TERMIUM Plus^®

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A rule that produces new assertions from old, either by the application of strict logical principles or by more imperfect, plausible methods.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - inference%20rule

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The inference rules include generalization rules. Their application to descriptions is constrained by problem background knowledge.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - inference%20rule

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forward inference rule.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - inference%20rule

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To teach the geography of Africa we would need to change only the entries in our semantic network, the structure of the network and the rules of inference remaining largely unchanged.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - inference%20rule

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Règle qui permet de créer de nouvelles assertions à partir d'assertions déjà existantes; les deux règles principales sont le modus ponens [...] et la "spécialisation universelle" consistant à remplacer une variable quantifiée par une constante.  2, fiche 1, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20d%27inf%C3%A9rence

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On peut distinguer des stratégies qui sont principalement inductives, déductives, abductives ou analogiques selon la nature des règles d'inférence appliquées.  3, fiche 1, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20d%27inf%C3%A9rence

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Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Prior Knowledge. Before the students begin the lesson, ensure that you know what previous exposure they have had to the subject matter, and how much they know of it. This information is important when interpreting the data you collect during the rest of the session.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - background%20knowledge

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The problems of background knowledge cannot be ignored for the proposed monitoring of self-directed enquiry learning. No learner will embark on a "self-directed" exercise without the background knowledge to motivate it.  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - background%20knowledge

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Contrast with foreground knowledge.  5, fiche 2, Anglais, - background%20knowledge

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Connaissances de l'apprenant avant l'enseignement.  1, fiche 2, Français, - pr%C3%A9acquis

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[...] acquis antérieurs à l'apprentissage.  1, fiche 2, Français, - pr%C3%A9acquis

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Distinct de l'acquis, ou connaissances regroupant toutes les notions acquises par l'apprenant durant l'enseignement.  1, fiche 2, Français, - pr%C3%A9acquis

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pré-acquis : ce préfixe n'est jamais suivi d'un trait d'union.  5, fiche 2, Français, - pr%C3%A9acquis

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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An inference from particular facts to plausible explanations of these facts.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - abduction

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The term "abduction" was coined by the American logician Peirce. In abduction, the generated descriptions are specific assertions implying the facts(in the context of background knowledge) rather than generalizations of them.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - abduction

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abduction; abductive inference: designations and definition standardized by ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission.  4, fiche 3, Anglais, - abduction

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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Inférence qui part de faits particuliers pour arriver à des explications plausibles de ces faits.  2, fiche 3, Français, - abduction

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Raisonnement allant des faits observés à leur meilleure explication.  3, fiche 3, Français, - abduction

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abduction; inférence abductive : désignations et définition normalisées par l'ISO et la Commission électrotechnique internationale.  4, fiche 3, Français, - abduction

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Due to their highly technical background and knowledge, salaries for experienced and qualified computer scientists tend to be high.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - technical%20background

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A strategy that requires students to access background knowledge or review what they have learned by thinking about subtopics within a broader topic.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - carousel%20method

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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There are several aspects to this matter :-use of background information and/or personal knowledge, for example on :-schools-child abuse and its impacts-the residential school system-carry-forward of information from hearing to hearing, for example :-on alleged perpetrators and the modus operandi of proven perpetrators-conditions at a school-credibility findings-use of precedents from other adjudicators-ability of adjudicators to confer-the approach to be taken to these issues is set out below, by reference to the source of the information in question.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - carry%2Dforward%20of%20information%20from%20hearing%20to%20hearing

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

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Cette question présente plusieurs aspects : - utilisation de l'information contextuelle ou de la connaissance personnelle, par exemple sur : - les écoles - l'abus à l'égard des enfants et ses impacts - le réseau des pensionnats - report de l'information d'audition en audition, par exemple sur : - les auteurs présumés et le modus operandi des auteurs prouvés - les conditions dans une école - les conclusions quant à la crédibilité - utilisation de précédents d'autres adjudicateurs - capacité des adjudicateurs de se consulter - l'approche à adopter à l'égard de ces questions est présentée ci-après, en fonction de la source d'information en question.  1, fiche 6, Français, - report%20de%20l%27information%20d%27audition%20en%20audition

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Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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… neutron counters … can serve as monitors for the photoneutron background noise and permit an on-line measurement of the parasitic signal. Thus, a careful choice of the moderator thicknesses enables these detectors to collect a considerable proportion of the internal parasitic photoneutrons. A proportionality coefficient leads to knowledge of the background noise occurring in the useful delayed signal measuring unit. The thus measured parasitic signal can be subtracted from the useful signal during data processing. Measurements can also take place with a single series of detectors located in the inner moderator coating.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - photoneutron%20background%20noise

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

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[…] l’énergie photonique optimale pour provoquer la réaction de photofission est aux alentours de 16 MeV [mégaélectron-volts], ce qui présuppose une énergie du faisceau d’électrons d’environ 20 MeV [mégaélectron-volts]. Malheureusement, à cette énergie d’électrons un bruit de fond neutronique commence à être généré. Ce bruit de fond provient de la réaction des photons sur l’isotope¹⁸0 qui donne naissance à des neutrons différés qui interfèrent avec le signal retardé de photofission.  1, fiche 7, Français, - bruit%20de%20fond%20photoneutronique

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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[Information processing] researchers have an extremely loose conception of knowledge which ranges from sensory or perceptual "information" to background or formal "knowledge. "Rather than regarding knowledge as intrinsically valuable, it is taken to be a "tool" we use to improve our thinking ability.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - thinking%20ability

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

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Dans un contexte d'enseignement et d'apprentissage, l'aptitude à la réflexion, la compréhension des questions morales associées à l'extraction de grandes quantités d'information, des aptitudes organisationnelles et analytiques ainsi qu'un sens développé de la communication sont autant d'habiletés sociales essentielles à l'intégration réfléchie et efficace de technologies en expansion.  2, fiche 8, Français, - aptitude%20%C3%A0%20la%20r%C3%A9flexion

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Intellectual property [information and rights] created outside the project during its duration ...  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - sideground%20know%2Dhow

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The IPR [Intellectual Property Rights] provisions distinguish between two basic types of intellectual property :Knowledge(all kind of intellectual property generated during the contract that did not exist before) and Pre-existing know-how(intellectual property owned by the partners before the start of the project "background" or created outside the project during its duration "sideground").  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - sideground%20know%2Dhow

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

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Le «savoir-faire préexistant» [acquis en dehors du projet] comprend l'information, et les droits [qui y sont] attachés, nécessaire à la réalisation du projet, que possède le contractant avant le commencement du projet (nommée également «background») et l'information et les droits de propriété intellectuelle acquis parallèlement au projet [...] (nommée également «sideground»).  1, fiche 9, Français, - savoir%2Dfaire%20pr%C3%A9existant%20acquis%20parall%C3%A8lement%20%C3%A0%20un%20projet

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Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Intellectual property [information and rights] owned by the partners before the start of a project ...  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - background%20know%2Dhow

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The IPR [Intellectual Property Rights] provisions distinguish between two basic types of intellectual property :Knowledge(all kind of intellectual property generated during the contract that did not exist before) and Pre-existing know-how(intellectual property owned by the partners before the start of the project "background" or created outside the project during its duration "sideground").  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - background%20know%2Dhow

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

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Le «savoir-faire préexistant» [acquis en dehors du projet] comprend l'information, et les droits [qui y sont] attachés, nécessaire à la réalisation du projet, que possède le contractant avant le commencement du projet (nommée également «background») et l'information et les droits de propriété intellectuelle acquis parallèlement au projet [...] (nommée également «sideground»).  2, fiche 10, Français, - savoir%2Dfaire%20pr%C3%A9existant%20acquis%20avant%20le%20d%C3%A9but%20d%27un%20projet

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Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Deduction, induction and abduction 7 The background knowledge is the knowledge about the problem domain which is known to the learner before learning actually occurs. Some systems do not use background knowledge(B=;) and starts the learning from scratch. Those that do use background knowledge however, gain in that learning can be performed easier and quicker, and that the learned knowledge base can be expressed in a more natural and concise way. The background knowledge is always assumed concise and correct during the hypothesis generation.  3, fiche 11, Anglais, - learning%20from%20scratch

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Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Adult vocational training has taken its inspiration ... from ... models. Generally, two situations can be distinguished: 1. involving low-skilled individuals whose vocational experience is non-existent or of little value as far as qualifications are concerned. ... 2. involving those having vocational experience and who can benefit from skill validation programmes to the extent that this experience constitutes a genuine form of skill acquisition. The validation of acquired knowledge (validation d’acquis professionnels) can then exempt these individuals from both practical and theoretical tests.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - validation%20of%20acquired%20knowledge

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

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La validation d'acquis professionnels a pour objet de permettre l'inscription du candidat à un diplôme, tout en le dispensant de certaines épreuves, le jury de validation déterminant les éléments du contrôle des connaissances réputés acquis par le candidat.  4, fiche 12, Français, - validation%20d%27acquis%20professionnels

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On assiste à une demande croissante de validation des acquis professionnels. Cela conduit à faire évoluer l'architecture des diplômes [...] mais aussi à développer d'autres formes de certification, plus spécifiques à la formation continue et la validation des savoirs acquis dans les situations de travail.  2, fiche 12, Français, - validation%20d%27acquis%20professionnels

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La validation des acquis [...] permet d'entrer dans une formation (ou de présenter le concours d'entrée) sans être titulaire du diplôme requis à l'entrée, mais en prenant appui sur : - les formations suivies par le candidat, - l'expérience professionnelle, - les connaissances et aptitudes acquises hors de tout système de formation.  5, fiche 12, Français, - validation%20d%27acquis%20professionnels

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The staff relations officer is given specific responsibility under the collective agreement to deal with staff grievances and work-related complaints... Ideally, this person would have a human resources background, experience with labour relations in a unionized work environment, and knowledge of employment and labour laws.  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - staff%20relations%20officer

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staff relations officer; employee relations officer: in the National Occupational Classification (NOC), official occupational titles in Group 1121 - Specialists in Human Resources.  4, fiche 13, Anglais, - staff%20relations%20officer

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agent des relations avec les employés; agente des relations avec les employés : dans la Classification nationale des professions (CNP), titres de professions officiels dans le Groupe 1121 - Spécialistes des ressources humaines.  4, fiche 13, Français, - agent%20des%20relations%20avec%20les%20employ%C3%A9s

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Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Background knowledge rules enable the system to perform a chain of inferences to derive values for new descriptors for inclusion in object descriptions.  1, fiche 14, Anglais, - object%20description

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[...] les descriptions d'objets et les descriptions de classes conceptuelles prennent une forme différente. [...] les descriptions d'objets sont utilisées pour la classification tandis que les descriptions de classes sont utilisées pour la prédiction de caractéristiques supplémentaires des objets classifiés.  1, fiche 14, Français, - description%20d%27objets

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Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The diagnostic use of word association tests as a tool declined with the knowledge that response frequency varies with age, socioeconomic and educational level, sex, cultural background, and other personality factors because it appeared that proper interpretation of scores required norms on many subgroups and additional information about the subject. Nevertheless, the Kent-Rosanoff test has retained its position as a standard laboratory technique.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - Kent%2DRosanoff%20test

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According to ANAPS, 1968, p. 505, and WOBEH, 1974, p. 381, the Kent-Rosanoff test is a different approach to Jung’s free association test. It is sometimes simply designated as word association test (cf. WOBEH, 1974, p. 381).  4, fiche 15, Anglais, - Kent%2DRosanoff%20test

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

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Liste de 100 mots (anglais) appuyés d'un étalonnage de fréquence des réponses obtenues dans une expérience d'associations libres [...]  1, fiche 15, Français, - liste%20de%20Kent%2DRosanoff

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Selon PIPSY, 1968, p. 35, Kent-Rosanoff ont étalonné la liste de mots servant au test d'association libre de Jung.  2, fiche 15, Français, - liste%20de%20Kent%2DRosanoff

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Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Canine Distemper Virus in the Serengeti Lion(Panthera Leo). This paper was sparked off by Dr Thompson, who had received a video taken by Professor Ray Hilborn while in Tanzania, featuring a lion in the ’grand mal' stage of distemper. The unfortunate individual featured in the video was one of about 1, 000 lions struck by an outbreak of the disease on the Serengeti plain, Africa in 1993-94. This paper is basically a collection of abstracts and references about the disease in the lion(Panthera leo), accompanied by background knowledge, and a video showing the spectacular epileptiform fits suffered by this particular lion. It should be noted that distemper fits in other species are very similar. Distemper in the lion has been mistaken for rabie Canine Distemper Virus in the Serengeti Lion(Panthera Leo)  3, fiche 16, Anglais, - Canine%20Distemper%20Virus

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Canine Distemper Virus in the Serengeti Lion (Panthera Leo) A Review and Video Footage. Video by Professor Ray Hilborn Photographs of Tanzanian lions (INTERNET).  4, fiche 16, Anglais, - Canine%20Distemper%20Virus

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L'un des membres des Morbidilivirus serait passé non pas du «coq à l'âne» mais du chien au lion! En effet, le CDV (canine distemper virus), qui infecte habituellement les chiens, a été rendu coupable de l'épidémie qui a anéanti entre février et octobre 1994 un tiers de la population de lions du parc national Serengeti en Tanzanie.  2, fiche 16, Français, - virus%20de%20la%20maladie%20de%20Carr%C3%A9

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Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

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one that concludes a value with certainty.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - definitional%20rule

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A definitional rule ... is considered to be easier to learn than one that is based on uncertain evidence. If the definitional rule is one that the student has probably seen before ..., then this strongly increases the tutor’s belief that the student knows this rule.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - definitional%20rule

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... it soon became clear that a rule is definitional to a student only if he has the necessary background knowledge to support it.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - definitional%20rule

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À l'aide de règles de définition qui sont manipulées par le moteur d'inférence.  1, fiche 17, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20de%20d%C3%A9finition

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Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Let us formulate a general paradigm for inductive inference : Given observational statements(facts), F, that represent specific knowledge about some objects, situations, processes, and so on, tentative inductive assertion, and background knowledge, find an inductive assertion(hypothesis), H, that tautologically or weakly implies the observational statements, and satisfies the background knowledge.  2, fiche 18, Anglais, - factual%20assertion

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A l'opposé d'une règle sélective, une règle constructive produit des généralisations qui peuvent porter sur des attributs n'apparaissant pas dans les assertions factuelles dont on part.  1, fiche 18, Français, - assertion%20factuelle

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Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The problem then arises of choosing the most desirable inductive assertion(s). In making such a choice, one must take into consideration the aspects of the particular inductive learning problem; therefore the definition of a "preference criterion" for selecting a hypothesis is part of the problem background knowledge.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - preference%20criterion

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Also applied to the classification of entities in programming.  2, fiche 19, Anglais, - preference%20criterion

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(...) ensemble des propriétés caractérisant les généralisations intéressantes vis à vis de l'application considérée (...).  2, fiche 19, Français, - crit%C3%A8re%20de%20pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence

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(...) pour restreindre l'espace des généralisations possibles (...) certains ont également proposé des critères de préférence basés sur des mesures d'utilité d'efficacité.  3, fiche 19, Français, - crit%C3%A8re%20de%20pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence

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Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In practical problems, a star of an event may contain a very large number of descriptions. Consequently, such a theoretical star is replaced by a bounded star... that contains no more than a fixed number, m, of descriptions... selected as the m most preferable descriptions, among the remaining ones, according to the preference criterion defined in the problem background knowledge.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - bounded%20star

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Une étoile bornée (...) est une étoile dont la taille maximale est limitée aux n généralisations les plus prometteuses en égard à une fonction de préférence P portant certaines propriétés de ces descriptions.  1, fiche 20, Français, - %C3%A9toile%20born%C3%A9e

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Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The silent individual... may not be interested in the subject or topic.... He may be uncertain or confused.... He may think that he doesn’t have sufficient background or knowledge to make a contribution.... He may feel that he doesn’t belong to the group. He may be a slow thinker.  4, fiche 21, Anglais, - quiet%20person

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At the submissive end of Couch’s first factor is Cloyd’s cluster of traits: "modest, shy, and ill at ease.: This role might be called the "silent member."  1, fiche 21, Anglais, - quiet%20person

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... the larger the size of a group, the more likely it is to have any or all of the following: a very bright person, a very stupid person, a quiet person, a talkative person, a "right-winger," a "left-winger."  1, fiche 21, Anglais, - quiet%20person

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Control the over-talkative and draw out the quieter members whenever they are ready to make a contribution.  5, fiche 21, Anglais, - quiet%20person

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Although "yes or no" questions are not desirable, you might make an exception and direct one to the silent person to help him say something.  4, fiche 21, Anglais, - quiet%20person

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[...] le mutisme est un effet direct de l'antidiscours, ou plutôt de l'attitude de celui qui prononce des antidiscours. C'est en effet une réaction soit circonstancielle, soit caractérielle aux critiques, ironies et dénégations venant de celui-ci. Le "muet" a peur de s'exprimer en face de gens qui risquent de ne pas l'écouter avec toute la bienveillance désirable.  3, fiche 21, Français, - silencieux

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Il peut [...] arriver que les silencieux constituent non pas une minorité, mais une majorité, la discussion étant monopolisée par un (ou plusieurs) bavards impénitents.  4, fiche 21, Français, - silencieux

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En gros, le rôle de l'animateur est d'endiguer les bavards et de stimuler les silencieux [...]  5, fiche 21, Français, - silencieux

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SIERRA consists of two modules, each corresponding to one of the underlying theories. A learning module based on AI techniques for inductive learning follows the framework of STEP theory to form core procedures. Then a problem-solving module follows a version of REPAIR theory to generate bugs. The spatial knowledge needed to parse problems is captured in a grammar provided as pre-existing background knowledge.  1, fiche 22, Anglais, - problem%2Dsolving%20module

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Voir résolution de problèmes. Comparer à module d'apprentissage inductif.  1, fiche 22, Français, - module%20de%20r%C3%A9solution

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Key elements in the theory of adaptive planning are its treatment of background knowledge and the introduction of a notion of planning by situation matching.  1, fiche 23, Anglais, - adaptive%20planning

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[The person who] formulates mathematical model of management problems by application of advanced mathematics and research methods to provide quantitative basis for planning, forecasting, and making decisions. Reports to : Manager of systems analysis and design. Education, training, and experience : College degree with emphasis on advanced mathematics and statistics is usually the minimum educational requirement. A combination of advanced degrees in mathematics and business administration is especially desirable. A doctorate in mathematics is frequently required. Specific training in operations research at the graduate level is rapidly becoming a standardized requirement, as more schools offer courses in this interdisciplinary occupational area. Many workers have acquired the necessary background in mathematics through education and experience in engineering and the physical sciences, and knowledge of specialized techniques through self-study and participation in activities of professional organizations.  1, fiche 24, Anglais, - operations%20research%20analyst

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