TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A bird of the family Trochilidae.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - Gould%27s%20emerald

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In English scientific usage, all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized, for example, Black-crowned Night Heron.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - Gould%27s%20emerald

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Chlorostilbon elegans, described from a single specimen by Gould in 1860, was recently shown by Weller to be a valid species, presumably extinct, and possibly(by inference) from Jamaica or the north Bahamas.  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - Gould%27s%20emerald

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Oiseau de la famille des Trochilidae.  2, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9meraude%20de%20Gould

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émeraude de Gould : terme français uniformisé par la Commission internationale des noms français des oiseaux.  2, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9meraude%20de%20Gould

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En français, les noms des espèces d'oiseaux acquièrent une valeur de nom propre; tous les substantifs génériques de même que tous les qualificatifs spécifiques qui précèdent le substantif générique doivent prendre la majuscule, par exemple : Pétrel minime, Petit Butor.  2, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9meraude%20de%20Gould

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The general principle is that any assumption that leads you to a contradiction must be false. Thus, if you can deduce a contradiction(using valid rules of inference) from a certain assumption, it is legitimate to conclude that the assumption is false. Indirect proof is an extremely useful method, both in logic and in the real world. In real world arguments, if you can start from your opponent's premises and derive a contradiction from them(which is frequently possible), it is a very powerful refutation of the opponent's position. It is because of the usefulness of IP(indirect proof) that I have decided to introduce it right away.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - indirect%20proof

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Toute proposition est vraie ou fausse (principe du tiers exclu) et 2° la double négation d'une assertion correspond à sa vérité. La combinaison de ces deux corollaires recèle un mode d'inférence, la méthode de preuve indirecte, qui permet de démontrer des théorèmes d'existence mathématiques sur la simple base de leur non-contradiction.  1, fiche 2, Français, - preuve%20indirecte

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Brown et al.(1982) reflect on the use of quantitative simulation for making inferences and see it as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the simulation provides a lot of leverage to the inference process, because large amounts of knowledge are encoded in the model and brought to bear via the simulation. On the other hand, this embedded knowledge is often based on implicit assumptions and empirical decisions on the part of the model' s designers, which may be very subtle. For instance, the formulas used to run the simulation may only be valid for certain classes of inputs. If these assumptions are not made "explicit and checkable", they can easily be violated when the simulation involves faults. For teaching purposes, the main drawback of quantitative simulation is its inability to give a full account of the causality underlying its inferences. Causality is pedagogically important because it is the main ingredient of the kinds of explanations human students can understand. In a troubleshooting context, causality, more than information content, drives the diagnostic reasoning and the decision to perform measurements.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - quantitative%20simulation

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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Voir simulateur quantitatif. Comparer à simulation qualitative.  1, fiche 3, Français, - simulation%20quantitative

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Inference modelled on a computer by symbolically representing goals, hypotheses and rules, and writing a computer program to apply rules to hypotheses to derive valid consequences for them, until one of these consequences is found to be a goal.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - automatic%20inference

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol