TERMIUM Plus^®

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Decision intelligence is defined as an engineering discipline that augments data science with theory from social science, decision theory and managerial science. Its application provides a framework for best practices in organisational decision-making and processes for applying machine learning at scale.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - decision%20intelligence

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L'intelligence décisionnelle [...] est une discipline permettant de valoriser des informations existantes afin de prendre des décisions opérationnelles optimisées et pragmatiques [...] Les avancées technologiques récentes (intelligence artificielle notamment) permettraient d'utiliser ces données et d'en extraire des enseignements concrets, offrant ainsi aux décideurs une base de décision fiable.  2, fiche 1, Français, - intelligence%20d%C3%A9cisionnelle

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[The researchers] propose a Lyapunov theory based linguistic reinforcement learning(RL) framework for stable tracking control of robotic manipulators. … Controlling robot manipulators is an extremely challenging and complex control problem due to their highly nonlinear and coupled dynamics. Flawless modeling of robotic manipulators is an equally daunting task; forcing the designer to make idealizing assumptions with consequent modeling errors. This has prompted designers to go for model free approaches. RL has emerged as an alternative technique to design high performance controllers for robot manipulators. [The] Lyapunov theory offers a powerful platform for designing controllers that are guaranteed to be stable and can handle model uncertainties and parameter variations.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - Lyapunov%20stability%20theory

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Lyapunov stability theory; Lyapunov theory: designations validated by a Canadian subject-matter expert from Université Laval.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - Lyapunov%20stability%20theory

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La théorie de Lyapunov est un outil important en automatique, permettant de conclure sur la stabilité d'un point d'équilibre du système. Elle repose sur l'existence de fonctions, vérifiant certains critères, et qui représentent d'une certaine manière l'énergie du système.  2, fiche 2, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20stabilit%C3%A9%20de%20Lyapunov

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théorie de stabilité de Lyapunov; théorie de Lyapunov; théorie de la stabilité de Lyapunov : désignations validées par un spécialiste canadien de l'Université Laval.  4, fiche 2, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20stabilit%C3%A9%20de%20Lyapunov

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La teoría de estabilidad de Lyapunov tiene como principal objetivo estudiar el comportamiento de sistemas dinámicos (lineales y no lineales) descritos por ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias de primer orden [...] a través del análisis de las propiedades de estabilidad del punto de equilibrio […]  5, fiche 2, Espagnol, - teor%C3%ADa%20de%20estabilidad%20de%20Liapunov

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Liapunov: transliteración en español del apellido ruso.  6, fiche 2, Espagnol, - teor%C3%ADa%20de%20estabilidad%20de%20Liapunov

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teoría de estabilidad de Liapunov; teoría de Liapunov: designaciones validadas por un experto de la Comisión de Terminología, Sociedad Española de Astronomía, España.  6, fiche 2, Espagnol, - teor%C3%ADa%20de%20estabilidad%20de%20Liapunov

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... a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain autonomously learns to attend, categorize, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - adaptive%20resonance%20theory

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Adaptive resonance theory(ART) is a theory developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter on aspects of how the brain processes information. It describes a number of neural network models which use supervised and unsupervised learning methods, and address problems such as pattern recognition and prediction.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - adaptive%20resonance%20theory

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Neo-connectionism. A theory arising from the fields of cognitive science and neuroscience, neo-connectionism proposes to develop computer models that aim to simulate learning by formal neural networks, the organization and functioning of which have been designed by analogy with physiological neural systems.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - neoconnectionism

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Théorie née dans le domaine des sciences cognitives et des neurosciences, le néo-connexionnisme propose d'élaborer des modèles informatiques qui visent à simuler des phénomènes d'apprentissage par des réseaux de neurones formels, dont l'organisation et le fonctionnement ont été pensés par analogie avec les systèmes neuronaux physiologiques.  2, fiche 4, Français, - n%C3%A9o%2Dconnexionnisme

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Stochastic gradient algorithms are widely used for large-scale learning and inference problems. However, their use in practice is typically guided by heuristics and trial-and-error rather than rigorous, generalizable theory.  5, fiche 5, Anglais, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

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Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants have established themselves as the go-to algorithms for large-scale machine learning problems with independent samples due to their generalization performance and intrinsic computational advantage.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - stochastic%20gradient%20algorithm

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The expectancy–value theory addresses whether or not children desire to participate in an activity and how much effort they are prepared to put into the activity. Thus, the theory consists of 2 major components, expectancy beliefs and subjective task values. Precisely, the level of persistence and performance in the activity is determined by their beliefs about how well they will perform the activity and values they attach to the activity. Beliefs about ability are defined as an individual' s beliefs about competence in performing or learning different achievement tasks and probability for success at a specific task.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - expectancy%20belief

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[…] cette théorie propose que la persévérance et la performance découlent des attentes de réussite de l'étudiant quant à une tâche ainsi que de la valeur qu'il lui accorde. En d'autres mots, la personne évalue son potentiel de réussite de la tâche (attentes) et l'adéquation entre cette éventuelle réussite et les buts qu'elle poursuit (valeur de la tâche).  1, fiche 7, Français, - attente%20de%20re%CC%81ussite

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A l'intérieur de la théorie de l'efficacité personnelle, deux types d'attentes individuelles sont les construits (ou les composantes) majeurs de ce modèle théorique […] Les attentes d'efficacité personnelle consistent en des: «croyances concernant les capacités d'une personne à accomplir le comportement à un niveau désiré» […]  4, fiche 7, Français, - attente%20de%20re%CC%81ussite

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The intellectual mastering of concepts, relations between concepts, philosophical assumptions, or symbols, as opposed to concrete learning.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - abstract%20learning

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Learners with an abstract learning style prefer learning about ideas and concepts. They are drawn to theory and enjoy linking and connecting ideas.  3, fiche 8, Anglais, - abstract%20learning

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According to differential identification theory, the criminal learning process starts when an individual self-identifies with real or imaginary criminal role models. Thus, in differential identification theory, the process of becoming a criminal is primarily guided by a set of psychological factors that steer an individual' s desires toward emulation of criminal roles rather than noncriminal role interpretations.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - differential%20identification%20theory

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La théorie de l'identification différentielle [...] a trait à l'adoption de rôles déviants par l'individu. L'essentiel de cette théorie consiste à affirmer qu'une personne poursuit une attitude criminelle (ou déviante) dans la mesure où elle s'identifie avec des personnes imaginaires ou réelles en fonction desquelles la perspective de son comportement criminel paraît acceptable.  1, fiche 9, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20de%20l%27identification%20diff%C3%A9rentielle

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The interplay between Bayesian methods and deep learning is ubiquitous. Clean and well-formulated Bayesian models are using deep learning elements as "universal function approximators"(deep Bayesian learning) and deep neural networks are augmented with elements from probability theory(Bayesian deep learning).  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - Bayesian%20deep%20learning

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The interplay between Bayesian methods and deep learning is ubiquitous. Clean and well-formulated Bayesian models are using deep learning elements as "universal function approximators"(deep Bayesian learning) and deep neural networks are augmented with elements from probability theory(Bayesian deep learning).  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - deep%20Bayesian%20learning

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Una solución que ha ganado peso [...] es mezclar el punto de vista bayesiano (que nos da herramientas para entender el concepto de incertidumbre) con el poderoso poder predictivo de los modelos de aprendizaje profundo; esta rama del conocimiento parece ser llamada aprendizaje profundo bayesiano.  1, fiche 11, Espagnol, - aprendizaje%20profundo%20bayesiano

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Primary teaching... Successful teachers have an in-depth understanding of the complex processes of learning, based on their own engagement with theory, research and practice. Students of primary education, therefore, are involved from the outset in exploring innovative ways of working with children, putting the learner at the centre of everything they do.  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - primary%20teaching

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Les meilleures pratiques pédagogiques au primaire. Cet ouvrage propose [...] un condensé des stratégies gagnantes en enseignement au primaire. En effet, il est composé d’une riche compilation de conseils d’experts basée sur les dernières recherches en éducation et sur l’expérience des auteurs en salle de classe.  2, fiche 12, Français, - enseignement%20au%20primaire

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Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships between humans.... The most important tenet of attachment theory is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for the child's successful social and emotional development, and in particular for learning how to effectively regulate their feelings.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - attachment%20theory

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La théorie de l’attachement [...] postule que, dès le départ de sa vie, le nourrisson établit un lien affectif particulier avec le principal fournisseur de soins (souvent la mère) qui lui procure un sentiment de sécurité. [...] Un attachement de type «sécurisant» est prédictif d’un meilleur développement émotionnel et social de l’enfant puis de l’adolescent.  2, fiche 13, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20d%27attachement

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[The principle] that people learn better from words and pictures than from words alone.  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - multimedia%20principle

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[The author] explained seven multimedia learning principles, i.e., spatial contiguity principle, multimedia principle, temporal contiguity principle, coherence principle, modality principle, redundancy principle, and individual differences principle.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - multimedia%20principle

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multimedia principle : concept and term that are part of Richard E. Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning.  4, fiche 14, Anglais, - multimedia%20principle

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[Principe voulant qu'un] apprentissage se fasse mieux avec des mots et des images qu’avec des mots seulement.  2, fiche 14, Français, - principe%20multim%C3%A9dia

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Sur la base de ses nombreux travaux, [l'auteur] décrit 7 principes pour l’élaboration de messages multimédias efficaces : Principe multimédia [...] Principe de contiguïté spatiale [...] Principe de contiguïté temporelle [...] Principe de cohérence [...] Principe de modalité [...] Principe de redondance [...] Principe des différences individuelles [...]  3, fiche 14, Français, - principe%20multim%C3%A9dia

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principe multimédia : concept et terme faisant partie de la théorie cognitive de l'apprentissage multimédia de Richard E. Mayer.  4, fiche 14, Français, - principe%20multim%C3%A9dia

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A cognitive theory of multimedia learning based on three main assumptions : there are two separate channels(auditory and visual) for processing information; there is limited channel capacity; and... learning is an active process of filtering, selecting, organizing, and integrating information.  3, fiche 15, Anglais, - cognitive%20theory%20of%20multimedia%20learning

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Les recherches [...] ont permis le développement d'une théorie cognitive de l'apprentissage multimédia. Théorie qui se base sur l'idée que les êtres humains ont deux canaux d'acquisition d'information, le canal visuel et le canal oral, et que la capacité d'acquisition d'information dans la mémoire de travail est limitée; par conséquent l'apprentissage implique la sélection des informations importantes et la construction d'un modèle mental cohérent.  2, fiche 15, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20cognitive%20de%20l%27apprentissage%20multim%C3%A9dia

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Dialogic learning is a theory of learning and teaching. Learning is created through curiosity, dialogue and consensus. Working in groups, participants are both teachers and learners. Engaging in meaningful conversation with other people, engages the speakers’ critical thinking and learning skills. By developing questioning skills, participants connect ideas, challenge their assumptions, absorb and reflect on information.  2, fiche 16, Anglais, - dialogic%20learning

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[L'auteur] s’est intéressé à la relation éducationnelle et a élaboré le concept de «l’apprentissage dialogique» qui repose sur un échange multidimensionnel et égalitaire entre l’apprenante et l’animatrice, où chacune est reconnue pour sa contribution, et qui permettra à la longue de transformer la relation entre l’individu et son milieu.  2, fiche 16, Français, - apprentissage%20dialogique

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A counseling theory developed by John D. Krumboltz and based on principles of social learning.  2, fiche 17, Anglais, - behavioral%20counseling

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A theory that transfer in learning will occur only if there are similar or identical components in the two learning situations.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - identical%2Delements%20theory

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A theory attempting to explain conceptual learning on the basis of the formation of cell assemblies and phase sequences in the cerebral cortex.  2, fiche 19, Anglais, - Hebb%27s%20theory%20of%20perceptual%20learning

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A theory of learning which explains learning by using variables of a cognitive nature.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - cognitive%20theory%20of%20learning

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[...] Tolman [...] a essayé d'élaborer une théorie cognitive de l'apprentissage et a introduit la notion d'apprentissage latent.  1, fiche 20, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20cognitive%20de%20l%27apprentissage

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A stimulus, reward, situation, event or any other factor which increases the probability of the occurrence of a certain behavior; also the process by which certain responses become strengthened or modified when associated with these factors.  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - reinforcement

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[Contiguity theory is] the idea that contiguity is sufficient for learning without reinforcement.  3, fiche 21, Anglais, - reinforcement

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... we know from ... psychological research that reinforcement is of vital importance for sustained behaviour modification.  4, fiche 21, Anglais, - reinforcement

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gradient of reinforcement, lack of immediate reinforcement; negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement.  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - reinforcement

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Opération qui consiste à ajouter ou à supprimer une stimulation à la suite d'un comportement qu'on veut faire acquérir afin d'augmenter les chances de voir celui-ci se reproduire.  2, fiche 21, Français, - renforcement

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Renforcement. Résulte, dans la technique d'acquisition d'un réflexe conditionné, de la répétition fréquente de l'association du stimulus conditionnel avec le stimulus inconditionnel.  3, fiche 21, Français, - renforcement

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[Théorie de la contiguïté, idée] selon laquelle la contiguïté seule suffirait à l'apprentissage, sans renforcement.  4, fiche 21, Français, - renforcement

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[...] nous savons [...] par la recherche en psychologie que le renforcement est d'une importance vitale pour que le comportement modifié persiste.  5, fiche 21, Français, - renforcement

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agent de renforcement, gradient de renforcement; absence de renforcement immédiat.  6, fiche 21, Français, - renforcement

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[Kolb's learning] theory sets out these four preferences, which are also possible different learning methods : doing(active experimentation) ;watching(reflective observation) ;feeling(concrete experience) ;thinking(abstract conceptualization).  2, fiche 22, Anglais, - active%20experimentation

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Terminology used for the SIGMA Financial Systems Transformation (FST) Project, Public Works and Government Services Canada.  3, fiche 22, Anglais, - active%20experimentation

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La théorie de l'apprentissage par l'expérience de Kolb (1984) postule qu'il existe quatre modes d'apprentissage : expérience concrète (EC), conceptualisation abstraite (CA), observation réfléchie (OR), et expérimentation active (EA).  2, fiche 22, Français, - exp%C3%A9rimentation%20active

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Terminologie employée dans le cadre du projet de transformation des systèmes financiers (TSF) SIGMA, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada.  3, fiche 22, Français, - exp%C3%A9rimentation%20active

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[Kolb's learning] theory sets out these four preferences, which are also possible different learning methods : doing(active experimentation) ;watching(reflective observation) ;feeling(concrete experience) ;thinking(abstract conceptualization).  2, fiche 23, Anglais, - abstract%20conceptualization

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Terminology used for the SIGMA Financial Systems Transformation (FST) Project, Public Works and Government Services Canada.  3, fiche 23, Anglais, - abstract%20conceptualization

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La théorie de l'apprentissage par l'expérience de Kolb (1984) postule qu'il existe quatre modes d'apprentissage : expérience concrète (EC), conceptualisation abstraite (CA), observation réfléchie (OR), et expérimentation active (EA).  2, fiche 23, Français, - conceptualisation%20abstraite

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Terminologie employée dans le cadre du projet de transformation des systèmes financiers (TSF) SIGMA, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada.  3, fiche 23, Français, - conceptualisation%20abstraite

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[Kolb's learning] theory sets out these four preferences, which are also possible different learning methods : doing(active experimentation) ;watching(reflective observation) ;feeling(concrete experience) ;thinking(abstract conceptualization).  2, fiche 24, Anglais, - concrete%20experience

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Terminology used for the SIGMA Financial Systems Transformation (FST) Project, Public Works and Government Services Canada.  3, fiche 24, Anglais, - concrete%20experience

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La théorie de l'apprentissage par l'expérience de Kolb (1984) postule qu'il existe quatre modes d'apprentissage : expérience concrète (EC), conceptualisation abstraite (CA), observation réfléchie (OR), et expérimentation active (EA).  2, fiche 24, Français, - exp%C3%A9rience%20concr%C3%A8te

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Terminologie employée dans le cadre du projet de transformation des systèmes financiers (TSF) SIGMA, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada.  3, fiche 24, Français, - exp%C3%A9rience%20concr%C3%A8te

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[Kolb's learning] theory sets out these four preferences, which are also possible different learning methods : doing(active experimentation) ;watching(reflective observation) ;feeling(concrete experience) ;thinking(abstract conceptualization).  2, fiche 25, Anglais, - reflective%20observation

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Terminology used for the SIGMA Financial Systems Transformation (FST) Project, Public Works and Government Services Canada.  3, fiche 25, Anglais, - reflective%20observation

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La théorie de l'apprentissage par l'expérience de Kolb (1984) postule qu'il existe quatre modes d'apprentissage : expérience concrète (EC), conceptualisation abstraite (CA), observation réfléchie (OR), et expérimentation active (EA).  2, fiche 25, Français, - observation%20r%C3%A9fl%C3%A9chie

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Terminologie employée dans le cadre du projet de transformation des systèmes financiers (TSF) SIGMA, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada.  3, fiche 25, Français, - observation%20r%C3%A9fl%C3%A9chie

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The learning theory of Thorndike represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology :Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. Such associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. The paradigm for S-R theory was trial and error learning in which certain responses come to dominate others due to rewards.  3, fiche 26, Anglais, - trial%20and%20error%20learning

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Trial and error learning. Students now are rewarded almost exclusively for getting the right answer on a test. A system more in tune with leadership in today’s world would involve students more often in trial and error projects, in which one learns from what goes wrong as well as what goes right.  4, fiche 26, Anglais, - trial%20and%20error%20learning

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Apprentissage par tâtonnement.  1, fiche 26, Français, - apprentissage%20par%20essais%20et%20erreurs

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L'expression «trial and error» fut utilisée primitivement par le philosophe écossais Alexander Bain (1818-1903) pour désigner la méthode d'apprentissage fondée sur l'association : les essais infructueux s'éliminent alors que les essais couronnés de succès se combinent entre eux, se renforcent mutuellement, favorisant ainsi l'apparition d'un nouveau comportement. En d'autres termes, nous dirions avec Alain qu'il faut «chercher et barboter pour raisonner vraiment, car la vraie pensée ne naît jamais que d'erreurs surmontées». (Propos sur l'éducation.)  1, fiche 26, Français, - apprentissage%20par%20essais%20et%20erreurs

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Forma de descubrir la mejor manera de alcanzar el resultado deseado o unas soluciones correctas, probando uno o más modos o medios, observando y eliminando los errores o causas de fracaso.  1, fiche 26, Espagnol, - aprendizaje%20por%20ensayo%20y%20error

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The base theory of collaborative learning is the so-called "social constructivism"(Vygotsky 1978). In order to internalise knowledge a social discourse needs to take place. "Collaborative learning is based on the idea that learning is a natural social act in which the participants talk to each other. It is through talking that learning occurs"(Gerlach 1994). Groups are working together on a task, solve a problem or even generate a new product. A collaborative learning scenario makes it possible that learners can discuss and exchange various views with colleagues.  1, fiche 27, Anglais, - collaborative%20learning%20scenario

