en jeu des neutrons.  1, fiche 11, Français, - approximation%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique%20multigroupe

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Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A problem dealing with content and not related to the life experience of the individual.  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - abstract%20problem

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An abstract problem is defined as a general theoretical construct by making abstractions and explicit assumptions about a number of abstract objects, and it is solved in theory by finding an appropriate inference method.  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - abstract%20problem

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A statistical estimate of the number of specified micro-organisms in a specified volume of water, derived from the combination of positive and negative results in a series of volumes of the sample examined by standard tests using the multiple tube method.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - most%20probable%20number

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That number of organisms per unit volume which, in accordance with statistical theory, would be more likely than any other number to yield the observed test result with the greatest frequency. Expressed as density of organisms per 100 ml. Results are computed from the number of positive findings of coliform group organisms resulting from multiple portion decimal dilution plantings. Used commonly for coliform bacteria.  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - most%20probable%20number

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most probable number; MPN: term, abbreviation and definition standardized by ISO.  4, fiche 13, Anglais, - most%20probable%20number

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Estimateur statistique d'un nombre de micro-organismes spécifié dans un volume d'eau donné, résultant de la combinaison de résultats positifs et négatifs dans une série de volumes de l'échantillon examiné par des essais normalisés utilisant la méthode des tubes multiples.  4, fiche 13, Français, - nombre%20le%20plus%20probable

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M.P.N. [...] abréviation de «most probable number» qui signifie «nombre le plus probable» d'organismes présents dans 100 ml d'eau (et non dans 1 litre) ou dénombrés sur plaque, correspondant aux bactéries coliformes, aux germes indicateurs de pollution. Il ne faut pas confondre cette évaluation du M.P.N./100 ml avec la numération des germes résultant de l'analyse bactériologique qui est exprimée en nombre de germes par millilitre d'eau.  3, fiche 13, Français, - nombre%20le%20plus%20probable

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nombre le plus probable; NPP : terme, abréviation et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  5, fiche 13, Français, - nombre%20le%20plus%20probable

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Estimación estadística del número de microorganismos especificados en un volumen especificado de agua, resultante de la combinación de los resultados positivos y negativos en una serie de volúmenes de la muestra examinada mediante ensayos normalizados.  1, fiche 13, Espagnol, - n%C3%BAmero%20m%C3%A1s%20probable

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Número muy probable. Cantidad de organismos por unidad de volumen que, de acuerdo con la teoría estadística, produciría el resultado analítico observado con mayor probabilidad que cualquier otra cantidad, o bien que produciría el resultado analítico observado con la mayor frecuencia. Se expresa como densidad de organismos/100 ml. Los resultados se calculan a partir del número de hallazgos positivos de organismos del grupo coliforme producidos por siembras realizadas con diluciones decimales múltiples. Generalmente se utiliza para las bacterias coliformes.  2, fiche 13, Espagnol, - n%C3%BAmero%20m%C3%A1s%20probable

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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One such model is the theory of Appreciative Inquiry, which is more commonly referred to as AI. AI, which can be applied to a number of core management practices such as strategic planning or performance management, empowers a new inter-organizational dialogue that is centered around building on what works as opposed to fixing what doesn’t.  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - core%20management%20practice

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[L'entreprise] a gagné l’appel d’offres de la Banque Nationale et formera en français et en anglais tous ses gestionnaires de premier niveau sur les pratiques de base en gestion.  3, fiche 14, Français, - pratique%20de%20base%20en%20gestion

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Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Prior to("Quia Emptores") the number of subtenures had greatly increased by the process of subinfeudation. By this process a tenant, instead of alienating his land outright for a capital sum, created a new tenurial relationship between himself and another whereby the other person became his tenant of the land in return for a perpetual grant or service. The new tenant might create a further subtenure and in theory the process could go on "ad infinitum". "Quia Emptores" accomplished two important objectives. In the first place it abolished alienation by subinfeudation and secondly, it endorsed the principle of alienation by substitution.(Anger & Honsberger, 2nd ed., 1985, p. 23)  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - alienation%20by%20subinfeudation

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aliénation par sous-inféodation : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 15, Français, - ali%C3%A9nation%20par%20sous%2Dinf%C3%A9odation

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Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

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That part of mathematics which uses, for the most part, algebraic and calculus methods, as distinguished from such subjects as synthetic geometry, number theory, and group theory.  2, fiche 16, Anglais, - analysis

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Études de fonctions, d'ensembles et des liens entre les objets.  2, fiche 16, Français, - analyse

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Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The number of molecules(or atoms) reacting per unit time. It has been explained by a combination of two theoretical models, the so-called collision theory and the transition state theory.... The collision theory provides a qualitative description of the factors that affect rate and proposes that reactions occur as a result of collisions between the reacting species.... The transition state theory expands upon the collision theory by proposing that an unstable transition state, or activated complex, is formed when reactants collide with the proper orientation and with a collision energy at least equal to the activation energy.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - reaction%20rate

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An important numerical relationship emerges from the Michaelis-Menten equation in the special case when the initial reaction rate is exactly one-half the maximum velocity: we find that the substrate concentration is then equal to the enzyme’s Km.  2, fiche 17, Anglais, - reaction%20rate

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Du fait de leur pouvoir catalytique, les enzymes sont capables de faire s'opérer, à 37°C et dans l'eau (seules conditions compatibles avec la vie), des réactions chimiques qui pourraient parfois se faire en laboratoire, mais dans des conditions beaucoup plus rigoureuses de température et de pression et souvent dans des solvants non aqueux. Les enzymes provoquent ainsi des accélérations considérables des vitesses de réaction : lorsqu'elle est catalysée par l'uréase du haricot rouge, la réaction d'hydrolyse de l'urée se produit 10¹⁴fois plus vite que lors d'une hydrolyse chimique classique à la même température.  1, fiche 17, Français, - vitesse%20de%20r%C3%A9action

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Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In theory, the common law of torts adheres to a single standard of care and refuses to recognize different degrees of negligence.... This viewpoint stands in contrast to the criminal law which regards "negligent" and "reckless" driving as distinct offences.... A number of jurisdictions in Canada... has borrowed this idea and introduced it into the sphere of tort liability, for example by relieving the driver of a car from liability to gratuitous passengers except in the case of "gross" negligence or "wilful", "wanton" or "reckless" misconduct.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - reckless%20misconduct

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Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A sound diffuser based on a sequence of numbers derived from number theory.  3, fiche 19, Anglais, - quadratic%20residue%20diffuser

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Towards the end of the last century, there appeared to be an increase interest in the use of scattering surfaces within concert halls. Certainly there was an explosion in their use in listening and studio control rooms. One catalyst for this was Schroeder’s pioneering design of diffusers, such as the Quadratic Residue Diffuser (QRD), which gave acousticians the possibility of designing diffusers with known acoustic characteristics. This was further helped by the successful application of these diffusers ...  2, fiche 19, Anglais, - quadratic%20residue%20diffuser

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Diffuseur cellulaire dont la conception se fonde sur une séquence de nombres elle-même dérivée de la théorie des nombres.  2, fiche 19, Français, - diffuseur%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sidu%20quadratique

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Recommandé pour l'enregistrement des chorales, du piano et des cuivres, le diffuseur à résidu quadratique trouve bien sûr sa place dans les studios mais il améliore aussi l'intelligibilité dans les auditoriums de cinéma et dans les salles de concert.  3, fiche 19, Français, - diffuseur%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sidu%20quadratique

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Le diffuseur à résidu quadratique est parfois appelé «diffuseur de Schroeder», en raison du principe mis au point par cet inventeur, mais comme ce dernier a aussi créé d'autres modèles de diffuseurs, il serait avisé de ne pas considérer ces deux expressions comme de parfaits synonymes.  2, fiche 19, Français, - diffuseur%20%C3%A0%20r%C3%A9sidu%20quadratique

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Primitive Root Diffuser. Designed utilizing modulated prime root number theory, the math shows us that the reflected energies will be equal in all the diffraction directions, yielding an even sound redistribution pattern... Its special performance feature is that it virtually eliminates the specular component of the incident sound wave. This means that in terms of creating a sense of spaciousness, while supporting imaging, there is no equal.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - primitive%20root%20diffuser

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Diffuseur cellulaire possédant un facteur de proportionnalité qui est obtenu par multiplication du modulo d'un nombre premier par la racine primitive de ce nombre, élevée à la puissance de la position de la cellule.  2, fiche 20, Français, - diffuseur%20%C3%A0%20racine%20primitive

