TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The art and science of arranging conditions so that the parts themselves spontaneously assemble into the desired structure.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - self%2Dassembly

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A basic principle in self assembly is selective stickiness: if two molecular parts have complementary shapes and charge patterns, one part has a hollow where the other part has a bump, and one part has a positive charge where the other part has a negative charge, then they will tend to stick together in one particular way. By shaking these parts around, something which thermal noise does for us quite naturally if the parts are floating in solution, the parts will eventually, purely by chance, be brought together in just the right way and combine into a bigger part. This bigger part can combine in the same way with other parts, letting us gradually build a complex whole from molecular pieces by stirring them together and shaking.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - self%2Dassembly

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The key to building electronic devices out of individual molecules is self assembly.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - self%2Dassembly

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Historically, the idea of supramolecular interactions dates back to the famous metaphor of Emil Fischer(1894), who described a selective interaction of molecules as the lock and key principle. Today, supramolecular chemistry has by far surpassed its original focus. Molecular self-assemblies combine several features of covalent and non-covalent synthesis to make large and structurally well-defined assemblies of atoms. Single van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds are weak relative to typical covalent bonds and comparable to thermal energies. Therefore, many of these weak non-covalent interactions are necessary in order to achieve molecular stability in self-assembled aggregates. In biology, there are many complex systems of nanoscale structures such as proteins and viruses which are formed by self-assembly. Living systems sum up many weak interactions between chemical entities to make large ones.  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - self%2Dassembly

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Opération par laquelle des molécules s'associent spontanément pour donner une structure complexe de géométrie bien définie.  2, fiche 1, Français, - autoassemblage

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'autoassemblage [offre] la possibilité de construire une molécule complexe et hautement structurée en une seule opération au cours de laquelle plusieurs liaisons [...] sont simultanément formées.  3, fiche 1, Français, - autoassemblage

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

L'autre avantage de l'autoassemblage est de permettre la mise en place provisoire de deux fragments moléculaires en vue d'une réaction ultérieure que l'on souhaite effectuer dans une disposition bien déterminée.  3, fiche 1, Français, - autoassemblage

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Autoassemblage sur surface.  4, fiche 1, Français, - autoassemblage

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En el autoensamblaje, el nanoconstructor introduce átomos particulares o moléculas dentro de una superficie o dentro de una naoestructura preconstruida. Entonces, las moléculas se alinean (ellas mismas) dentro de posiciones particulares, algunas veces formando uniones débiles y otras veces formando uniones covalentes fuertes, en orden de minimizar la energía total.  1, fiche 1, Espagnol, - autoensamblaje

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Se comienza con una estructura nanométrica como una molécula y mediante un proceso de montaje o autoensamblado, totalmente automático, se crea un mecanismo mayor que el mecanismo con el que comenzamos.  2, fiche 1, Espagnol, - autoensamblaje

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Weak interactions are responsible for the fact that all the more massive quarks and leptons decay to produce lighter quarks and leptons. When a particle decays, it disappears and in its place two or more particles appear. The sum of the masses of the produced particles is always less than the mass of the original particle. This is why stable matter around us contains only electrons and the lightest two quarks(up and down.) When a quark or lepton changes type(i. e. a muon changing to an electron) it is said to change flavor. All flavor changes are due to the weak interaction. The carrier particles of the weak intereactions are the W+, W-, and the Z bosons. The W's are electrically charged and the Z is neutral. A very interesting aspect of the Standard Model is that electromagnetic interactions and weak intereactions are combined into a unified interaction called electroweak.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - W%2D%20boson

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'une des conséquences de cette théorie (unifiant les forces magnétique et nucléaire faible) est que les médiateurs de l'interaction faible sont trois particules: les bosons intermédiaires W+, W- et Zo, qui jouent le même rôle que le photon dans l'interaction électromagnétique. Ces trois nouvelles particules devaient avoir une masse de l'ordre 100 GeV, soit cent fois celle du proton; elles ont été découvertes en 1983 grâce au synchrotron à protons de 400 GeV du CERN.  1, fiche 2, Français, - boson%20interm%C3%A9diaire%20W%2D

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Quarks are fundamental particles that carry fractional electric charge and are strongly interacting. They also have a quantum number called "colour".... Weak nuclear interactions... are experienced by both quarks and leptons. The weak interaction is currently believed to be a manifestation of the electroweak interaction. Weak interactions are responsible for beta decay, and it is only by weak interactions that neutrinos can be located.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - weak%20nuclear%20interaction

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, il existe dans la nature quatre types d'interaction [...] À l'échelle nucléaire et dans le domaine d'énergie qui intéresse la physique des réacteurs nucléaires, trois des quatre interactions sont concernées : interaction électromagnétique (émission de photons), nucléaire faible (radioactivité bêta), nucléaire forte.  1, fiche 3, Français, - interaction%20nucl%C3%A9aire%20faible

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Interaction of d-T neutrons and their product particles with the various reactor materials gives a broad range of transmutation products most of which are unstable and subsequently decay by emission of y[ gamma]-rays, ß-particles or weak X-rays.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - transmutation%20product

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Nuclear and atomic data for radiation damage calculations and helium and other transmutation product cross-section determinations in high energy neutron fields.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - transmutation%20product

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transmutation: A nuclear process in which one nuclide is transformed into the nuclide of a different element.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - transmutation%20product

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Critères de sélection des matériaux absorbants. Viennent ensuite [...] la nature des produits de transmutation : s'ils sont également absorbants (cas du hafnium et des terres rares), la durée de vie des barres de commande est allongée (cas du Hf et du Dy); si un gaz est créé (cas de l'hélium dans le bore), cette durée est diminuée à cause de la dégradation mécanique qui en résulte [...]  2, fiche 4, Français, - produit%20de%20transmutation

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Transmutation [...] veut dire recyclage des déchets dans des réacteurs de façon à les transformer en déchets radioactifs de courte période [...]  3, fiche 4, Français, - produit%20de%20transmutation

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrary to standard e-beams, this beam is free from spacecraft charging and plasma interaction problems; also, its energy flux is weak but varies across the cross section, which is large, making possible continuous observation from the spacecraft with high resolution of induced emissions. Line of sight sweeps would provide a brightness scan of line-integrated emission.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - brightness%20scan

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Since then a series of neutrino experiments at CERN and at the Fermi Laboratory near Chicago have given results in good agreement with theory. Other laboratories have also made successful tests of effects of the weak neutral current interaction.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - neutral%20current%20interaction

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Type d'interaction faible entre un neutrino et des particules lourdes sans que le neutrino se transforme en neutron.  2, fiche 6, Français, - interaction%20%C3%A0%20courants%20neutres

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A hypothetical massive elementary particle held to be responsible for the weak interaction.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - weak%20particle

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

One of the weakons responsible for transmitting the weak nuclear force.  2, fiche 7, Anglais, - weak%20particle

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

a fundamental interaction experienced by elementary particles that is responsible for some particle decay processes, for nuclear beta decay, and for emission and absorption of neutrinos.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - weak%20interaction

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Above [10¹⁵ degrees Kelvin], the force responsible for nuclear decay and for the energy of the sun, known as the weak interaction, is profoundly changed in character : the condensate responsible for making the weak interactions weak vaporizes.  3, fiche 8, Anglais, - weak%20interaction

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Aux deux champs fondamentaux responsables [des phénomènes de la gravitation et de l'électromagnétisme] s'en ajoutent en réalité deux autres, apparus avec la physique nucléaire [...]: ce sont le champ des interactions "fortes" (ou nucléaires) [...], et le champ des interactions "faibles", qui se manifeste dans la radioactivité [bêta] des noyaux et dans la plupart des désintégrations des particules élémentaires.  2, fiche 8, Français, - interaction%20faible

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Charm is a property much like strangeness : it must be conserved in all strong and electromagnetic interactions but not in weak ones. Hence the lightest charmed particles should decay only through the weak interaction, and they should have commensurately long lifetimes.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - charmed

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On distingue, selon les notations les plus courantes, les quarks u et d, qui constituent le proton et le neutron, le quark étrange s, et le quark charmé c.  2, fiche 9, Français, - charm%C3%A9

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol