TERMIUM Plus^®

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APCI is a mode of ionization that is similar to ESI [electrospray ionization] in that ionization takes place at atmospheric pressure, entails nebulization and desolvation, and incorporates an interface design, which is similar to that of ESI. A key difference between APCI and ESI is that ESI is based on ions that are formed in solution, whereas APCI uses ions that are formed in the gas phase. In APCI, instead of high voltage being applied to the inlet capillary, mobile phase from the separation device is evaporated within a heater, and the vapor passes a needle with an applied current, which generates a corona discharge for the formation of stable reaction ions.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - atmospheric%20pressure%20chemical%20ionization

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L'ionisation par APCI [...] se fait grâce à une décharge couronne. Ce type de décharge se forme lorsqu'on applique une haute tension sur une aiguille. Le champ électrique à la pointe de l'aiguille devient alors suffisamment intense qu'il se produit une décharge dans l'air, ionisant ses composantes. Ces ions peuvent ensuite réagir avec les molécules neutres de l'air pour former d'autres ions et même ioniser un analyte gazeux introduit près de la décharge couronne.  2, fiche 1, Français, - ionisation%20chimique%20%C3%A0%20pression%20atmosph%C3%A9rique

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Contrairement à l'ESI [ionisation par électronébulisation], où l'ionisation des molécules s'effectue en solution, l'APCI conduit à la formation d'ions en phase gazeuse.  3, fiche 1, Français, - ionisation%20chimique%20%C3%A0%20pression%20atmosph%C3%A9rique

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APCI : L'abréviation «APCI» provient du terme anglais «atmospheric pressure chemical ionization».  4, fiche 1, Français, - ionisation%20chimique%20%C3%A0%20pression%20atmosph%C3%A9rique

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Since the vapor pressure of the oil is negligible in comparison to that of the refrigerant, the vapor phase is essentially pure refrigerant, and only the composition of the liquid phase needs to be considered. If the pressure and temperature are defined, it makes the system invariant, i. e., there can be only one composition of the liquid phase. This is just a different way of stating that an oil-refrigerant mixture having a known composition will exert a certain vapor pressure at a certain temperature.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - oil%2Drefrigerant%20mixture

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Le flux de fluide frigorigène aura, dans les installations industrielles, traversé un séparateur d'huile où s'effectuera la séparation du mélange huile-gaz frigorigène.  1, fiche 2, Français, - m%C3%A9lange%20huile%2Dgaz%20frigorig%C3%A8ne

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The stage in the cooling of a magma during which the residual fluid is strongly enriched in water and other volatiles.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - hydrothermal%20stage

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The exact limits of the stage are variously defined by different authors, in terms of phase assemblage, temperature, composition and/or vapor pressure; most definitions consider it as the last stage of igneous activity, coming at a later time, and hence at a lower temperature, than the pegmatitic stage.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - hydrothermal%20stage

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Any substance (as an aggregate of atoms or molecules), whether a gas, liquid, or solid, in a fine state of subdivision with particles too small to be visible in an ordinary optical microscope that is dispersed in a continuous gaseous, liquid, or solid medium and does not settle or settles very slowly (as the liquid droplets in fog, solid particles in smoke, bubbles in foam, or gold particles in ruby glass).  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - colloid

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Many colloids occur naturally. Others can be prepared by breaking large pieces of material into smaller pieces, as with a colloid mill... Some colloids can be prepared by condensation methods, in which atoms or molecules are induced to aggregate from solution, or in which atoms or molecules are condensed from the vapor state. There are three important types of colloids : small solid particles having the same internal structure as the bulk solid phase(sulfur suspensions in water), aggregates formed from smaller molecules(soaps in water, and large molecules of colloidal size(proteins and high polymers).  3, fiche 4, Anglais, - colloid

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Compare with "colloidal particle."  4, fiche 4, Anglais, - colloid

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Substance dispersée à l'état de particules assez fines pour traverser les filtres usuels, mais ayant des dimensions très supérieures à celles des molécules.  2, fiche 4, Français, - collo%C3%AFde

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Voir aussi «particule colloïdale».  3, fiche 4, Français, - collo%C3%AFde

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A device or machine for converting a liquid into a fine spray, especially for medical use.  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - nebulizer

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A medicinal nonventilatory nebulizer(atomizer) is a device that is intended to spray liquid medication in aerosol form into the air that a patient will breathe.... [Nebulizers are] devices designed to provide aerosolized medication and/or humidification to the patient airways.... These devices produce both vapor and finely dispersed water droplets in the liquid phase(aerosol mist) ;they are typically used with a mask or tent or in a breathing circuit. Most nebulizers are either pneumatic(driven by compressed air) or ultrasonic. Most nebulizers include a heating element to provide a warm, humid aerosol. [Nebulizers can be] heated, nonheated or ultrasonic.  5, fiche 5, Anglais, - nebulizer

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Dispositif permettant de générer un nuage d'aérosol à partir d'une solution ou d'une suspension, en vue de son administration dans les voies aériennes.  4, fiche 5, Français, - n%C3%A9buliseur

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[Les] nébuliseurs pneumatiques […] sont les premiers nébuliseurs à être apparus sur le marché. Ils sont composés de trois parties distinctes : la source de pression qui peut-être un compresseur ou un gaz (oxygène ou air comprimé); le nébuliseur (réservoir, cuve, chambre de nébulisation) dans lequel on introduit la solution à nébuliser; l'embout buccal ou le masque relié au nébuliseur.  5, fiche 5, Français, - n%C3%A9buliseur

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Properties : Colorless liquid, extremely reactive, can be polymerized in liquid or vapor phase... Derivation : Reaction of acetylene with ethanol... Hazard : Highly flammable, severe fire and explosion risk... Use : Copolymerization, intermediate.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - vinyl%20ethyl%20ether

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Chemical formula: CH₂:CHOC₂H₅  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - vinyl%20ethyl%20ether

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Formule chimique : CH₂:CHOC₂H₅  2, fiche 6, Français, - vinyl%C3%A9thyl%C3%A9ther

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Fórmula química : CH₂:CHOC₂H₅  2, fiche 6, Espagnol, - viniletil%C3%A9ter

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Greek for "arranged upon. "The growth of a single crystal semiconductor film upon a single crystal substrate. The n-type layer of silicon deposited on the substrate and buried layer is epitaxial silicon. In IC technology, it is a multilayer structure. Pertaining to a single-crystal layer on a crystalline substrate, and having the same crystalline orientation as the substrate : e. g., silicon atoms condensed from vapor phase onto a silicon-wafer substrate.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - epitaxial

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saturation vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of a system, at a given temperature, wherein the vapor of a substance is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that substance's pure liquid or solid phase.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - plane%20surface

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Air saturé. Air humide en équilibre avec une surface plane d'eau pure ou de glace à la même température et pression.  1, fiche 8, Français, - surface%20plane

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Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems are known to vent fluids with salinities substantially different from seawater as a result of phase separation and segregation of the resulting vapor and brine phases.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - ridge%20hydrothermal%20system

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ridge hydrothermal system: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - ridge%20hydrothermal%20system

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système hydrothermal de dorsales : terme en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  2, fiche 9, Français, - syst%C3%A8me%20hydrothermal%20de%20dorsales

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Système hydrothermal de dorsales océaniques.  3, fiche 9, Français, - syst%C3%A8me%20hydrothermal%20de%20dorsales

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In oxychlorination, ethylene reacts with dry HCl and either air or pure oxygen in a heterogeneous catalytic reaction to form EDC and water.... While there are many different commercial oxychlorination processes, in each case the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase in either a fixed bed or fluid bed reactor containing a modified Deacon catalyst.  3, fiche 10, Anglais, - oxychlorination

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Réaction du chlore obtenue en faisant agir un mélange d'oxygène et d'acide chlorhydrique sur un composé chimique.  2, fiche 10, Français, - oxychloration

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In a liquid/vapor diphasic flow, the ratio between the mass flow of the vapor phase and the total mass flow.  2, fiche 11, Anglais, - steam%20quality

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Dans un écoulement diphasique, liquide et vapeur, rapport entre le débit massique de la phase vapeur et le débit massique total.  3, fiche 11, Français, - titre%20en%20vapeur

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L'équivalent en anglais est «steam quality» dans le cas de l'eau et, dans le cas des autres fluides, «vapour quality» (Grande-Bretagne) ou «vapor quality» (États-Unis).  3, fiche 11, Français, - titre%20en%20vapeur

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The temperature at which the liquid and vapor phases within a fluid inclusion form a single fluid phase upon heating...  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - homogenization%20temperature

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G. Deicha pense que la recherche des températures d'homogénéisation de ces inclusions permet d'avoir une idée de la température critique des solutions-mères et des conditions physiques au moment de la cristallisation.  2, fiche 12, Français, - temp%C3%A9rature%20d%27homog%C3%A9n%C3%A9isation

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Deux gisements de fluorite de la région du Zaghouan, l'un de fracture, l'autre stratiforme, renferment tous deux des inclusions fluides d'eau et de pétrole, avec des températures d'homogénéisation comprises entre 100° et 140° dans les deux cas.  3, fiche 12, Français, - temp%C3%A9rature%20d%27homog%C3%A9n%C3%A9isation

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The pressure exerted by a saturated vapour above its own liquid in a closed container.  5, fiche 13, Anglais, - vapor%20pressure

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Three facts are important to remember: (1) vapour pressure of a substance at 100°F (38°C) is always higher than the vapour pressure of the substance at 68°F (20°C). (2) Vapour pressures reported in mm Hg are usually very low pressures; 760 mm Hg is equivalent to 14.7 pounds per square inch. (3) the lower the boiling point of a substance, the higher its vapour pressure.  6, fiche 13, Anglais, - vapor%20pressure

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[The] vapor pressure [is] usually expressed in millimeters of mercury ...  7, fiche 13, Anglais, - vapor%20pressure

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The vapor pressure for a compressed gas is expressed in psig. The vapor pressure of commercial propane is 124 psig at 70°F and 286 psig at 130°F.  8, fiche 13, Anglais, - vapor%20pressure

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It is important to make a distinction between the vapor pressure of a liquid... and the pressure of a vapor. The vapor pressure of a pure liquid is a unique and characteristic property of the liquid and depends only upon the temperature. A gas or vapor may, on the other hand, exert any pressure within reason, depending upon the volume to which it is confined, provided it is not in contact with its liquid phase.  9, fiche 13, Anglais, - vapor%20pressure

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Pression exercée, à une température donnée, par la vapeur qu'émet un liquide, sur les parois closes du récipient qui le contient.  3, fiche 13, Français, - pression%20de%20vapeur

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On appelle vapeurs les corps gazeux qu'on trouve habituellement, [...] à l'état liquide, ou qu'on peut facilement ramener à cet état. [...] Dans des conditions particulières, la vapeur peut se trouver en contact avec la phase liquide et en équilibre avec celle-ci; si l'équilibre est stable, la pression de la vapeur ne dépend que de la température, et la vapeur est alors dite saturée. La pression de la vapeur dans le milieu qui la contient est en général appelée tension de vapeur; la vapeur peut se condenser [...] sous l'effet d'un accroissement de pression.  4, fiche 13, Français, - pression%20de%20vapeur

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La tension de vapeur est maximum quand la vapeur est saturée.  3, fiche 13, Français, - pression%20de%20vapeur

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Cr oxides - oxidative dissolution. Anodic polarisation leads to dissolution of Cr^IIIand Cr^IV oxides in both acidic and alkaline media.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - chromium%20oxide

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We demonstrate that two phases CrO2 and Cr2O3 oxides can be grown by using laser initiated deposition(laser-induced Organic-Metallic Chemical Vapor Deposition(LMOCVD) and laser-induced deposition from solution(LISD), whose mechanism is similar to the first one but in solution and LISD has both advantages of chemical vapor deposition and electroless deposition). The magnetization measurements show that both chromium oxides are presented, and the relative weight of each phase depends on the experimental conditions such as oxygen partial pressure.  4, fiche 14, Anglais, - chromium%20oxide

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chromium oxide: A generic term which includes "chromium(III) oxide" and "chromium(VI) oxide" (q.v.).  5, fiche 14, Anglais, - chromium%20oxide

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Le Cr est l'élément primordial de la résistance à la corrosion; en effet dans les atmosphères uniquement oxydantes il se forme une pellicule d'oxyde de Cr qui ralentit la progression de l'oxydation jusqu'à une certaine température; [...]  4, fiche 14, Français, - oxyde%20de%20chrome

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Le Chrome sous forme d'oxyde Cr2O3 amphotère est utilisé en céramique pour ses propriétés colorantes, seul il donne des verts intenses. [...] L'oxyde de chrome est très réfractaire et résistant à la réduction, il est utilisé comme colorant pour l'estampillage sous couverte des porcelaines (1350-1400 °C).  5, fiche 14, Français, - oxyde%20de%20chrome

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Le groupe n° 3 : «composés trivalents du chrome» (Cr3+) (composés chromiques) incluant l'oxyde chromique (Cr2O3), qui est l'oxyde de chrome vert; [...]  5, fiche 14, Français, - oxyde%20de%20chrome

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oxyde de chrome : terme générique qui englobe l'oxyde de chrome(III) et l'oxyde de chrome(VI).  6, fiche 14, Français, - oxyde%20de%20chrome

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Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In meteorology, the condition existing in a given portion of the atmosphere (or other space) when the relative humidity is greater than 100 per cent, that is, when it contains more water vapor than is needed to produce saturation with respect to a plane surface of pure water or pure ice.  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - supersaturation

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Such supersaturation does develop because frequently there is no "plane surface of pure water(or ice) "available. In the absence of water surfaces and in the absence of condensation nuclei or any wettable surfaces, phase change from vapor to liquid cannot occur due to the free energy barrier imposed by the surface free energy of the embryonic droplets which would then have to form by spontaneous nucleation... Cloud condensation occurs in our atmosphere at relative humidities near 100 per cent only because nature provides an abundance of condensation nuclei.  2, fiche 15, Anglais, - supersaturation

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A most air sample is said to be supersaturated with respect to water or to ice.  3, fiche 15, Anglais, - supersaturation

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Formation des nuages. - La condensation se produit théoriquement quand l'air qui se refroidit atteint le point de condensation mais si l'air est très pur, il peut contenir une quantité de vapeur d'eau supérieure à la saturation sans que la phase liquide apparaisse. On parle alors de sursaturation.  2, fiche 15, Français, - sursaturation

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Il faut préciser s'il s'agit d'une sursaturation par rapport à la glace ou par rapport à l'eau.  3, fiche 15, Français, - sursaturation

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Le terme «sursaturation» a aussi un autre sens en chimie physique.  3, fiche 15, Français, - sursaturation

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Estado del aire que contiene más vapor del que corresponde, como máximo, a su temperatura y presión.  1, fiche 15, Espagnol, - sobresaturaci%C3%B3n

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Thermocouple Psychrometry. A relatively modern technique for measuring water potential uses the flow of current through a small thin thermocouple(TC) to measure the water content of the vapor phase above a sample. Electrical current flows through a TC as a function of temperature, and temperature changes as water evaporates off the TC. The flux of water off the TC is determined by the amount of water in the vapor phase, which in turn, depends upon the water potential of the sample. Today, we will measure the water potential as well as the osmotic potential of some plant samples using the Decagon thermocouple psychrometer and nanovoltmeter. This device has nine sample chambers. We will fill three of the chambers with standard solutions to provide calibration of the TC, three with leaf samples, and three with crushed leaf samples(crushed to eliminate pressure potential P, leaving only osmotic potential as contributing to water potential). We will then let the samples equilibrate for 2 hours. We will need to calibrate the Decagon instrument to correct for the effect of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity on it's performance.  3, fiche 16, Anglais, - thermocouple%20psychrometer

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psychrometer. A device consisting of two thermometers, one of which is covered with a water saturated wick, used for determining relative humidity; for a given set of wet bulb and dry bulb temperature readings, relative humidity is read from a chart.  4, fiche 16, Anglais, - thermocouple%20psychrometer

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Actuellement les deux techniques les plus courantes de mesures du potentiel hydrique [...] sont : - le micropsychromètre. Le principe de la mesure est le suivant : si deux phases, une liquide ou solide, l'autre gazeuse, d'une même substance, ici l'eau, sont en équilibre, leurs potentiels hydriques sont les mêmes. Il est donc possible de mesurer le potentiel hydrique d'un tissu en déterminant le potentiel de la vapeur d'eau de l'air en équilibre avec lui dans des petites chambres de volume inférieur à un centimètre cube où l'échantillon étudié est enfermé pendant quelques heures. Le potentiel hydrique de l'air en mégapascal est alors égal à 1,064 T log U.  2, fiche 16, Français, - micropsychrom%C3%A8tre

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Nucleus on which the freezing of water occurs.  2, fiche 17, Anglais, - freezing%20nucleus

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Freezing nuclei are thus special forms of ice nuclei which nucleate the liquid phase, while the other type, sublimation nuclei, nucleate the vapor phase in starting the growth of an ice crystal.  3, fiche 17, Anglais, - freezing%20nucleus

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Noyau sur lequel s'opère la congélation de l'eau.  2, fiche 17, Français, - noyau%20de%20cong%C3%A9lation

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Núcleo sobre el que se produce la congelación del agua.  1, fiche 17, Espagnol, - n%C3%BAcleo%20de%20congelaci%C3%B3n

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sublimation : A phase change in which a substance, such as a dye, passes directly from the solid to the vapor phase without passing through a liquid phase.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - phase%20change

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Phase dans laquelle une substance, par exemple une teinture, passe directement de l'état solide à l'état de vapeur sans passer par l'état liquide.  1, fiche 18, Français, - changement%20de%20phase

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sublimation : A phase change in which a substance, such as a dye, passes directly from the solid to the vapor phase without passing through a liquid phase. The process is the basis for transfer printing.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - transfer%20printing

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In reservoir mechanics, the formation of liquid droplets in a gas as the well is produced and the pressure drops.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - retrograde%20condensation

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Retrograde condensation is the phenomenon that deals with the phase(liquid and vapor) behavior of a hydrocarbon mixture in the critical region where gas is converted to a liquid through a reduction in pressure.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - retrograde%20condensation

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When pressure is decreased, instead of the hydrocarbons expanding (as might be expected), they tend to condense. This phenomenon is known as retrograde condensation.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - retrograde%20condensation

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Condensation se produisant par chute de pression isotherme, ou à pression constante par un accroissement de température.  1, fiche 20, Français, - condensation%20r%C3%A9trograde

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The condition for coexistence in stable equilibrium of a vapor and liquid or a vapor and solid phase of the same substance.  1, fiche 21, Anglais, - saturation

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As an example, steam over the water from which it is being generated.  1, fiche 21, Anglais, - saturation

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État de ce qui est saturé.  1, fiche 21, Français, - saturation

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L'air dont la vapeur d'eau atteint sa tension maximale (c'est-à-dire quand sa pression partielle ne peut plus augmenter) se trouve au point de saturation. À ce moment, la teneur en vapeur d'eau ou humidité absolue de l'air [...] atteint sa valeur maximale : l'air est dit alors saturé (il atteint son point de rosée).  1, fiche 21, Français, - saturation

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Precipitation : The process of producing a separable solid phase within a liquid medium; represents the formation of a new condensed phase such as a vapor or gas condensing to liquid droplets; a new solid phase gradually precipitates within a solid alloy as a result of slow, inner chemical reaction; in analytical chemistry, precipitation is used to separate a solid phase in an aqueous solution.  2, fiche 22, Anglais, - precipitation%20vessel

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Cloud formation makes the convection process visible. An unstable atmospheric column will lead to updrafts. If the air below is moist, the updraft will lead to condensation into droplets. The condensation process accelerates the updraft owing to the release of latent heat. Examples are the various types of cumulus clouds (e.g., cumulus, cumulus congestus, cumulonimbus).  2, fiche 23, Anglais, - condensation%20process

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condensation. Phase transition from gas to liquid, accompanied by release of heat. In meteorology, condensation(the opposite of evaporation) usually refers to the method by which water vapor becomes a liquid.  2, fiche 23, Anglais, - condensation%20process

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Pour que le nuage se développe encore, les étages moyen et supérieur de la troposphère doivent être instables. La chaleur latente libérée par le processus de condensation va accroître cette instabilité en réchauffant l'air ascendant.  1, fiche 23, Français, - processus%20de%20condensation

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A number of support materials are available for liquid chromatography. For general application, Corasil, Zipax, or other similar materials are widely used supports for liquid-liquid systems; a polar liquid is normally used as the stationary phase, with a nonpolar mobile phase. If a non-polar stationary phase is to be employed(called reversed-phase liquid-liquid chromatography), then the support has to be silanized by exposing to chlorosilane vapor in a desiccator for a few days, followed by washing with alcohol. Then it is ready for coating with the stationary phase.  1, fiche 24, Anglais, - reversed%2Dphase%20liquid%2Dliquid%20chromatography

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Saturated Liquid Temperature (Bubble Point). In the condenser, this is the temperature at which the last bit of vapor has condensed.  1, fiche 25, Anglais, - saturated%20liquid%20temperature

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saturated liquid : If we place a given mass of liquid water with an initial temperature of 20 degrees C in a cylinder... and then add heat continuously, the water will undergo state and phase changes... the temperature of the liquid water will increase... until the temperature reaches 100 degrees C..., at which point the water starts to vaporize(the phenomenon known as boiling).... The water at the start of vaporization... is described as a saturated liquid and at the end of vaporization as a saturated vapor.  2, fiche 25, Anglais, - saturated%20liquid%20temperature

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Si l'on chauffe un corps pur [...] la température s'élève [...] jusqu'à la température de vaporisation, à laquelle la vapeur commence à apparaître [...]  2, fiche 25, Français, - temp%C3%A9rature%20de%20liquide%20satur%C3%A9

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The Messing and Durkee [digester]... design of inclined tube with conveyor flights.... By using two M & D tubes in series... it is possible to maintain better control over the impregnation stage. It has been shown that, with complete impregnation, the cooking stage can be carried out very quickly in a high-temperature steam atmosphere. This technique [is] known as "rapid vapor phase cooking"....  1, fiche 26, Anglais, - rapid%20vapor%20phase%20cooking

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Upon heating, biomass materials undergo solid phase pyrolysis at relatively low temperature(300°C), forming reactive volatile matter, a few permanent gas species and solid char. Unlike the various coals and peats, biomass materials typically lose 70% or more of their weight by the solid phase pyrolysis reactions. This transformation of the bulk of the biomass material from the solid to the vapor phase suggests the important role of vapor phase chemistry in the pyrolysis of biomass materials. Recognizing the highly reactive nature of the major constituents of the volatile matter, the significance of the vapor phase chemistry becomes even more apparent.  1, fiche 27, Anglais, - vapour%20phase%20pyrolysis

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A chip cooking process sometimes used in a sulfite pulp mill in which fully impregnated chips are separated from the excess impregnation liquor. Cooking subsequently takes place predominately in a vapor phase.  1, fiche 28, Anglais, - vapor%20phase%20pulping

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Ethylene is... oxidized to ethylene oxide in the vapor phase with air in tubular reactors with supported silver catalysts.  1, fiche 29, Anglais, - silver%20catalyst

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(...) en faisant passer de l'éthylène et de l'oxygène sur un catalyseur à l'argent, on obtient de l'oxyde d'éthylène (...).  1, fiche 29, Français, - catalyseur%20%C3%A0%20l%27argent

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The order of suppression was considered to be the result of vapor phase interferences.  1, fiche 30, Anglais, - vapor%20phase%20interference

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Interactions chimiques. On distinguera en général deux types d'interférences : les interférences en phase vapeur dans la flamme, les interférences en phase condensée. (...) En phase vapeur, une part importante des modifications d'équilibre proviendra des constituants de la flamme : comburant, combustible et leur produit de réaction.  1, fiche 30, Français, - interf%C3%A9rence%20en%20phase%20vapeur

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