TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The introduction of particles of appropriate material into a cloud which modifies the cloud structure in order to cause precipitation.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - cloud%20seeding

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Introduction dans un nuage de particules de matière appropriée, qui provoquent une modification de sa structure en vue de causer des précipitations.  3, fiche 1, Français, - ensemencement%20des%20nuages

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Introducción de partículas de un material apropiado en una nube que modifica su estructura con el fin de generar precipitación.  2, fiche 1, Espagnol, - siembra%20de%20nubes

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... the principal cloud structure of a typical wave cyclone, that is, the cloud forms found on the cold-air side of the frontal system.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - cloud%20shield

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Although Katia’s cloud shield shrouded much of the Atlantic Provinces, the precipitation stayed well offshore.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - cloud%20shield

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Même si l'écran nuageux de Katia a voilé une grande partie des provinces de l'Atlantique, les précipitations sont vraiment restées au large.  1, fiche 2, Français, - %C3%A9cran%20nuageux

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The vortex circulations and downdrafts, originating at the cloud top, serve to deform the shape of the cloud and lead to entrainment of clear air into the cloud structure and to its fragmentation.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - vortex%20circulation

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The vortex circulations and downdrafts, originating at the cloud top, serve to deform the shape of the cloud and lead to entrainment of clear air into the cloud structure and to its fragmentation.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - vortex%20downdraft

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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One of the many geometrical forms in which ice crystals are found in the atmosphere.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - hexagonal%20column

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The dominant snow crystal illustrated... is a hexagonal plate with six radiating arms. However, associated with the surface of the central plate and extending into the arms are numerous spherical "droplets". These particles, which are about 0. 03 to 0. 05 mm in diameter, are consistent with the descriptions of cloud particles or supercooled water droplets that have been described in light microscopic examinations of snow crystals(Bentley and Humphreys, 1931; Nakaya, 1954). The radiating arms contain another type of surface structure, namely small microcrystals that consist of short hexagonal columns most of which are only 0. 05 to 0. 10 mm in diameter. Some of these structures appear to be transitional stages that arise from the droplets.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - hexagonal%20column

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Snowflakes can be described by their geometric shapes, or variations of them, such as prismatic column, hexagonal plate, cup, hexagonal column, needle, flat plate, and dendrite.  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - hexagonal%20column

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il est essentiel qu'il y ait des cirrus ou des cirrostratus, car c'est grâce à eux que sont formés les halos. Ces nuages élevés sont formés de cristaux de glace circulant uniquement dans les plus hautes couches de la troposphère. Le phénomène des halos est causé par la réfraction et la réflexion de la lumière sur ces minuscules cristaux de glace. [...] Le halo résulte de la chute désordonnée de colonnes hexagonales, mais seules les colonnes orientées correctement à tout moment arriveront à créer les halos.  1, fiche 5, Français, - colonne%20hexagonale

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Subdivision of the cloud genera taking into account one or more of the following features :(1) Forms(clouds in banks, veils, sheets, layers, etc.) ;(2) Dimensions(areas of their constituent elements, vertical extension, etc.) ;(3) Internal structure(ice crystals, water droplets, etc.) ;(4) Formation as a result of known or assumed physical processes(orographic lift, etc.).  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - cloud%20species

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The species are mutually exclusive.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - cloud%20species

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Species of clouds: calvus (cal); capillatus (cap); castellanus (cas); congestus (con); fibratus (fib); floccus (flo); fractus (fra); humilis (hum); lenticularis (len); mediocris (med); nebulosus (neb); spissatus (spi); stratiformis (str); uncinus (unc).  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - cloud%20species

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Subdivision des genres de nuages déterminée selon au moins une des caractéristiques suivantes : 1) forme (nuages en bancs, en voile, en nappe, en couche, etc.); 2) dimensions (surface des éléments constitutifs, extension verticale, etc.); 3) structure interne (cristaux de glace, gouttelettes d'eau, etc.); 4) processus physiques, connus ou présumés, qui peuvent intervenir dans leur formation (soulèvement orographique, etc.).  2, fiche 6, Français, - esp%C3%A8ce%20de%20nuages

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Les espèces s'excluent mutuellement.  2, fiche 6, Français, - esp%C3%A8ce%20de%20nuages

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Les diverses espèces de nuages sont : fibratus (fib), lenticularis (len), uncinus (unc), fractus (fra), spissatus (spi), humilis (hum), castellanus (cas), mediocris (med), floccus (flo), congestus (con), stratiformis (str), calvus (cal), nebulosus (neb), capillatus (cap).  3, fiche 6, Français, - esp%C3%A8ce%20de%20nuages

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Subdivisión de los géneros de nubes teniendo en cuenta una o más de las siguientes características: 1) Forma (nubes en bancos, velos, sábanas, capas, etc.). 2) Dimensiones (extensión de los elementos constitutivos, extensión vertical, etc.). 3) Estructura interna (cristales de hielo, gotas de agua, etc.). 4) Procesos físicos, conocidos o hipotéticos, que pueden intervenir en la formación de la nube (nube orográfica, etc.).  1, fiche 6, Espagnol, - especies%20de%20nubes

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Las especies son mutuamente excluyentes.  1, fiche 6, Espagnol, - especies%20de%20nubes

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Especies de nubes: calvus (cal), capillatus (cap), castellanus (cas), congestus (con), fibratus (fib), floccus (flo), fractus (fra), humilis (hum), lenticularis (len), mediocris (med), nebulosus (neb), spissatus (spi), stratiformis (str), uncinus (unc).  1, fiche 6, Espagnol, - especies%20de%20nubes

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Diffuse and little dense matter that takes up huge volumes in the space between stars.  4, fiche 7, Anglais, - galactic%20cloud

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The nearest apparent distinct cloud structure is the Galactic Cloud, or G Cloud, so named because it is located in the direction of the Galactic Center(Lallement & Bertin 1992; Lallement et al. 1995).  3, fiche 7, Anglais, - galactic%20cloud

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nuage de gaz et de poussières, situé dans l'espace interstellaire, principalement dans la région du plan galactique.  2, fiche 7, Français, - nuage%20galactique

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Depuis le début de 1992, le satellite Ulysses a contrôlé le flot de poussières coulant à travers notre Système solaire. Cette poussière est incorporée dans le nuage galactique local à travers duquel notre Soleil se déplace à une vitesse de 26 kilomètres chaque seconde. Suite à ce mouvement relatif, un simple grain de poussière met vingt ans pour traverser le Système Solaire. Des observations à bord d'Ulysses ont montré que le flot de poussières est fortement affecté par le champ magnétique du Soleil.  3, fiche 7, Français, - nuage%20galactique

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lightning grounds are designed to safely dissipate lightning strokes into the earth. They are part of a lightning protection system which usually consists of air terminals (lightning rods), down conductors, arresters and other connectors of fittings required for a complete system. A lightning protection system’s sole purpose is to protect a building, its occupants and contents from the thermal, mechanical and electrical effects of lightning.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - lightning%20protection%20system

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Lightning is the visible discharge of static electricity within a cloud, between clouds, or between tile earth and a cloud.... A lightning protection system provides a means by which this discharge may enter or leave earth without passing through and damaging non-conducting parts of a structure, such as those made of wood, brick, tile of concrete. A lightning protection system does not prevent lightning from striking; it provides a means for controlling it and preventing damage by providing a low resistance path for the discharge of lightning energy.  3, fiche 8, Anglais, - lightning%20protection%20system

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The complete cloud and precipitation structure associated with an area of rainfall sufficiently elongated that an orientation can be assigned.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - rainband

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Structure complète des nuages et des précipitations associée à une région de pluie qui est suffisamment allongée pour permettre de lui donner une orientation.  1, fiche 9, Français, - bande%20de%20pluie

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une bande pluvieuse intense aura eu le temps, la veille, de déverser de grosses quantités d'eau sur la Guadeloupe, y provoquant de multiples inondations.  3, fiche 9, Français, - bande%20de%20pluie

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estructura completa de las nubes y las precipitaciones, asociada a una región de lluvia, que es suficientemente alargada para darle una orientación.  1, fiche 9, Espagnol, - banda%20de%20lluvia

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An issue of considerable interest is the so-called multicellular thunderstorm system, as opposed to supercells, which are often presumed to be unicellular. A form of multicellular convection that has already been simulated extensively is the squall line. The typical method for simulating this form of deep line-oriented convection has been to release a number of laterally-aligned IB’s. After the initial storms develop, their outflows merge, producing a line of convection resembling a squall line. Squall lines are not the only type of multicellular convection observed, however. In isolated multicell storms, a succession of updrafts is typical.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Thunderstorms are often classified into a spectrum based on their cell structure : single cells, multicellular storms, and supercells. The type of storm depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere(shear). The "single-cell"(unicell) thunderstorm is [a] three-stage situation... usually lasting about 30 minutes from the start of significant precipitation. A severe unicell storm is often referred to as a pulse thunderstorm.... In a multicell thunderstorm, several thunderstorm cells merge into a larger system. The cloud becomes divided into updraft and downdraft regions separated by a gust front. The gust front may extend for several miles ahead of the storm, bringing with it increases in wind speed and atmospheric pressure, decreases in temperature, and shifts in wind direction. The storm itself will have different portions sequentually going through the various thunderstorm stages. In many cases the immature cells develop along a line known as a "flanking line, "resulting in what is known as a line multicell.  6, fiche 10, Anglais, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

storm system: Often refers to "thunderstorm system" (in French: "système orageux"), which is a frequent type of storm system but not the only one; an elliptic form which can be used when there is no risk of ambiguity.  3, fiche 10, Anglais, - multicellular%20thunderstorm%20system

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder(TOVS)... consists of three instruments : the High-Resolution Infrared Sounder-2(HIRS-2), the Microwave Sounding Unit(MSU), and the Stratospheric Sounding Unit(SSU). These instruments provide global information about the structure of the atmosphere, including vertical temperature and moisture profiles and fractional cloud cover. Using a completely physical-based method for analysis of the HIRS-2 and MSU radiance data, additional information can be derived, including surface skin temperature, total vertically integrated ozone amount, outgoing longwave radiation, and precipitation estimates.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - vertical%20temperature%20and%20moisture%20profiles

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Outre les données de la couverture nuageuse globale, dont on tire de nombreuses informations, les satellites météorologiques permettent de déterminer de manière opérationnelle, d'une part, la température du sommet des couches nuageuses ou de la surface du globe, lorsque celle-ci n'est pas occultée par les nuages, d'autre part, les profils verticaux de température et d'humidité en tout point de la surface du globe par spectrométrie infrarouge dans certaines bandes d'absorption du milieu atmosphérique; par exemple, dans la bande du dioxyde de carbone (de 13 à 15 mm) pour les sondages de température ou dans la bande de la vapeur d'eau (de 6 à 8 mm) pour les sondages d'humidité; la zone d'absorption minimale, dite fenêtre atmosphérique (11 mm), servant à déterminer la température de surface, en particulier la température superficielle de la mer.  2, fiche 11, Français, - profils%20verticaux%20de%20temp%C3%A9rature%20et%20d%27humidit%C3%A9

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The vertical cloud structure is a key element in the energy budget of the atmosphere. On a global scale, however, too little experimental data is available. To meet this deficit, the European Space Agency is considering to operate the Earth Radiation Mission : a space-based combination of radar and lidar to monitor the clouds.  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - Earth%20radiation%20mission

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

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Un des neuf projets en concurrence en mai 1996 pour le choix d'un satellite d'observation de la Terre (Exploration ou Surveillance de la Terre).  1, fiche 12, Français, - mission%20sur%20le%20rayonnement%20terrestre

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cloud cover and type: use of visual observations and classifications charts to determine cloud composition [namely ice-crystal clouds, water droplet clouds, mixed clouds, etc.] and cover.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - cloud%20composition

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cloud composition usually refers to the internal structure of a cloud and not to the arrangement of their macroscopic elements(constituent elements associated in a particular way, main cloud and supplementary features for example).  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - cloud%20composition

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Constitution des nuages. Les nuages sont constitués, soit par de fines gouttelettes d'eau formées par la condensation de la valeur d'eau lorsque la saturation est atteinte, soit par de petits cristaux de glace.  1, fiche 13, Français, - constitution%20d%27un%20nuage

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Study of the processes which lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles.  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - cloud%20microphysics

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It is customary to divide the study of atmospheric clouds into two parts. The first, the micro-physics, deals with the cloud particles. It is concerned with the physical processes attending their formation, aggregation, and evaporation, and with their individual structure and properties. The second part, the macro-physics, is the study of the air movements which govern the formation, growth, and evaporation of a cloud as a whole.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - cloud%20microphysics

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Français

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Étude des processus qui conduisent à la formation des particules individuelles de nuage et de précipitation.  1, fiche 14, Français, - microphysique%20des%20nuages

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estudio de los procesos que originan la formación de partículas aisladas tanto de nubes como de precipitación.  1, fiche 14, Espagnol, - microf%C3%ADsica%20de%20las%20nubes

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It is customary to divide the study of atmospheric clouds into two parts. The first, the micro-physics, deals with the cloud particles. It is concerned with the physical processes attending their formation, aggregation, and evaporation, and with their individual structure and properties. The second part, the macro-physics, is the study of the air movements which govern the formation, growth, and evaporation of a cloud as a whole.  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - cloud%20macrophysics

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme «macrophysique» n'est attesté ni dans les dictionnaires généraux ni dans les ouvrages spécialisés.  2, fiche 15, Français, - macrophysique%20des%20nuages

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A cooling tower basically consists of an air circuit and a water circuit leading to a heat exchange vessel in which the air and water are brought into contact. By a stack effect, i. e. by natural draft, the cooling tower shell provides air circulation. When, as is the case with the wet cooling towers at EDF thermal and nuclear plants, the air and water are placed in direct contact in the heat exchange vessel, the hot air escaping from the shell is saturated with steam : mixing with the colder outside air produces by steam condensation a plume whose structure is similar to a natural cloud.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - wet%20cooling%20tower

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsque, ce qui est le cas des réfrigérants humides équipant les centrales thermiques et nucléaires d'EDF, l'air et l'eau sont mis en contact direct dans le corps d'échange, l'air chaud qui s'échappe de la coque est saturé de vapeur d'eau : le mélange avec l'air ambiant, plus froid, produit, par condensation de la vapeur, un panache dont la structure s'apparente à celle d'un nuage naturel.  1, fiche 16, Français, - r%C3%A9frig%C3%A9rant%20humide

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Espagnol