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The state of macroscopic systems can be identified by a small number of parameters(volume, number of particles,...) entering thermodynamic functions(energy, entropy,...).... This extremum property can be understood as the result of a competition between the organization induced by mechanical interactions(the energy term) and the disorder originating from the degeneracy between macroscopic states with the same energy(the entropy term). The structure of the equilibrium state is then controlled by the temperature and can be characterized by uniform macroscopic parameters, whereas the ultimate fate of fluctuations around this state amounts to an exponential relaxation well described by the linear theory of irreversible processes.  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - equilibrium%20state

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L'état des systèmes macroscopiques peut être identifié à l'aide d'un petit nombre de paramètres (volume, nombre de particules), [...] entrant dans des fonctions thermodynamiques (énergie, entropie), [...] Cette propriété d'extremum peut être comprise comme le résultat d'une compétition entre l'organisation induite par les interactions mécaniques (le terme d'énergie) et le désordre découlant de la dégénérescence entre états macroscopiques de même énergie (le terme d'entropie). La structure de l'état d'équilibre est alors contrôlée par la température et peut être caractérisée par des paramètres macroscopiques uniformes, le destin ultime des fluctuations autour de cet état se résumant à une relaxation exponentielle bien décrite par la théorie linéaire des processus irréversibles.  2, fiche 21, Français, - %C3%A9tat%20d%27%C3%A9quilibre

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Situación de un sistema aislado de tal forma que ninguna variable macroscópica del mismo experimenta cambio en el transcurso del tiempo.  2, fiche 21, Espagnol, - estado%20de%20equilibrio

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A condition, in a link system, where existing free outlets cannot be reached because the relevant links are occupied.  3, fiche 22, Anglais, - internal%20blocking

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The theory of designing a network to minimize the size and number of switches while keeping the probability of internal blocking below a minimum is a vast subject, and is part of what is called a "traffic theory".(HIPRO, 79 : 13)  4, fiche 22, Anglais, - internal%20blocking

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État d'un système à sélection conjuguée, tel que les sorties libres existantes ne peuvent pas être atteintes, en raison de l'occupation des mailles correspondantes.  2, fiche 22, Français, - blocage%20interne

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En cas de blocage interne, on peut effectuer un et un seul recommencement de sélection en changeant de ligne dans le groupement. (NEF 2, 77: 2, 2.2: 3)  3, fiche 22, Français, - blocage%20interne

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Condición, en un sistema de mallas, en el que no se pueden alcanzar las salidas libres existentes porque los enlaces aplicables están ocupados.  2, fiche 22, Espagnol, - congesti%C3%B3n%20interna

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Knowledge with the respect to following : i. the GPS system and theory of operation including :... the minimum number of satellites required for 2-D and 3-D navigation;...  1, fiche 23, Anglais, - 2%2DD%20navigation

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Connaissance de ce qui suit : i. le GPS, entre autres : [...] le nombre minimum de satellites requis pour la navigation bidimensionnelle (2-D) et tridimensionnelle (3-D); [...]  1, fiche 23, Français, - navigation%20bidimensionnelle

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The theory of population replacement treats population as a renewable resource in the mathematical sense of the term.... In the study of replacement a number of indices, replacement rates or reproduction rates are used. Reproduction rates are generally female reproduction rates.  1, fiche 24, Anglais, - reproduction%20rate

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Indice qui mesure dans quelles conditions s'effectue le remplacement des générations.  1, fiche 24, Français, - taux%20de%20reproduction

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Ce remplacement peut être étudié à un âge donné et l'on calcule alors les taux de reproduction à l'âge x dont le plus utilisé est le taux de reproduction à la naissance couramment appelé taux net de reproduction; il peut être étudié de façon plus globale à l'aide du taux de reproduction des années vécues.  1, fiche 24, Français, - taux%20de%20reproduction

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En demografía, el número promedio de hijos que tienen las mujeres en edad de procrear en un determinado país.  1, fiche 24, Espagnol, - tasa%20de%20reemplazo

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La tasa de reemplazo, necesaria para mantener a la larga el volumen de población, se sitúa en 2,3 hijos por mujer. Por debajo de ese guarismo, se inicia la tendencia al crecimiento cero de la población.  1, fiche 24, Espagnol, - tasa%20de%20reemplazo

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In gas chromatography, the theory that the column operated similarly to a distillation column; for example, chromatographic columns are considered as consisting of a number of theoretical plates, each performing a partial separation of components.  2, fiche 25, Anglais, - plate%20theory

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The plate concept of chromatography is inherited from distillation theory, where originally the more efficient distillation columns actually contained discrete plates. Martin and Synge considered a chromatographic system to be composed of a number of imaginary or theoretical plates. However, the number of theoretical plates that a column appears to contain is a poor measure of chromatographic performance since the number of plates is independent of the system dimensions.  3, fiche 25, Anglais, - plate%20theory

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discrete plate  3, fiche 25, Anglais, - plate%20theory

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A minimal unit of distinctive sound feature. (Pei, M., Glossary of Linguistic Terminology. New-York; Columbia University Press, 1976, p. 200)  2, fiche 26, Anglais, - phoneme

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In terms of the phoneme theory and by means of phonemic analysis, languages can be shown to organize the selection they make of the available sound differences in human speech into a limited number of recurrent distinctive units called phonemes.(Pei, M., Invitation to Linguistics. New-York; Doubleday and company inc., 1965, p. 128)  2, fiche 26, Anglais, - phoneme

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Plus petite unité distinctive de la parole dans une langue donnée. (ISO/CEI, 2382-29, 1996).  2, fiche 26, Français, - phon%C3%A8me

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Unité distincte minimale au niveau segmental. C'est-à-dire: plus petit segment phonique (dépourvu de sens) permettant, seul ou en combinaison avec d'autres phonèmes, de constituer des signifiants et de les distinguer entre eux. (Galison, R. et D. Coste, Dictionnaire de Didactique des Langues. Paris; Hachette, 1976, p. 415)  1, fiche 26, Français, - phon%C3%A8me

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Ces unités minimales, qui ont une forme phonique mais pas de signifié, sont des unités minimales de la deuxième articulation du langage, ou unités minimales distinctives successives: les phonèmes. (Mounin, G., Clefs pour la linguistique. Paris; Seghers, 1971, p. 57)  1, fiche 26, Français, - phon%C3%A8me

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A teleological ethical theory which holds that the morality of an act can be determined by whether it produces the greatest good for the greatest number.  2, fiche 27, Anglais, - utilitarianism

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We shall use "utilitarianism" to refer to the moral theory that there is one and only one basic principle in ethics, the principle of utility, which asserts that we ought always to produce the greatest possible balance of value over disvalue (or the least possible balance of disvalue, if only undesirable results can be achieved).  3, fiche 27, Anglais, - utilitarianism

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Théorie morale téléologique qui cherche ce qu'il convient de faire en fonction d'une finalité, à savoir le plus grand bonheur pour le plus grand nombre.  2, fiche 27, Français, - utilitarisme

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[...] Jeremy Bentham définit ainsi l'idéal de l'utilitarisme : «le plus grand bonheur pour le plus grand nombre.» Le bonheur est la somme des plaisirs. Le principe d'utilité détermine si une action a comme conséquence de promouvoir l'accroissement du bonheur de la société. Les conséquences d'une action déterminent sa valeur morale.  3, fiche 27, Français, - utilitarisme

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Dynamic equilibrium theory.... Species number is thus constant over ecological time, while evolution will act gradually over geological time to increase the equilibrium number of species.  1, fiche 28, Anglais, - equilibrium%20number%20of%20species

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When large, contiguous tracts become fragmented and insularized, the habitat islands are thought to undergo a reduction in the equilibrium number of species.  2, fiche 28, Anglais, - equilibrium%20number%20of%20species

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The foregoing describes the four main types of evaluation methods used today. In recent years, a number of new evaluation methods have been promoted. Some, like the position analysis questionnaire(PAQ) method are statistically based. Using computers to determine the evaluation of a job on a pre-developed program. Others like the "time span of discretion" and the "decision band theory" are unidimensional.  2, fiche 29, Anglais, - decision%20band%20theory

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An important concept for the design of diagnostic tests is that of a primitive subskill. This concept is also critical for curriculum construction, especially if the process is automated as in BIP. For a given domain the exact set of these subskills can be extremely difficult to define. Equipped with the tools of the BUGGY model, Burton(1982) suggests that a partition of the theory of bugs be used to define a primitive subskill as "any isolatable part of the skill that it is possible to mislearn"(p. 177). More formally, the set of all observable bugs is partitioned under the equivalence relation of giving wrong answers on the same problems, considering all possible problems. Then a primitive subskill is an equivalence class in this partition; in other words, it is a part of the skill that corresponds to bugs manifesting in exactly the same problems. In practice, one need only consider a finite number of problems.  1, fiche 30, Anglais, - primitive%20subskill

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aptitude: capacité acquise, habileté.  2, fiche 30, Français, - primitive%20de%20savoir%2Dfaire

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The foundation for the experimentation process is a database of assertions which O’Shea calls a "theory of instruction" for the domain. Each assertion in the database indicates the expected results of a specific experimental modification performed on the production rules. Results are expressed in terms of possible or definite effects on teaching performance with respect to one goal. For instance, an assertion could say that spending more resources on selecting appropriate problems might improve the performance of students on the post-test. Thus these assertions represent a corpus of possibly useful experiments. After choosing one of the four goals, the system selects all the assertions that propose modifications leading to a possible improvement with respect to that goal; then it executes the changes these assertions suggest. Statistical tests evaluate the variations in performance caused by the modifications, with respect to each of the four goals. The overall improvement of the system is then computed as a linear function of the goals’ respective variations. If a significant improvement is achieved, the modifications are adopted. In addition, as a form of learning involving some serendipity, new assertions are added to the original database to record the effects of the experiment on the different goals. In this way, not only does the system improve, but its ability to set up experiments is also extended. Obviously, it must have had a minimal number of assertions to start with. Figure 6. 6. gives an overview of the flow of information through the self-improving component.  1, fiche 31, Anglais, - theory%20of%20instruction

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Terme spécifique utilisé par O'Shea pour désigner la base de données assertionnelles de son système.  1, fiche 31, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20didactique

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"... recent developments in index number theory and their implications for the measurement of inflation and growth"(OECD Economic Studies, 10 Spring 1988 p. 5)  1, fiche 32, Anglais, - index%20number%20theory

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"... les développements récemment intervenus dans la théorie des indices et leurs conséquences pour la mesure de l'inflation et de la croissance" (Revue économique de l'OCDE, 10, Printemps 1988 p. 5)  1, fiche 32, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20des%20indices

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In describing a model or hypothesis, refers to the ability to describe, explain or be applied to a large number of phenomena. Sometimes a theory may be too powerful in the sense that it is applicable to a wider range of phenomena than that intended, or that it extends certain theoretical deductions to cases where they have been precluded by empirical observation.  2, fiche 33, Anglais, - powerful

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In order to arrive at a relatively more powerful model than the total energy consumption per facility model, it was decided that ... the bid (?) would be used as the dependent variable in the best of subsets regression analysis.  2, fiche 33, Anglais, - powerful

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On dit d'une grammaire qu'elle est plus puissante qu'une autre quand elle assigne une structure à un ensemble de phrases plus important qu'une autre.  1, fiche 33, Français, - puissant

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... there are now available a number of computer programmes based on plate theory....  1, fiche 34, Anglais, - plate%20theory

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While there are now available a number of computer programmes based on plate theory, multilayer elastic theory and finite element analysis, for those wishing to have readily available tabulated data for pavement design and evaluation....  1, fiche 35, Anglais, - multilayer%20elastic%20theory

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... we are able to recognize our L-functions as certain idelic integrals, this fact being reflected in the existence of a Euler product expansion .... (Source: Journal fur die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 1981, vol. 327, p. 156).  2, fiche 36, Anglais, - L%20function

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A concept in algebraic number theory.  2, fiche 36, Anglais, - L%20function

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Soit K un corps quadratique imaginaire, muni d'un plongement dans C. Eisenstein fut le premier à démontrer, dans un langage légèrement différent, des résultats d'algébricité concernant les valeurs spéciales de fonctions L d'un Grossencharakter de K aux points entiers naturels, dans la moitié droite de la bande critique de ces fonctions (...). (Source : Journal fur die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 1981, vol. 327, p. 184).  2, fiche 36, Français, - fonction%20L

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Collective term for a number of semi-algebraic models of a syntactic analysis which explain relationships between the elements of a sentence in terms of their mutual dependency or subordination. In one such theory, proposed by the French linguist L. Tesnière(1893-1954) such syntactic relations are claimed to hold universally and said to rest on the central role of the verb and the way it governs other elements....  2, fiche 37, Anglais, - dependency%20grammar

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Dans toute fonction [Tesnière] verra (...) une complémentation, ou encore, si l'on convient de dire que le complément "dépend" du complété, une relation de dépendance. Décrire les fonctions syntaxiques réalisées dans un énoncé, c'est donc indiquer les dépendances existant entre les éléments de cet énoncé.  2, fiche 37, Français, - grammaire%20des%20d%C3%A9pendances

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The tongue moves constantly and hence the quality changes constantly in the production of this type of sound, which makes any division into diphthong, suggesting only two sounds, and triphthong, suggesting three sounds, an arbitrary distinction, since in theory there is an infinite number of stages between the beginning and the end of the vowel.  1, fiche 38, Anglais, - triphthong

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Une triphtongue est une voyelle qui contient trois timbres vocaliques différents (...).  1, fiche 38, Français, - triphtongue

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Primitive actions such are the smallest units in the service of very complex knowledge structures we must develop for any understanding system.  1, fiche 39, Anglais, - primitive%20action

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The meaning propositions underlying language were called conceptualizations and could be represented by particular interrelations among a small number of primitive acts. Lehnert(1978) suggested seven object primitives for nouns in the context of conceptual dependency theory. These primitives proposed to represent prototypical information about objects.  2, fiche 39, Anglais, - primitive%20action

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Toute action s'exprime en termes de primitives. Une primitive de "boire" sera par exemple "ingérer" de même pour "manger" et "avaler".  1, fiche 39, Français, - primitive

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In the theory of slow visco-plastic flow, [the Bingham number] plays a role similar to that played by the Reynolds number in the theory of viscous fluids.  1, fiche 40, Anglais, - visco%2Dplastic%20flow

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Écoulement plastique pour lequel la contrainte engendrée par la sollicitation dépend de la vitesse de déformation.  1, fiche 40, Français, - %C3%A9coulement%20viscoplastique

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Two theories are recognized on the operation of a propeller in converting engine shaft torque to thrust. The momentum theory deals with the energy exchange to the air mass acted upon by the propeller. The other and most commonly used concept in determining propeller performance is the blade element theory. In this theory(known as the Drzewiecki theory), each propeller blade is considered as being composed of an infinite number of airfoils(called blade elements) joined end to end, forming a shape similar to a twisted airplane wing.  3, fiche 41, Anglais, - blade%2Delement%20theory

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Les explications théoriques sur le fonctionnement de l'hélice peuvent être présentées de deux façons différentes : une façon synthétique où l'on jette un regard d'ensemble sur les phénomènes auxquels donne lieu son action. Cette méthode a l'avantage de convenir aussi à la propulsion par réaction. (...) La seconde méthode, méthode analytique appelée aussi méthode des sections élémentaires, consiste à décomposer l'hélice en ses éléments et à étudier le mode d'action de chacun d'eux.  1, fiche 41, Français, - m%C3%A9thode%20des%20sections%20%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaires

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a theory asserting that the laws of physics are identical in all inertial frames. It follows that the speed of light cannot be different in different frames, even if they are in relative motion. Thus the speed of light is a universal constant. Special relativity predicts a number of effects such as time dilation, length contraction and mass increases.  1, fiche 42, Anglais, - special%20theory%20of%20relativity

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The topics are beyond the scope of this book but it is worth mentioning that Einstein’s theory of special relativity deals with inertial frames, while his theory of general relativity deals with accelerated frames.  1, fiche 42, Anglais, - special%20theory%20of%20relativity

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Une théorie selon laquelle le temps n'est pas indépendant du mouvement relatif des observateurs à cause de la vitesse finie de la lumière, la même pour tous les observateurs. La masse n'est pas invariante et augmente avec la vitesse du corps.  1, fiche 42, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20la%20relativit%C3%A9%20restreinte

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John Bates Clark, a distinguished columbia University economist, provided a simplified theory of distribution around 1890. It can be applied to competitive price-and-wage determination when there are any number of goods and factor inputs, but it is most easily grasped if we concentrate on one total harvest output(...)  1, fiche 43, Anglais, - price%2Dand%2Dwage%20determination

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