TERMIUM Plus^®

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Synthetic gene drives are a new form of genetic engineering that overcomes the normal rules of inheritance, and which may allow the deliberate eradication or modification of species and populations in the wild. Gene drives distort the process of inheritance so that the probability of particular genes—and thus specific traits—being passed on is increased substantially above the usual 50%(known as the Mendelian rule of inheritance). Over the course of several generations, genes with higher inheritance rates will rapidly spread through a breeding population... Thus, in theory at least, a gene drive can be employed to force genetic changes into an entire population.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - synthetic%20gene%20drive

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gene drive: In English, a differentiation is sometimes made between a synthetic gene drive, a bioengineered process, and a natural gene drive, a natural process of inheritance. Consequently, it may be preferable to use the designations "synthetic gene drive" and "engineered gene drive" when referring to the bioengineered process.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - synthetic%20gene%20drive

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Procédé qui consiste à modifier la transmission héréditaire de certains gènes par génie génétique afin d'agir, au cours des générations, sur la composition de populations.  3, fiche 1, Français, - for%C3%A7age%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

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Il s'agit en effet de violer les fameuses lois de Mendel pour répandre un caractère donné dans l'ensemble d'une population. Lors de la reproduction sexuée, un caractère porté sur un chromosome d'un des deux parents n'a qu'une chance sur deux d'être transmis à la génération suivante. Le forçage génétique ­consiste à dépasser ce seuil et transmettre ce caractère à 100 % de la descendance.  4, fiche 1, Français, - for%C3%A7age%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

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guidage génétique : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 28 mars 2018.  5, fiche 1, Français, - for%C3%A7age%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

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Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Securitization is a term... used... to refer to the process by which a topic comes to be seen as a matter of national security, and becomes removed from the realm of "politics as usual" to instead be treated as extraordinary politics.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - securitization

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La sécuritisation en tant que processus se décompose en trois phases : l'établissement d'une menace existentielle (ici dans l'entretien d'une figure de l'ennemi dans les prises de décisions, les débats internes), des actions d'urgence (par exemple la mise en place de barrières présentées comme mesures militaires répondant à une urgence), et les effets produits sur les acteurs de la sécurité.  2, fiche 2, Français, - s%C3%A9curitisation

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Some of our Discovery Awards are co-funded by other organizations. These partnered awards are in addition to our usual 6-7 awards granted each year. In 2020, we are partnering with CANSSI Ontario, Dystonia Medical Research Foundation Canada, and the University of Toronto McLaughlin Centre to co-fund research related to data science, dystonia, and genomic medicine, respectively. Applications for these partnered awards go through the same review process as all other applications for the Discovery Award, and are scored and ranked with the others.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - partnered%20award

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Social media analytics(SMA) refers to the approach of collecting data from social media sites and blogs and evaluating that data to make business decisions. This process goes beyond the usual monitoring or a basic analysis of retweets or "likes" to develop an in-depth idea of the social consumer.  3, fiche 4, Anglais, - social%20media%20analytics

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analytique des médias sociaux : terme tiré du mini-lexique «Cyberespace et droit» et reproduit avec l'autorisation du Centre de ressources en français juridique de l'Université de Saint-Boniface.  2, fiche 4, Français, - analytique%20des%20m%C3%A9dias%20sociaux

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Additive or subtractive process of colour photography using two coloured images-usually orange and blue-green-instead of the usual three. The colour rendering is limited and detectably inaccurate but is often acceptable in portraiture and other subjects where blue is absent or unimportant particularly if a grey printer made from the cyan printer of a three colour separation set is used in e. g. photomechanical reproduction.  1, fiche 5, Anglais, - two%20colour%20photography

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Procédé de synthèse partielle des couleurs mettant en œuvre deux couleurs complémentaires.  3, fiche 5, Français, - bichrome

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The most widely used infiltration process is the one in which the porous skeleton has an iron or steel composition and the infiltrant is copper or copper alloy.... The usual method of infiltrating iron and steel skeletons is to place a compact pressed from the powder of the infiltrant material next to the skeleton. The compact of infiltrant powder may be positioned on top or underneath the skeleton compact or two infiltrant compacts may be used, one on top, the other underneath the skeleton compact.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - infiltrant%20powder

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Infiltration: The process of filling the pores of a sintered or unsintered powder metallurgy compact with a metal or alloy of lower melting point.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - infiltrant%20powder

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On prépare d'abord une pièce de fer ou fer-carbone, à masse volumique faible (...). On infiltre ensuite dans cette pièce poreuse la quantité exacte de cuivre (ou d'alliage cuivreux, laiton par exemple) en traitant la pièce, surmontée d'un bloc du métal infiltrant, dans un four à une température supérieure au point de fusion de ce métal. Le cuivre mouillant bien le fer, l'infiltration est rapide et totale en quelques minutes. On obtient une pièce sans porosité (...)  2, fiche 6, Français, - poudre%20infiltrante

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Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... The process of assigning random values to variables affecting the outcome and calculation of the outcome is then simply repeated many times to build up a probability distribution of outcomes.... Having calculated the total distribution of outcomes... the analyst can then summarize the implications of the distribution for the decision-maker by computing the usual estimates of central tendency and dispersion such as the mean and the standard deviation or variance.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - distribution%20of%20outcomes

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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This course presents an overview of foresight as a systematic process that can provide insight into the evolution of potential issues, challenges and opportunities. Participants will gain a better understanding of how to use foresight to test assumptions and identify challenges beyond the usual timeframe of other planning processes, improving short-and medium-term planning and decision making.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - Leading%20with%20Foresight

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D225: a Canada School of Public Service course code.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - Leading%20with%20Foresight

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Ce cours fournit un aperçu de la prospective comme processus systématique pouvant donner une idée de l'évolution des problèmes, des difficultés et des occasions possibles. Les participants pourront mieux comprendre comment utiliser la prospective pour vérifier des hypothèses et cerner des difficultés au-delà de la période que couvrent habituellement les processus de planification, en améliorant la planification à court et à moyen terme et la prise de décisions.  1, fiche 8, Français, - Diriger%20gr%C3%A2ce%20%C3%A0%20la%20prospective

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D225 : code de cours de l'École de la fonction publique du Canada.  2, fiche 8, Français, - Diriger%20gr%C3%A2ce%20%C3%A0%20la%20prospective

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If the government does not accept an application or proposal from a group, all group members may apply in the usual way as individual applicants for the alternative dispute resolution process.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - individual%20applicant

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Si le gouvernement n'accepte pas la demande ou la proposition d'un groupe, tous les membres du groupe peuvent faire une demande de la façon habituelle en tant que demandeur individuel dans le cadre du mode alternatif de règlement des conflits.  1, fiche 9, Français, - demandeur%20individuel

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Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Wheat red dog is obtained from the milling of any of the classes of wheat in the usual process of wheat flour milling. This product consists of the offal from the tail of the mill together with some fine particles of wheat bran, wheat germ, and wheat flour. Wheat red dog must not contain more than 4% crude fiber.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - Wheat%20Red%20Dog

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"red dog": so called from the fact that such flour was once packaged in bags with a red dog on the front.  4, fiche 10, Anglais, - Wheat%20Red%20Dog

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Livestock feedstuff obtained in commercial flour milling.  5, fiche 10, Anglais, - Wheat%20Red%20Dog

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[...] derniers résidus avant la farine panifiable (elles ne diffèrent de celle-ci que par une couleur plus sombre et une texture un peu plus grossière).  1, fiche 10, Français, - farine%20basse

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La purification de la farine de blé laisse des résidus, appelés farines basses qui, bien qu'onéreuses, sont recherchées comme aliments du bétail.  1, fiche 10, Français, - farine%20basse

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Subproducto obtenido en la fabricación de harina a partir de trigo o de espelta descascarillada, previamente limpiadas. Constituido principalmente por partes del cuerpo harinoso y, por otro lado, por finos fragmentos de fundas y de algunos residuos de semillas.  1, fiche 10, Espagnol, - harina%20baja%20de%20trigo

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En el proceso de fabricación de harina se obtienen cuatro subproductos, constituidos por fracciones del endospermo (almidón) y de tegumentos en distinta proporción. De mayor a menor contenido en tegumentos se denominan: salvado, tercerilla, harinilla y harinas bajas.  3, fiche 10, Espagnol, - harina%20baja%20de%20trigo

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A type of durable press finish in which the finish is applied to the fabric and set or cured through the use of heat by the mill, prior to shipment of the fabric to be made into garments.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - pre%2Dcure

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In the pre-cure process... after the usual paddry-cure after wash technique, the garment is manufactured from the crease resistant fabric. The creases are then heat-processed after local application of a small amount of cross-linking agent, together with an acidic solution and an acidic catalyst.  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - pre%2Dcure

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Traitement en une seule étape (par opposition à la post-polymérisation), en vue du pressage permanent.  1, fiche 11, Français, - pr%C3%A9%2Dpolym%C3%A9risation

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Le fabricant du tissu applique l'apprêt et le fait sécher lui-même à la chaleur.  1, fiche 11, Français, - pr%C3%A9%2Dpolym%C3%A9risation

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Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Recover... The usual meaning in the context of the judicial process is that of ’gaining through a judgment or order’...  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - recover%20damages

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Any of several processes to remove the natural and artificial impurities in fabrics to obtain clear whites for finished fabric or in preparation for dyeing and finishing.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - bleaching

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Bleaching is one of the most usual and important among the finishing processed. It has for its object the whitening or decolorizing of the textile fiber to which it is applied. Fibers, as they come from the plant, from the back of the sheep, or from the cocoon, are usually somewhat colored or stained. Some of them, like tussah silk or Egyptian cotton, are highly colored. This natural coloring of the fiber may be undesirable in many fabrics; hence, bleaching is employed to clear the fiber of this color. Again, most fibers accumulate stains of various kinds during the early processes of manufacture as, for example, in the spinning and weaving. This discoloration cannot be entirely removed by simple washing; hence, the bleaching process is applied to clear the fabric. In like manner, when the calicoes or other prints come from the printers, the white background between the colored figures may be soiled, spotted, or otherwise discolored; again, a light bleach is applied, but not enough appreciably to injure the color in the figures.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - bleaching

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Final bleaching.  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - bleaching

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Ensemble des procédés industriels d'ennoblissement textile qui ont pour but d'éliminer les impuretés naturelles ou artificielles des étoffes, permettant ainsi d'obtenir des blancs nets qui facilitent la teinture [...].  2, fiche 13, Français, - blanchiment

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blanchiment : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  3, fiche 13, Français, - blanchiment

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Blanchiment final.  4, fiche 13, Français, - blanchiment

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Blanqueo final.  2, fiche 13, Espagnol, - blanqueo

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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drawing : A term used for a variety of forming operations... The usual drawing process with regard to sheet metal working in a press is a method for producing a cuplike form from a sheet metal disk by holding it firmly between blankholding surfaces to prevent the formation of wrinkles while the punch travel produces the required shape.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - drawing%20press

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dishing: Forming a shallow concave surface, the area being large compared to the depth.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - drawing%20press

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emboutir : Transformer une plaque de métal, appelée flan, en une pièce de forme creuse et non développable.  2, fiche 14, Français, - presse%20%C3%A0%20emboutir

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... an on-line process in which data is entered into a system and written into its on-line files. The data may be entered by an operator at a keyboard(this is the usual meaning) or by a data capture device.  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - direct%20data%20entry

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Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A remedy afforded by law for the enforcement of a judgment. The usual process for the enforcement of a judgment for the payment of a sum of money. A writ of execution is followed by a levy or taking of the property by the officer, usually the sheriff.  2, fiche 16, Anglais, - execution%20sale

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Recours prévu par la loi pour l'exécution des jugements. Procédure normale d'exécution d'un jugement condamnant au paiement d'une somme d'argent. Après la délivrance d'un bref d'exécution, la personne compétente, habituellement le huissier, saisit les biens du débiteur.  1, fiche 16, Français, - vente%20des%20objets%20saisis

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Fiche terminologique en transactions immobilières fournie par le ministère des Affaires indiennes.  2, fiche 16, Français, - vente%20des%20objets%20saisis

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Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The products obtainable in accordance with the foregoing process are highly concentrated aroma substances which can be diluted in a manner known per se or distributed in edible materials. They can be converted into the usual forms of use(i. e. the flavouring compositions provided by this invention such as solutions, pastes or powders according to methods known per se. The products can be spray-dried, vacuum-dried or lyophilised. Examples of carrier materials which can be used to form such flavouring compositions are gum arabic, salts or brewer's yeast or similar adsorbants.  2, fiche 17, Anglais, - flavouring%20composition

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Les compositions aromatisantes sont des mélanges d'une ou plusieurs matières ou substances aromatisantes naturelles ou synthétiques pouvant être additionnés d'un ou plusieurs colorants et de solvants ou de supports divers (et d'exhausteurs de goût) (Pharmacopée 1975).  1, fiche 17, Français, - composition%20aromatisante

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Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

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There are two basic types of aspirator-burners that are used in atomic absorption. The first is the total-consumption burner... The fuel and oxidant(support) gases are mixed and combust at the tip of the burner. The sample is drawn up into the flame by the "Venturi effect, "by the support gas. The gas creates a partial vacuum above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are turbulently mixed and burned. This is the usual process of "nebulization. "The burner is called total consumption because the entire aspirated sample enters the flame.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - total%2Dconsumption%20burner

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Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Process of sending or selling goods or services directly to a client in another country, as opposed to indirect exporting where the good or service passes through an intermediary in the country of origin. It is the most usual method of exporting, especially when the volume involved becomes significant.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - direct%20exporting

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direct exporting: term and definition reproduced from the CAPITAL Business Dictionary with the permission of LID Editorial Empresarial.  2, fiche 19, Anglais, - direct%20exporting

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Exportation qui consiste à envoyer directement la marchandise au client étranger, sans qu'il existe un intermédiaire dans le pays, par opposition à exportation indirecte. Utilisée généralement pour un volume important de marchandise exportée.  1, fiche 19, Français, - exportation%20directe

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exportation directe : terme et définition extraits du CAPITAL Business Dictionary et reproduits avec l'autorisation de LID Editorial Empresarial.  2, fiche 19, Français, - exportation%20directe

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Exportación en la que la mercancía se manda directamente al cliente extranjero, a diferencia de la indirecta donde se usa un intermediario en el país de origen. Es el método más usual, especialmente cuando el volumen empieza a ser significativo.  2, fiche 19, Espagnol, - exportaci%C3%B3n%20directa

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exportación directa: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  3, fiche 19, Espagnol, - exportaci%C3%B3n%20directa

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Therapeutic touch... is based on the belief that there is an energy field radiating outward almost five centimetres from the body. The flow of energy can be fast, slow, congested, pulsating, pounding, quiet or tangled. An experienced practitioner can feel and access [this] energy and... use rhythmic hand strokes above the skin's surface to smooth the energy field to a rhythm of harmony. Therapeutic touch is being used in delivery rooms, palliative care units and AIDS hospices. The College of Nurses of Ontario has recognized it as a healing strategy. [It is] not a cure and is only used as a complement to traditional medical treatment.... X-rays have shown that the callus tissue that forms around a bone fracture during the healing process is evident in two-and-a-half weeks rather than the usual six when therapeutic touch accompanies traditional treatment.  2, fiche 20, Anglais, - therapeutic%20touch

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Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Anglais

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From a pedagogical standpoint, Brown and Burton note that grading based on the number and type of bugs or misconceptions manifested in a test would be fairer and more amenable to proper remediation than usual grading schemes based on the number of right and wrong answers. Since this proposal for more informative grading is backed by a practical method and puts to good pedagogical use the ability of computers to deal precisely with complex information, I hope that it will have an impact beyond the research laboratory. However, more proofs of feasibility to publicize this type of knowledge-oriented testing may be required before it can be widely adopted, since constructing theories of bugs is a very laborious process.  1, fiche 21, Anglais, - knowledge%2Doriented%20testing

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a process for updating or otherwise changing the information in a videotex data base in large amounts at a time, faster than by the usual manual system.  1, fiche 22, Anglais, - bulk%20update

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Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Anglais

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However, aroma may be important for some quick ripening [cheeses]. Occasionally pure culture may produce what are known as "malt", "caramel" and "burnt" flavours. The reason for this is not known, but it is probably due to a disturbed metabolism or fermentation process... The usual reason for the production of off-flavours is contamination  2, fiche 23, Anglais, - burnt%20flavor

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[Le] goût de brûlé [est] dû à S. lactis maltigenes; on ne doit pas le confondre avec le goût de cuit obtenu avec un lait chauffé trop haut, trop longtemps ou trop brutalement (...)  2, fiche 23, Français, - go%C3%BBt%20de%20br%C3%BBl%C3%A9

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