TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Originally, keyboard tablatures must have suggested a practical link to the keys of the instrument. Indeed, the anonymous tenth-century Bern organ treatise... describes the presence of pitch names, for the performer's visual reference, written directly on the keys of the organ. If letters of the alphabet could be used in this way, it is just as conceivable that numbers could have been used in a similar manner. Thus, the origin of "German" keyboard tablatures may be associated with the practice of lettered keys, and the origin of "Spanish" tablatures may, at least hypothetically, be associated with numbered keys.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - keyboard%20tablature

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A hearing instrument practitioner(HIP) dispenses hearing aids to anyone 16 years or older. Many hearing instrument practitioners are also audiologists. A hearing instrument practitioner must graduate from an approved two-year diploma course, complete 660 work experience hours, pass an international written exam, and pass a practical exam given by the College of Speech and Hearing Health Professionals of BC.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - hearing%20instrument%20practitioner

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The issuing authority can remove the restriction provided that the current year IRT [instrument rating test] written exams have been completed.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - issuing%20authority

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'autorité compétente peut libérer le candidat des restrictions en vigueur à condition que ce dernier ait réussi les examens écrits de l'année en cours en vue de la qualification de vol aux instruments.  2, fiche 3, Français, - autorit%C3%A9%20comp%C3%A9tente

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A music copyist is someone who prepares written music for a musician. He or she will be given a musical arrangement that contains several instruments, and it's the job of the music copyist to separate and put onto different sheets of paper the notes for each individual instrument.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - music%20copyist

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Celui qui fait profession de copier de la musique.  1, fiche 4, Français, - copiste%20de%20musique

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The process, or the art, of determining the sense, real meaning, or proper explanation of obscure or ambiguous terms or provisions in a statute, written instrument, or oral agreement, or the application of such subject to the case in question, by reasoning in the light derived from extraneous connected circumstances or laws or writings bearing upon the same or a connected matter, or by seeking and applying the probable aim and purpose of the provision.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - construction

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

This term is properly distinguished from "interpretation" although the two are often used synonymously. In strictness, interpretation is limited to exploring the written text, while construction goes beyond and may call in the aid of extrinsic considerations ...  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - construction

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En Droit public, l'interprétation ne consiste pas seulement à dégager le sens exact d'un texte qui serait peu clair, mais aussi à en déterminer la portée, c'est-à-dire le champ d'application temporel, spatial et juridique, ainsi que l'éventuelle supériorité vis-à-vis d'autres normes.  2, fiche 5, Français, - interpr%C3%A9tation

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the case of a work made for hire, the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered the author for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright.(1976, Copyright Act(U. S. A.), al. 201b)).  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - work%20made%20for%20hire

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A written instrument such as a deed temporarily deposited with a third party, a stranger to the transaction, by agreement of the parties directly involved.  2, fiche 7, Anglais, - escrow

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

acte entiercé : ce terme ne s'emploie que lorsque la délivrance sous condition est faite à un tiers, ce qui n'est pas toujours le cas.  1, fiche 7, Français, - acte%20entierc%C3%A9

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pliego cerrado y sellado dentro del cual se guarda un testamento, una orden o algún otro documento que solamente debe conocerse mediante su apertura en el tiempo establecido, en las condiciones fijadas y en presencia de las personas a que concierna o estén indicadas.  3, fiche 7, Espagnol, - plica

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A written instrument which has not been fully executed or made effective by the parties; as a written contract which has been signed by the parties but has not yet been delivered.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - executory%20instrument

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Where the author, by an instrument in writing creates a trust, it is called a written trust. An oral trust, may in certain circumstances, be treated as a written trust. A written trust may either be specific or discretionary.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - written%20trust

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... the Register is not open for inspection except when the trustee of a trust (in writing) authorizes a person to inspect the entry of that trust on the Register.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - written%20trust

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fiducie expresse créée par écrit.  2, fiche 9, Français, - fiducie%20%C3%A9crite

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pertaining to a will or testament... A paper, instrument, document, gift, appointment, etc. is said to be "testamentary" when it is written or made so as not to take effect until after the death of the person making it.(Black's, 5th ed., 1979)  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - testamentary

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

testamentaire : terme normalisé dans le cadre du Programme de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 10, Français, - testamentaire

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The act or mode of giving authority or legal authenticity to a... record or other written instrument, or a certified copy thereof, so as to render it legally admissible in evidence.(Black's, p. 121)  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - authentication

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

authentification : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 11, Français, - authentification

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Since the object of a record is to give an instrument both perpetuity and publicity, under some statutes it has been held that actual transcription or copying of the instrument "in haec verba" is essential for valid recording. It has also been held that since to record an instrument means to transcribe it, to repeat it or recite it in a book of record kept for the purpose of perpetuating the terms or recitals contained in the instrument so recorded, whether a record is written with a pen, a typewriter, or printed, makes no difference as long as it is a true and correct copy and record of the instrument prescribed.(76 "Corpus Juris Secundum", p. 119).  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - transcription

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transcription : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 12, Français, - transcription

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An act by which a State, on whose behalf the treaty has not been signed orratified, formally, and in accordance with the terms of the treaty, accepts, in a written instrument duly executed, the treaty as binding.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - accession%20to%20a%20treaty

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Acte par lequel un État déclare prendre à sa charge les engagements arrêtés entre deux ou plusieurs États et faire son profit personnel des avantages que le traité est susceptible d'offrir.  3, fiche 13, Français, - accession%20%C3%A0%20un%20trait%C3%A9

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reproducido de Law Terminology con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  2, fiche 13, Espagnol, - accesi%C3%B3n%20a%20un%20tratado

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Document; instrument. These terms are quite similar in import, but document is slightly broader. Document refers to any written thing, whereas instrument usually refers to a legal document with a specific legal import.(Garner, p. 196)  1, fiche 14, Anglais, - document

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

document : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 14, Français, - document

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] formal legal document whereby a right is created or confirmed, or a fact recorded; a formal writing of any kind as an agreement, deed, charter, or record drawn up and executed in technical form. (Yogis, 2nd, p. 114)  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - instrument

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The phrases written instrument and instrument in writing are redundancies when a legal instrument is clearly contemplated, in as much as there is no such thing as an oral instrument.(Garner, p. 304)  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - instrument

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme «instrument» est l'équivalent générique; «acte» s'emploie dans certaines expressions dérivées : «acte testamentaire», «acte entre vifs».  1, fiche 15, Français, - instrument

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

instrument; acte : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 15, Français, - instrument

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Doctrine that a will, duly executed and witnessed according to statutory requirements, may incorporate into itself by an appropriate reference a written paper or document which is in existence at the time of execution of the will, irrespective of whether such document is one executed by the testator or a third person, whether it is executed and attested as a will, or whether it is in and of itself a valid instrument, provided the document referred to is identified by clear and satisfactory proof.(Ballentine's, 3rd ed., 1969, p. 604)  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - doctrine%20of%20incorporation%20by%20reference

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

doctrine de l'incorporation par renvoi : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 16, Français, - doctrine%20de%20l%27incorporation%20par%20renvoi

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... reports are written by the CIEE [Council on International Education Exchange] program directors with input from resident staff overseas, and students evaluate their experience through an on-line evaluation instrument.  2, fiche 17, Anglais, - resident%20staff%20overseas

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A mode by which property is conveyed or voluntarily transferred from one person to another by means of a written instrument and other formalities.(Jowitt's, 2nd ed., 1977, p. 457).  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - conveyance

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transport : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 18, Français, - transport

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Acte juridique qui a pour effet de faire passer un droit (surtout de propriété) d'un titulaire à un autre.  2, fiche 18, Français, - transport

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Lorsque, par emploi métonymique, «conveyance» désigne aussi le document, il est rendu en français par «acte de transport».  2, fiche 18, Français, - transport

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The sentence subscribed to a written instrument signed by the witnesses to its execution, stating that they have witnessed it.(Jowitt's, 2nd ed., 1977)  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - attestation%20clause

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

By the usual attestation clause, the witnesses declare that the testator signed (or acknowledged) "In the presence of us, present at the same time, who, at his request and in his presence, have set and subscribed our names as attesting witnesses". (Feeney, Canadian Law of Wills, 1982, vol. 1, p. 69)  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - attestation%20clause

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

clause d'attestation; formule d'attestation : termes normalisés par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 19, Français, - clause%20d%27attestation

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

clausula : A clause; a sentence or part of a sentence in a written instrument or law.  2, fiche 20, Anglais, - clausula%20rebus%20sic%20stantibus

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 2 OBS

rebus sic stantibus ... a principle in international law according to which all international treaties and agreements are presumed to be valid and must be observed to the letter unless some important changes take place as to the parties to the treaties or agreements, or the subject matter (e.g., if an existing agreement is considered illegal or if any party to the treaty, a state, disintegrates or becomes conquered).  3, fiche 20, Anglais, - clausula%20rebus%20sic%20stantibus

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

there is a current trend to dispense with the appellation "rebus sic stantibus". According to this doctrine, a fundamental change in the state of facts which existed at the time the treaty was concluded may be invoked as a ground for terminating the treaty, or for withdrawing from it.  2, fiche 20, Anglais, - clausula%20rebus%20sic%20stantibus

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 3 OBS

The expression "fundamental change of circumstances" has been used instead of "rebus sic stantibus" in Art. 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.  4, fiche 20, Anglais, - clausula%20rebus%20sic%20stantibus

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Certains affirment qu'il existe dans tout traité une clause tacite d'après laquelle le traité ne demeure obligatoire que tant que les choses restent en l'état. Ils invoquent à l'appui le principe : «omnis conventio intelligitur rebus sic stantibus». Cette clause tacite est ainsi dénommée «clause rebus sic stantibus».  2, fiche 20, Français, - clause%20rebus%20sic%20stantibus

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'expression «changement fondamental de circonstances» a remplacé «rebus sic stantibus» à l'Art. 62 de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités.  3, fiche 20, Français, - clause%20rebus%20sic%20stantibus

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In federal contract law, a written contract with sufficient provisions to permit the contractor to begin performance.  2, fiche 21, Anglais, - letter%20contract

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A letter contract is a written preliminary contractual instrument that authorizes the contractor to begin immediately manufacturing supplies or perdorming services.  3, fiche 21, Anglais, - letter%20contract

Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Termes provenant du Guide de la politique des approvisionnements et services en usage au MAS.  2, fiche 21, Français, - contrat%2Dlettre

Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 22,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 DEF

To state in a written instrument facts connected with its inception, or reasons for its being made.(Black, 5th ed., 1979, p. 1142).  1, fiche 22, Anglais, - recite

Fiche 22,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

énoncer : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, fiche 22, Français, - %C3%A9noncer

Fiche 22,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Endorser's writing on a check limiting his liability in event of nonpayment or nonacceptance of an instrument. It usually is written with the words "Without Recourse", or similar words to indicate the endorser is not secondarily liable for payment.  3, fiche 23, Anglais, - qualified%20endorsement

Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Endossement qui précise ou limite la responsabilité de l'endosseur. Si l'endosseur écrit les mots «sans recours» avec son endossement, ce dernier devient un endossement conditionnel.  1, fiche 23, Français, - endossement%20sous%20r%C3%A9serve

Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 24,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 DEF

surrender : the voluntary relinquishment of a right, or of a power or office, by one person(the surrenderor) to another(the surrenderee), either by written instrument or by delivery of the thing which is the object of the right.  3, fiche 24, Anglais, - abdication

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

surrender: A fundamental category of juridical acts in the common law.  3, fiche 24, Anglais, - abdication

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Surrender is a generic term for all acts of the kind, [mentioned in the definition] but the following specific terms, including surrender itself, are normally used depending on what is surrender: surrender for an estate, lease, patent, insurance policy or physical object; disclaimer, renunciation, for an estate, succession, inheritance or office, especially if not yet vested or if unwanted or burdensome; resignation, reliquishment, for an office; waiver release, for a right of action; waiver renunciation, for a right to attend a meeting, right to receive notice, right to generally to the benefit of an obligation; release for a debt, usually on its satisfaction, e.g. for a mortgage; remission for an unsatisfied debt; discontinuance for the reliquishment and consequent termination of a judicial action by written notice given by a plaintiff, or for the termination of an abandoned action by court order. All the above should be clearly distinguished from abandonment, which is a unilateral and unwritten act of relinquishment, e.g. of a child, a ship, land, a building, goods, or of a judicial action where no notice of relinquishment is given by the plaintiff (in which connection abandonment does not terminate the action if the possibility subsists of it being revived); and from forfeiture, which is involuntary.  3, fiche 24, Anglais, - abdication

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 3 OBS

surrender: Term, definition and observations reproduced from Law Terminology with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.  4, fiche 24, Anglais, - abdication

Fiche 24,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En droit civil, surrender est désigné par le terme délaissement. Cette notion a une application plus restreinte : matière hypothécaire ou livraison d'une chose mobilière ou immobilière.  5, fiche 24, Français, - abandon%20volontaire

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 2 OBS

acte d'abdication, acte abdicatif, abandon et renonciation : Termes reproduits de Law Terminology avec l'autorisation du Bureau des Nations Unies à Genève.  5, fiche 24, Français, - abandon%20volontaire

Fiche 24,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

abandono y renuncia: Términos reproducidos de Law Terminology con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  3, fiche 24, Espagnol, - abdicaci%C3%B3n

Fiche 25,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.  2, fiche 25, Anglais, - treaty

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The term "treaty" is defined in the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties at section 2(1)a).  3, fiche 25, Anglais, - treaty

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The term is invariably used by Canada only in the case of international agreements which require ratification. No exceptions are found to this rule.  4, fiche 25, Anglais, - treaty

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 3 OBS

treaty: Term reproduced from the Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.  3, fiche 25, Anglais, - treaty

Fiche 25,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] accord international conclu par écrit entre États et régi par le droit international, qu'il soit consigné dans un instrument unique ou dans deux ou plusieurs instruments connexes, et quelle que soit sa dénomination particulière.  1, fiche 25, Français, - trait%C3%A9

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Article 2(1)a) de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités.  2, fiche 25, Français, - trait%C3%A9

Fiche 25,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Acuerdo internacional celebrado por escrito entre Estados y regido por el derecho internacional, ya conste en un instrumento único o en dos más instrumentos conexos y cualquiera que sea su denominación particular.  2, fiche 25, Espagnol, - tratado

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

tratado: Término definido en el artículo 2(1)a) de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados.  3, fiche 25, Espagnol, - tratado

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

tratado: Término y definición reproducidos del Glosario Provisional de Términos Jurídicos con la autorización de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra.  3, fiche 25, Espagnol, - tratado

Fiche 26,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Self-proving instrument : a written instrument admissible in evidence without preliminary proof of genuiness.  2, fiche 26, Anglais, - self%2Dproving%20affidavit

Fiche 26,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 26,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 27,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

agreement. The written instrument that is the evidence of an agreement; the written or oral phraseology embodying reciprocal promises.  2, fiche 27, Anglais, - zoosanitary%20agreement

Fiche 27,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] échanges commerciaux des produits agro-alimentaires [...] les 2 parties conviennent de procéder dans les meilleurs délais à l'élaboration et à la signature de la convention zoosanitaire.  1, fiche 27, Français, - convention%20zoosanitaire

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

convention. Écrit destiné à justifier la réalité d'un accord.  2, fiche 27, Français, - convention%20zoosanitaire

Fiche 27,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 28,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... intelligent machines open up a world of possibility, speculation, and intellectual enrichment that could be-and for our children will be-the intellectual' s instrument par excellence, a means of testing hypotheses, examining theories, playing "what if?" games, and reshaping human thought at a level complexity that no other intellectual tool-certainly not the written word, not any form of graphics we use now, or mathematics-has ever been able to provide. The extension of human intellect that the Fifth Generation will give us is simply staggering.  1, fiche 28, Anglais, - intelligent%20machine

Fiche 28,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 28,  Justifications,  Espagnol