TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A small tackle consisting of two or three blocks or pulleys used to set up or tighten rigging, or to shift heavy bodies.  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - burton

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A single Spanish burton... consists of two single blocks, the standing part spliced in to the strap of the movable block and the bight seized or bent to the hook.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - single%20Spanish%20burton

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Petit palan, ou cordage muni d'un croc, qui sert à hisser des charges légères hors de la cale.  2, fiche 3, Français, - bredindin

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A tackle having one double block and two single blocks.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - double%20Spanish%20burton

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

An expansion of the Columbia River, between Burton and Castlegar, in British Columbia.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - Lower%20Arrow%20lake

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Coordinates : 49° 40’ 25" N, 118° 8’ 45" W (British Columbia).  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - Lower%20Arrow%20lake

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Élargissement du fleuve Columbia, entre Burton et Castlegar, en Colombie-Britannique.  1, fiche 5, Français, - lac%20Arrow%20inf%C3%A9rieur

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Coordonnées : 49° 40' 25" N, 118° 8' 45" O (Colombie-Britannique).  2, fiche 5, Français, - lac%20Arrow%20inf%C3%A9rieur

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A community east of the Columbia River and north of Lower Arrow Lake, in British Columbia.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - Burton

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Coordinates: 49° 59’ 25" N, 117° 52’ 40" W (British Columbia).  3, fiche 6, Anglais, - Burton

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Communauté à l'est du fleuve Columbia et au nord du lac Arrow inférieur, en Colombie-Britannique.  2, fiche 6, Français, - Burton

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Coordonnées : 49° 59' 25" N, 117° 52' 40" O (Colombie-Britannique).  3, fiche 6, Français, - Burton

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A bluish line on the free border of the gingiva, occurring in lead poisoning.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - Burton%26rsquo%3Bs%20line

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Liséré bleuté dû au dépôt dans les tissus gingivaux de sulfure de plomb lors d'une intoxication chronique par le plomb.  2, fiche 7, Français, - lis%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20de%20Burton

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fischer, Brown, and Burton(1978; Burton, Brown, and Fischer, 1984) propose a paradigm for the design of optimal learning environments, which they call increasingly complex microworlds.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - optimal%20learning%20environment

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir environnement d'apprentissage.  1, fiche 8, Français, - environnement%20d%27apprentissage%20optimal

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The town of Burton Latimer, some 4 miles south of Kettering, Northamptonshire, lies on the Northampton sand ironstone bed, an oolitic ironstone from the Jurassic period, running from the vicinity of Lincoln in the north to Towcester in the south.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - ironstone%20bed

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

ironstone bed: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - ironstone%20bed

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ce matériau est essentiellement constitué de grès nubien comportant des strates de roche ferrugineuse, dont l'extraction est assurée aisément sans avoir recours au forage ou au minage.  4, fiche 9, Français, - lit%20de%20roches%20ferrugineuses

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Writers’ Trust of Canada is a non-profit organization which provides financial support to Canadian writers. Founded by Margaret Atwood, Pierre Burton, Graeme Gibson, David Young and Margaret Laurence, the Writers’ Trust of Canada was registered as a non-profit organization in 1976. Through its various initiatives, the Writers’ Trust celebrates and rewards the talents and achievements of Canada's novelists, short story writers, poets, biographers, and non fiction writers.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - Writers%26rsquo%3B%20Trust%20of%20Canada

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Appellation confirmée par l'organisme.  2, fiche 10, Français, - Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20d%27encouragement%20aux%20%C3%A9crivains%20du%20Canada

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Everything which is necessary or appropriate; the works.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - full%20monty

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

an abbreviation of the first name of Montague Burton, a British firm of mass-market men's tailors. The expression is used in the context of a complete suit of clothing(or lack of one, following the movie The Full Monty).  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - full%20monty

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Information confirmed by the organization.  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - The%20Burton%20Charitable%20Foundation

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Information confirmée par l'organisme.  2, fiche 12, Français, - The%20Burton%20Charitable%20Foundation

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Lampe transmettant le rayonnement ultraviolet ainsi que des radiations de courte longueur d'onde du spectre visible.  1, fiche 13, Français, - lampe%20Burton

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source MVISI-F : Le nouveau dictionnaire de la vision par Michel Millodot, Médiacom Vision Éditeur, 1997.  2, fiche 13, Français, - lampe%20Burton

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Dispositivo luminoso que emite luz de los espectros visibles y ultravioleta asociado a un sistema de magnificación de imágenes.  1, fiche 13, Espagnol, - l%C3%A1mpara%20de%20Burton

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

SOPHIE's central representational scheme for domain knowledge is a simulation model rather than a semantic network because the system focuses on qualitative models of processes rather than on the organization of facts. Indeed, simulation-based reasoning will be the central theme of the whole SOPHIE project(Brown and Burton, 1973).  3, fiche 15, Anglais, - qualitative%20process%20modeling

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir processus qualitatif et modéle qualitatif.  1, fiche 15, Français, - mod%C3%A9lisation%20qualitative

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Because the student's viewpoint can shift, noise can itself become "data" in certain cases : the presence of noise may indicate a mismatch of viewpoints between system and student-what Burton and Brown(1979) have called the degree of cognitive tear. Beyond a certain threshold of cognitive tear, and if multiple viewpoints are available to a system, other viewpoints should be tried.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - cognitive%20tear

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Rupture ou déchirure sont des termes trop concrets pour décrire les phénomènes cognitifs.  1, fiche 16, Français, - %C3%A9cart%20cognitif

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There is a need for the student to be actively engaged in problem solving, for her to perceive problems-perhaps even "own" them(Lave, in press). In this way, her viewpoint can be pulled by an iterative process of uncovering current limitations and discovering new problem-solving capabilities that demonstrate a new viewpoint's conceptual superiority. In a retrospective discussion of SOPHIE's pedagogical philosophy, Brown and Burton(1986) suggest that computer-based tutoring systems can have an unusual power to "engage and pull" the student's knowledge state.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - engage%20and%20pull

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Action d'un didacticiel intelligent sur l'état de connaissance de l'étudiant.  1, fiche 17, Français, - enclencher%20et%20entra%C3%AEner

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The definition of a special internal language to represent informal reasoning and follow a sequence of arguments is somewhat similar to EXCHECK's treatment of proofs, although ACE's language is based on a grammar rather than on logical macro-operators. This gives the student more freedom of expression. The translation of her statements into the formal language is done with a semantic grammar, as defined by Burton and used in SOPHIE. The elements of the formal language that record the traces internally constitute the semantic categories to be looked for(such as facts, equations, and deductions), organized into successive arguments. In this case, the parser has the interesting ability to interact with the student when it encounters difficulties, asking for specific corrections until it can satisfy its expectations.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - informal%20reasoning

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The notion of semantic grammars, proposed by Burton in his dissertation(1975, 1976), was to provide a desirable middle path for SOPHIE's parsing mechanisms. For greater conciseness of definition and ease of development in cases involving more complex input sentences, the grammar implemented with proceduralized rules was later replaced by the formalism of augmented transition networks(semantic ATN's), compiled for efficiency(Burton and Brown, 1979a).  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - semantic%20ATN

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir réseau de transition augmenté.  1, fiche 19, Français, - r%C3%A9seau%20ATN%20s%C3%A9mantique

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The definition of a special internal language to represent internal reasoning and follow a sequence of arguments is somewhat similar to EXCHECK's treatment of proofs, although ACE's language is based on a grammar rather than on logical macro-operators. The translation of the student's statements into the formal language is done with a semantic grammar as defined by Burton and used in SOPHIE.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - internal%20language

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 CONT

From a pedagogical standpoint, Brown and Burton note that grading based on the number and type of bugs or misconceptions manifested in a test would be fairer and more amenable to proper remediation than usual grading schemes based on the number of right and wrong answers. Since this proposal for more informative grading is backed by a practical method and puts to good pedagogical use the ability of computers to deal precisely with complex information, I hope that it will have an impact beyond the research laboratory. However, more proofs of feasibility to publicize this type of knowledge-oriented testing may be required before it can be widely adopted, since constructing theories of bugs is a very laborious process.  1, fiche 21, Anglais, - knowledge%2Doriented%20testing

Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 21,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 22,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An important concept for the design of diagnostic tests is that of a primitive subskill. This concept is also critical for curriculum construction, especially if the process is automated as in BIP. For a given domain the exact set of these subskills can be extremely difficult to define. Equipped with the tools of the BUGGY model, Burton(1982) suggests that a partition of the theory of bugs be used to define a primitive subskill as "any isolatable part of the skill that it is possible to mislearn"(p. 177). More formally, the set of all observable bugs is partitioned under the equivalence relation of giving wrong answers on the same problems, considering all possible problems. Then a primitive subskill is an equivalence class in this partition; in other words, it is a part of the skill that corresponds to bugs manifesting in exactly the same problems. In practice, one need only consider a finite number of problems.  1, fiche 22, Anglais, - primitive%20subskill

Fiche 22,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

aptitude: capacité acquise, habileté.  2, fiche 22, Français, - primitive%20de%20savoir%2Dfaire

Fiche 22,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fischer, Brown, and Burton(1978; Burton, Brown, and Fischer, 1984) propose a paradigm for the design of optimal learning environments, which they call increasingly complex microworlds. The concept of microworlds created for educational purposes with the computer as a(universal simulator) is already the central theme of LOGO. Fischer et al. set out to formalize the notion of a succession of(microworlds) where the modifications at each step are meant to support learning. The idea is to start with a simplified world and to have a coach progressively add new dimensions of complexity that require an increasing mastery of basic skills. Fischer et al. present skiing instruction as a pedagogical success model that has made use of microworlds. Over the years, skiing instruction has become safer and surprisingly effective. According to the authors, the key to this success is the definition of progressive learning phases : instructors have combined technological advances with pedagogical cleverness to provide useful simplified versions of the skill.  1, fiche 23, Anglais, - increasingly%20complex%20microworld

Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir micromonde, complexifié.  2, fiche 23, Français, - micromonde%20complexifi%C3%A9

Fiche 23,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 24,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The BLOCKS tutor(Brown and Burton, 1978b) is based on a game in manipulatory mathematics that uses the concept of(attribute blocks)(Greenes et al., 1972) to exercise the student's deductive abilities of the type necessary for(troubleshooting.) In the game as implemented, a block is defined by three attributes : its size(large or small), its color(red, yellow, green, or blue), and its shape(triangle, square, circle, or diamond). In the card A and card B each state one attribute value(e. g., large) or the negation of a value(e. g., not blue). Thus they each define a set of blocks. These two sets, with their union and their intersection, define four areas as shown in the diagram. The contents of the two cards are not shown to the student, who must deduce them by a sequence of queries. For each query, he chooses one block and asks the system in which of the four areas the block should be placed according to the cards’ contents. If each new block is chosen judiciously, knowing where it belongs narrows the range of possible values for the cards until these values are uniquely determined. The skill of the game is then to select blocks whose placement is expected to provide a maximum of information about the cards. This is analogous to selecting optimal measurements in(troubleshooting.)  1, fiche 24, Anglais, - attribute%20block

Fiche 24,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir entrée d'attributs, génération d'attributs.  1, fiche 24, Français, - bloc%2Dattributs

Fiche 24,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 25,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Like Cabonnell, SOPHIE's designers John Seely Brown and Richard Burton were originally interested in tutorial dialogues and their first project as a team at UCI1 is a "question-answering system for mixed-initiative CAI"(Brown et al., 1973).  1, fiche 25, Anglais, - mixed%2Dinitiative%20CAI

Fiche 25,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir EAO et coopératif.  1, fiche 25, Français, - EAO%20coop%C3%A9ratif

Fiche 25,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 26,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Prepared by Ian Burton and Keith Post for the Railway Transport Committee of the Canadian Transport Commission, 1983. Information found in DOBIS.  1, fiche 26, Anglais, - The%20Transport%20of%20Dangerous%20Commodities%20by%20Rail%20in%20the%20Toronto%20Census%20Metropolitan%20Area%3A%20a%20Preliminary%20Assessment%20of%20Risk

Fiche 26,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Renseignement obtenu de la bibliothèque de la Commission canadienne des transports.  1, fiche 26, Français, - Le%20transport%20des%20marchandises%20dangereuses%20par%20chemin%20de%20fer%20dans%20la%20r%C3%A9gion%20m%C3%A9tropolitaine%20de%20recensement%20de%20Toronto%20%3A%20une%20%C3%A9valuation%20pr%C3%A9liminaire%20des%20risques

Fiche 26,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 27,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Brown J. S., Burton R(1975) "Multiple Representations of Knowledge for tutorial reasoning", in Bobrow Collins(eds), Representation and Understanding.  1, fiche 27, Anglais, - tutorial%20reasoning

Fiche 27,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 27,  Justifications,  Espagnol