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Les méthodes d'apprentissage par problèmes (APP ou PBL) définissent un scénario d'apprentissage collaboratif.  1, fiche 27, Français, - sc%C3%A9nario%20d%27apprentissage%20collaboratif

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Pluriel : des scénarios.  2, fiche 27, Français, - sc%C3%A9nario%20d%27apprentissage%20collaboratif

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scénarios (pl.) : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2006).  3, fiche 27, Français, - sc%C3%A9nario%20d%27apprentissage%20collaboratif

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The planning and development of instructional courses and materials. A form of systematic curriculum development directed towards the attainment of instructional objectives.  3, fiche 28, Anglais, - instructional%20design

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Educational design is the process of imaging and creating learning environments and experiences. A blending of educational goals, learning theory, evaluation systems, grouping strategies, governance structures, and the physical environment, educational design may encompass such activities...  2, fiche 28, Anglais, - instructional%20design

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Peer3’s instructional design enables Cypress to deliver technical content that includes Flash animations.  4, fiche 28, Anglais, - instructional%20design

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Action d'élaborer des cours et du matériel didactique.  1, fiche 28, Français, - conception%20p%C3%A9dagogique

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A searching for new relations within a total structure of thought and understanding(for example, a theory of learning) and for a correlation of discoveries in a way that is in agreement with the total of observed properties or behaviors; an assumed relation stated as hypothesis gives specificity and direction to the search.  1, fiche 29, Anglais, - scientific%20research

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Forma de adquirir o confirmar conocimientos respecto al hecho o sustancia investigados, mediante un método preciso que produce resultados confiables y reproducibles.  1, fiche 29, Espagnol, - investigaci%C3%B3n%20cient%C3%ADfica

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Conflict management system design extends and applies theory and best practice concepts to the specific area of organizational conflict. [It] draws from the full range of OD [organizational development] theory and practice, particularly systems thinking, change intervention design, search processes, relationship building, strategic redesign and implementation, and action learning for improved conflict management systems development.  1, fiche 30, Anglais, - conflict%20management%20system%20design

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La conception de gestion de conflit étend et applique la théorie ainsi que les concepts éprouvés de la pratique de la gestion des conflits au conflit organisationnel. Elle s'inspire de la théorie et de la pratique du développement organisationnel à l'amélioration du système de gestion des conflits.  2, fiche 30, Français, - conception%20de%20syst%C3%A8me%20de%20gestion%20de%20conflit

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Bandura’s concept for the process of reproducing behaviors learned through the observation of others.  6, fiche 31, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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[Social learning theory is] a theory proposing that social development occurs through observing other people's behavior and modeling oneself on this behavior.  7, fiche 31, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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Modeling and imitation are kinds of learning from observation, as are shadowing and tagging along an expert.  8, fiche 31, Anglais, - learning%20by%20observation

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Processus d'acquisition d'un comportement par observation. Le sujet peut copier, ou imiter les actions, les attitudes et les réponses émotives des autres.  4, fiche 31, Français, - modelage

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Selon [la théorie de l'apprentissage social] le développement social s'opère par l'observation du comportement des autres et par le modelage de soi sur ce comportement.  5, fiche 31, Français, - modelage

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La désensibilisation, le modelage et l'inondation sont actuellement les méthodes les plus couramment utilisées par les thérapeutes du comportement.  6, fiche 31, Français, - modelage

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«modeling»/modelage : adoptés par le Comité de normalisation de la terminologie des services sociaux.  4, fiche 31, Français, - modelage

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The third portion(of Edward Lee Thorndike) pre-1930 theory;(the law of readiness) ;involves the state of the organism, or it's motivation to learn. Thorndike explained with this law the fact that some behaviors are more likely to be learned than others. While the law itself was vague much has been done to interpret the readiness to apply to the maturity level of the organism or the effects of previous learning on present learning.  1, fiche 32, Anglais, - law%20of%20readiness

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... the study of learning paradigms.  3, fiche 33, Anglais, - learning%20theory

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... learning theory is th e study of systems that map evidence into hypotheses. [Preface].  3, fiche 33, Anglais, - learning%20theory

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These terms usually describe the systematic body of theory and data generated by the study of learning, i. e. classical and instrumental conditioning, and usually applied to the theories and controversies current in the American psychology of learning before and immediately after the second world war and in particular the work of Hull, Guthrie, Tolman and Skinner.  4, fiche 33, Anglais, - learning%20theory

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Classical statistics deals successfully with large or huge sample size problems. Statistical Learning Theory(SLT) [Vapnik, 1995] is the first comprehensive theory built toward small sample learning problems. It was shown that by taking into account the sample size, better solutions can be obtained than by just applying asymptotic results from classical statistics.  1, fiche 34, Anglais, - statistical%20learning%20theory

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... the traditional approaches... using decision theory and stochastic learning models have reached a dead end due to their oversimplified representation of learning. The reason for stochastic learning models failing as models of instruction is their lack of representing the content to be taught.  2, fiche 35, Anglais, - stochastic%20learning%20model

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Description des changements observés dans le comportement au cours d'un apprentissage par des mécanismes modifiant les probabilités des réponses. Exemple: chaînes de Markov.  1, fiche 35, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20stochastique%20d%27apprentissage

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Cue summation theory has been a part of multichannel communication also. Severin stated in cue summation theory that stimuli which share informational content will improve learning because the stimuli reinforce each other(Severin, 1967) Other more recent studies have supported similar findings in that recognition and recall of textual information were increased when adding redundant audio.(Emerson & Tumey, 1984)  1, fiche 36, Anglais, - cue%20summation%20theory

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In learning theory, the behavioural reaction to cues.  1, fiche 37, Anglais, - response

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Réaction interne ou externe (à une sollicitation), mesurable en fréquence et en amplitude.  1, fiche 37, Français, - r%C3%A9ponse

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The incorporation of many aspects of the overlay theory into WUSOR-II(Carr, 1977) represents a definite move toward a learned-oriented tutor, both for the student model and for the representation of expertise. Whereas the student's knowledge is a real overlay model her learning preferences are only represented by a set of three registers indicating her need for repetition, her degree of forgetfulness, and her receptivity to advice. As a form of curriculum, the representation of game expertise is now organized into five successive phases, ranging from basic rules of the game to logical and finally to probabilistic rules. The coach will not proceed to the next phase before the student has mastered certain fundamental skills in the current one. This is an important departure from the unsegmented rule-based approach, since the domain knowledge while still exclusively representing expertise, is structured so as to reflect the standpoint of the learner.  2, fiche 38, Anglais, - creative%20tutor

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Didacticiel IA orienté apprenant, caractérisé par un guidage discret de celui-ci.  1, fiche 38, Français, - tuteur%20orient%C3%A9%20apprenant

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Désigne aussi le module pédagogique d'un tel didacticiel. Voir tuteur directif.  1, fiche 38, Français, - tuteur%20orient%C3%A9%20apprenant

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This work builds primarily on a theory of learning from precedents and exercises using constraint transfer. The theory addresses the analogy process at work when we exploit past experience....  1, fiche 39, Anglais, - precedent

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The causal structure of the precedent is mapped onto the exercise.  1, fiche 39, Anglais, - precedent

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The causal structure of the precedent is mapped onto the exercise.  1, fiche 39, Anglais, - precedent

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Apprentissage par analogie. Il faut un ensemble d'instances positives de concepts similaires en certains aspects au concept-but, et émanant généralement d'autres domaines; on les appellera précédents. La description d'un précédent porte sur des attributs et relations concernant le précédent, mais également sur des relations d'ordre supérieur telles que les liens de cause.  1, fiche 39, Français, - pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9dent

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For diagnosis, the system simply updates the probabilities in the student's matrix with methods from probability theory. When problem classes occur for the first time, ad hoc heuristics generate a seed probability. Kimball claims that the probabilistic approach allows precise measurements of student learning revealing its discontinuities. He suggests that the identification of these discontinuities, which are apparently associated with failures, is an important pedagogical task. Kimball goes into a lengthy technical argument to support the applicability of his probabilistic approach to modeling the student, mainly from the standpoint of independence of the probabilities associated with the various approaches. Many of his concerns actually apply to other modular representations, such as rule-based ones, used more recently for student modeling.  2, fiche 40, Anglais, - probabilistic%20approach

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The overlay theory defines multiple sources of evidence available to the diagnostic module for its update of the overlay model : Structural evidence is retrieved from a syllabus in the form of a network of dependencies and relative complexities among the skills, along the lines of BIP's Curriculum Information Network. This network provides the notion of a frontier of the student's knowledge, where teaching should concentrate. Since it is where learning is likely to occur, variations taking place far from the frontier should be treated with caution.  1, fiche 41, Anglais, - structural%20evidence

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The foundation for the experimentation process is a database of assertions which O’Shea calls a "theory of instruction" for the domain. Each assertion in the database indicates the expected results of a specific experimental modification performed on the production rules. Results are expressed in terms of possible or definite effects on teaching performance with respect to one goal. For instance, an assertion could say that spending more resources on selecting appropriate problems might improve the performance of students on the post-test. Thus these assertions represent a corpus of possibly useful experiments. After choosing one of the four goals, the system selects all the assertions that propose modifications leading to a possible improvement with respect to that goal; then it executes the changes these assertions suggest. Statistical tests evaluate the variations in performance caused by the modifications, with respect to each of the four goals. The overall improvement of the system is then computed as a linear function of the goals’ respective variations. If a significant improvement is achieved, the modifications are adopted. In addition, as a form of learning involving some serendipity, new assertions are added to the original database to record the effects of the experiment on the different goals. In this way, not only does the system improve, but its ability to set up experiments is also extended. Obviously, it must have had a minimal number of assertions to start with. Figure 6. 6. gives an overview of the flow of information through the self-improving component.  1, fiche 42, Anglais, - theory%20of%20instruction

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Terme spécifique utilisé par O'Shea pour désigner la base de données assertionnelles de son système.  1, fiche 42, Français, - th%C3%A9orie%20didactique

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SIERRA consists of two modules, each corresponding to one of the underlying theories. A learning module based on AI techniques for inductive learning follows the framework of STEP theory to form core procedures. Then a problem-solving module follows a version of REPAIR theory to generate bugs. The spatial knowledge needed to parse problems is captured in a grammar provided as pre-existing background knowledge.  1, fiche 43, Anglais, - problem%2Dsolving%20module

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Voir résolution de problèmes. Comparer à module d'apprentissage inductif.  1, fiche 43, Français, - module%20de%20r%C3%A9solution

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... the management of the set of hypotheses is conducted by heuristic operators rather than by formal learning theory.  1, fiche 44, Anglais, - heuristic%20operator

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Voir heuristique, opérateur logique.  2, fiche 44, Français, - op%C3%A9rateur%20heuristique

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A theory of learning stressing perceptual reorganization as the important link in learning a response.  1, fiche 45, Anglais, - noncontinuity%20theory

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Note: Term defined in a specialized glossary of psychometrics.  2, fiche 45, Anglais, - noncontinuity%20theory

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A theory which holds that learning occurs by a gradual strengthening of S-R bonds.  1, fiche 46, Anglais, - continuity%20theory

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Note: Term defined in a specialized glossary of psychometrics.  2, fiche 46, Anglais, - continuity%20theory

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A theory of personality emphasizing the meaning of a situation to the individual based on past learning experiences.  1, fiche 47, Anglais, - cognitive%20social%20learning%20theory

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