TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A lognormal error is usually assumed in the traditional stock–recruitment(SR) analysis.... a positive bias results when [a] SR model with [a] lognormal error is used for fish recruitment prediction. Not only is this bias exponentially dependent on the structure of the model' s residual variance and the historical SR data, it is also dependent on the specific value of spawner biomass used.... a bias correction that is asymptotically unbiased with a finite-sample biasthat is practically zero [is then derived]. Data from two Pacific salmon populations, southeast Alaska pink salmon... and Chilko Lake sockeye salmon... are used to demonstrate this approach. The results show that the relative bias is about 10% for a spawning biomass within the historical range and that the bias is substantial outside that data range. However, with the proposed bias correction, the bias is negligible both within(<0. 1%) and outside of(<0. 3%) the data range.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - bias%20correction

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... gyros and accelerometers have an offset, known as bias. The gyro bias for instance, shows itself after integration as an angular drift, increasing rise linearly over time(ramp)... To compensate for sensor drift, a process called augmentation is used, whereby gyro and acceleration errors are compensated by utilising other system states. For instance the angular drift error of a gyro after integration can be compensated, if true angular measurements are taken. Comparing the two shows then the gyro drift. Assuming that inertial systems are generally operated around an equilibrium position and thus linear acceleration integrates to zero over time, then attitude can be processed via gravitational acceleration, thus giving true angular measurements to compensate gyro drift.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - angular%20drift

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] il est possible de réaliser des capteurs gyrométriques dont les performances sont caractérisées par une erreur de facteur d'échelle pouvant être inférieure à 10^-6, une dérive angulaire de l'ordre de quelques millièmes de degré par heure, pendant quelques heures, un domaine de mesure pouvant dépasser 360 degrés par seconde. Ces caractéristiques ont notamment autorisé la réalisation de navigateurs inertiels (sans plate-forme stabilisée) destinés aux avions civils et militaires ainsi qu'à des lanceurs spatiaux comme Ariane IV et V.  1, fiche 2, Français, - d%C3%A9rive%20angulaire

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A FET [field-effect transistor] which exhibits substantial device current(IDSS) with zero gate-to-source bias.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - depletion%2Dmode%20field%2Deffect%20transistor

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Transistor à effet de champ dont le canal a une conductance qui peut être augmentée ou diminuée suivant la polarité de la tension grille source.  3, fiche 3, Français, - transistor%20%C3%A0%20effet%20de%20champ%20%C3%A0%20d%C3%A9pl%C3%A9tion

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A balanced valve operation in which a grid bias voltage reduces the total anode current to approximately zero.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - quiescent%20push%2Dpull%20valve%20operation

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Where positioning accuracy is concerned, it may seem surprising that the accuracy provided by the gyros has more impact than that of the accelerometers... This is due to the fact that navigation in fact occurs on a sphere, the Earth. It will therefore be readily understood that traveling along a straight line on the Earth comes down in fact to a rotation, and that rotation is detected by the gyros. In practice, gyros are subject to a zero-error known as gyro bias : When there is no rotation, a gyro should indicate zero, but in fact measures something that is the bias value. When an inertial navigation system is immobile, the gyros measure bias values that are integrated by the calculator and the unit thinks that it is rotating, and therefore advancing across the surface of the terrestrial globe, which generates a position error. It will be understood that position error shows linear growth over time and there is a direct relationship between the accuracy of a gyro and position drift.  1, fiche 5, Anglais, - zero%2Derror

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les erreurs de mesure des gyromètres laser peuvent être représentées par des modèles mathématiques beaucoup plus simples que ceux intervenant dans l'étude des gyromètres classiques. Cela résulte essentiellement de l'insensibilité des gyromètres laser aux accélérations. La description de l'erreur d'un gyromètre laser fait intervenir : a) une erreur de zéro, due à des différences de propriétés physiques pour les ondes circulant en sens inverse dans le mélange gazeux ionisé; [...] b) une erreur imputable au blocage [...] c) une erreur de facteur d'échelle [...]  2, fiche 5, Français, - erreur%20de%20z%C3%A9ro

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Performances et précisions des mesures (gyroscopes et gyromètres) [...] erreurs de zéro : nécessite un recalage par GPS toutes les 30 h .  3, fiche 5, Français, - erreur%20de%20z%C3%A9ro

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol