TERMIUM Plus^®

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High aspect ratio, or fiber-shaped, nanoparticles(HARNs), represent a growth area in nanotechnology as their useful properties become more apparent. Carbon nanotubes, the best known and studied of the HARNs, are handled on an increasingly large scale, with subsequent potential for human inhalation exposure. Their resemblance to asbestos fibers precipitated fears that they might show the same type of pathology as that caused by asbestos and there is emerging evidence to support this possibility. The large number of other HARNs, including nanorods, nanowires and other nanofibers, require similar toxicological scrutiny. In this article, we describe the unusual hazard associated with fibers, with special reference to asbestos, and address the features of fibers that dictate their pathogenicity as developed in the fiber pathogenicity paradigm. This paradigm is a robust structure-toxicity model that identifies thin, long, biopersistent fibers as the effective dose for fiber-type pathogenic effects. It is likely that HARNs will in general conform to the paradigm and such an understanding of the features that make fibers pathogenic should enable us to design safer HARNs.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - high%20aspect%20ratio%20nanoparticle

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(Nanowerk News) A UK consortium of scientists, led by the Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, has published a key report examining whether high aspect ratio nanoparticles (HARN) should raise the same concerns as asbestos fibres. HARN includes materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and metal nanowires. The review, which was published by DEFRA [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs] this week, identified many similarities between HARN and asbestos with regard to their physico-chemical properties and toxicological effects, and it concluded that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that HARN, which have the same characteristics (diameter, length and biopersitance) as pathogenic fibres such as asbestos, are likely to have similar pathology.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - high%20aspect%20ratio%20nanoparticle

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HARNs: plural.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - high%20aspect%20ratio%20nanoparticle

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Les nano-objets sont des structures fabriquées volontairement dont une, deux ou trois dimensions extérieures sont de l’ordre nanométrique (entre 1 et 100 nm environ). Les nanoparticules et les nanofibres (respectivement trois et deux dimensions extérieures nanométriques) sont deux catégories importantes de nano-objets. Les nanoparticules sont obtenues par réduction de grosses particules ou par synthèse. Les nanofibres peuvent également avoir une forme tubulaire, tels les nanotubes de carbone; ces derniers peuvent être monoparoi (ou monofeuillet, SWCNT en anglais pour Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes) ou multiparois (ou multifeuillets, MWCNT en anglais pour Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes). Pour les nanofibres, lorsque le rapport entre la longueur et le diamètre est élevé, on parle de nanoparticules à fort aspect ratio (HARN en anglais pour High Aspect Ratio Nanoparticles).  2, fiche 1, Français, - nanoparticule%20%C3%A0%20rapport%20d%27%C3%A9longation%20%C3%A9lev%C3%A9

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Le diamètre des nanoparticules varie du nanomètre à quelques dizaines de nanomètres, et leur longueur, du micromètre à plusieurs millimètres. Ces dimensions leur confèrent un rapport d'élongation (longueur sur diamètre) élevé, ainsi que des propriétés toxicologiques similaires à celles de l'amiante.  1, fiche 1, Français, - nanoparticule%20%C3%A0%20rapport%20d%27%C3%A9longation%20%C3%A9lev%C3%A9

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The following acts do not constitute an infringement of the copyright or moral rights in a work :(a) applying to a useful article features that are dictated solely by a utilitarian function of the article;...  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - moral%20rights%20in%20a%20work

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Ne constitue pas une violation du droit d'auteur ou des droits moraux sur une œuvre de fait : a) de conférer à un objet utilitaire des caractéristiques de celui-ci résultant uniquement de sa fonction utilitaire [...]  1, fiche 2, Français, - droits%20moraux%20sur%20une%20%26oelig%3Buvre

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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As a result of the examination, the examiner will make a decision to grant a patent as the final assessment of the examination stage if no reasons for refusal have been found.  4, fiche 3, Anglais, - grant%20a%20patent

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A patent may be granted for a process, act, or method that is new, useful, and not obvious, for a new use of a known process, machine, or composition of matter or material, as well as for an asexually reproduced distinct and new variety of plant(excluding one propagated from a tuber), and for any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - grant%20a%20patent

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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Le PCT [Patent Cooperation Treaty / Traité de coopération en matière de brevets] [...] prévoit la possibilité de procéder à un examen préliminaire international de la demande internationale, qui donne aux offices appelés à déterminer s'il convient ou non de délivrer un brevet.  4, fiche 3, Français, - d%C3%A9livrer%20un%20brevet

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En se basant sur les résultats de ces «négociations», l'office des brevets rejette, modifie ou accepte d'octroyer un brevet sur la base des revendications initiales du demandeur.  5, fiche 3, Français, - d%C3%A9livrer%20un%20brevet

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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cutaway (adjective): designating or of a diagram or model, showing in cross section or with walls, etc. cut away, the parts or workings, as of a machine.  3, fiche 4, Anglais, - cut%2Daway%20model

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Mock-ups and cut-away models of actual equipment are probably as close to realism as you can get. They are very useful if the real article is not available, or if you want to show its inner workings. These items usually permit you to give an effective working demonstration.  4, fiche 4, Anglais, - cut%2Daway%20model

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol