TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) naturally affects well over 400 species of a diversity of plant types. While the most common symptom of CMV is mosaic, a number of other symptoms can result from CMV infection, depending upon the type of plant affected. Some of these symptoms are flecking, dwarfing, and fern leaf, as in tomatoes.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - cucumber%20mosaic%20virus

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le virus de la mosaïque du concombre (CMV pour cucumber mosaic virus) est l'un des virus phytopathogènes les plus répandus. Infectant plus de 800 espèces, il a un impact extrêmement négatif sur l'agriculture mondiale.  3, fiche 1, Français, - virus%20de%20la%20mosa%C3%AFque%20du%20concombre

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Method based on a hypothetical market and using survey techniques to determine the willingness of people to pay for a specific improvement in the environment, so as to estimate the shape of a hypothetical demand curve.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - contingent%20valuation%20method

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contingent valuation methods(CVM) are being used increasingly; they employ a direct method of valuing benefits associated with parks and protected areas. The method consists of surveying selected populations to ask individuals what they are willing to pay(WTP) for the environmental good being assessed or what they are willing to accept as compensation(WTA) for the loss of the environmental good. The "environmental good" must be defined by the surveyor and frequently involves a bundle of goods such as access to a protected area(for compatible uses), specific recreational activities, or experiences associated with a visit to a protected area.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - contingent%20valuation%20method

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le but des méthodes économiques d'évaluation de l'environnement est de suppléer au marché en révélant les préférences des individus à travers un marché "vert", vrai ou hypothétique. Les unes travaillent directement, par exemple par questionnaire - c'est le cas de la Contingent Valuation Methode (CVM), ou méthode des "enchères". Les autres interviennent indirectement, c'est-à-dire par le biais de quelqu'autre révélateur des préférences, par exemple par le biais du prix de certains biens sur le marché dont l'environnement est considéré comme un attribut.  2, fiche 2, Français, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27%C3%A9valuation%20des%20contingences

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Équivalent formulé par analogie avec «closed-ended contingent valuation/évaluation des contingences en forme de gestion fermée» dans une enquête statistique.  1, fiche 2, Français, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27%C3%A9valuation%20des%20contingences

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are several technical methods which are related to CVM [contingent valuation methods] but which are increasingly viewed as distinct from CVM, called discrete choice methods. They are different from CVM in that "instead of eliciting willingness to pay for the environmental good or service in a specified "state", the [methods] offer respondents a series of choice tasks among hypothesized alternatives which describe a wider range of "states" by altering various levels of several attributes, among which price is merely one attribute". These are new methods and are not as well known or accepted as CVM approaches. Two of the emerging methods are titled-discrete choice modeling and discrete choice experiments(DCE). Discrete choice experiments is a more recent and comprehensive form. It employs multivariat analysis to determine respondent choices and the relationship between different levels of attributes. An experiment is constructed : based on multi-attribute profiles of an environmental good or service(e. g. recreation experience, management or policy options) by systematically altering the attributes in each of the profiles. These profiles are presented to respondents who evaluate two(or more) simultaneously. The evaluation typically involves choosing the most preferred option or allocating a preference rating(perhaps measured by the number of trips) against each option. The results of this experiment are then analyzed statistically to generate measures of preference(or utility) and probabilities of choice for the different scenarios.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - discrete%20choice%20experiment

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Équivalent formulé par analogie avec «méthode des choix discrets» et «modélisation des choix discrets».  1, fiche 3, Français, - exp%C3%A9rience%20avec%20choix%20discrets

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are several technical methods which are related to CVM [contingent valuation methods] but which are increasingly viewed as distinct from CVM, called discrete choice methods. They are different from CVM in that "instead of eliciting willingness to pay for the environmental good or service in a specified "state", the [methods] offer respondents a series of choice tasks among hypothesized alternatives which describe a wider range of "states" by altering various levels of several attributes, among which price is merely one attribute". These are new methods and are not as well known or accepted as CVM approaches. Two of the emerging methods are titled-discrete choice modeling and discrete choice experiments(DCE). Discrete choice modeling is a technique used to derive a demand curve for an area based on different combinations of "discrete choices". A large sample is usually required to undertake this analysis where respondents are asked to select one choice("bundle of goods and services" related to the protected area with a price associated with it) over another choice. The results of this analysis produces a demand curve which can be used to estimate the value of benefits.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - discrete%20choice%20modeling

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Appliquées dans des centaines d'études à travers le monde anglo-saxon, mais relativement peu en France, les techniques de préférences déclarées ont connu un développement important lié à la fois aux avancées dans le domaine de la modélisation des choix discrets, à l'avènement des micro-ordinateurs portables et à l'impossibilité pour les systèmes d'information classiques transports (enquêtes structurelles, panels...), basés implicitement sur des préférences révélées et non sur les méthodes contingentes, d'apporter un éclairage sur de nouveaux biens ou services.  1, fiche 4, Français, - mod%C3%A9lisation%20des%20choix%20discrets

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

This specification covers two types of high strength 132 1b. and 136 1b. steel rail... [:] Type 1-Alloy Rail(CVM) Type II-Fully Head Hardened Rail(FHH0).  1, fiche 5, Anglais, - fully%20head%20hardened%20rail

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fait à partir de fully head hardened : traitement thermique complet du champignon (plan TS-1111).  1, fiche 5, Français, - rail%20%C3%A0%20traitement%20thermique%20complet%20du%20champignon

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol