TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On forcing a cell suspension at high pressure through a narrow orifice, the rapid pressure drop provides a very powerful means of disrupting the cells. In practice it is simple to design equipment to subject the cell suspension to shear forces before releasing the pressure. By changing the pressure applied, cells may be disrupted completely or only sufficiently to release periplasmic enzymes.... [Experimentors have] used a liquid shear system for the disruption of chloroplasts. The suspension was passed through a needle valve at pressures up to 20, 000 p. s. i. and a flow rate of 10 ml/min. Under these conditions, rupture of E. coli was indicated by an increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase activity.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - liquid%20shear

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In practical terms liquid shear is associated with the generation of heat. As a result subsequent increases in the temperature of the suspension of up to 40 °C may be encountered. Cell suspensions must, therefore, be introduced to the apparatus at 0-4°C to minimise loss of enzyme activity. If recycling is used then cooling before re-entry is essential. Equally, with this type of equipment the best results are obtained by using a homogeneous cell suspension. Irregular particle sizes owing to filamentous or pelleted growth modes reduce the efficiency of cell breakage.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - liquid%20shear

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Appareil permettant de provoquer la lyse des cellules ou des organites, cellulaires. Les cellules sont placées dans un liquide sous pression d'azote pendant un temps suffisant pour équilibrer les pressions extra-et intracellulaires, puis le liquide est décompressé en passant par une valve étroite, ce qui provoque la rupture des cellules.  1, fiche 1, Français, - bombe%20%C3%A0%20azote

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phenomenon which arises as a result of the build-up of a layer of rejected solute at the membrane surface which impedes solvent flow. The resistance to flow due to this layer thus increases until a point is reached where the rate of diffusion of solute away from the polarization layer equals the rate of deposition. This phenomenon also explains why the solvent flux often becomes invariant with an increasing transmembrane pressure drop. Although solvent flux through a membrane is a hydraulic pressure-activated process and should increase with increasing pressure, a point is reached where the rate of build-up of the solute polarization layer is such that flow is impeded and further increases in pressure have no effect.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - concentration%20polarization

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Concentration is the only important application with regard to initial enzyme recovery. Coarse fractionation is rarely attempted on a large scale, mainly because concentration polarisation ... occurs during ultra-filtration, effectively preventing an adequate separation. Equally, removal of salts and low molecular weight species alone is not the prime consideration, although ultrafiltration is commonly used to this end later in enzyme purification processes.  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - concentration%20polarization

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Grâce à leurs propriétés plastiques, les supports membranaires peuvent équiper des réacteurs de conceptions technologiques très diverses. Dans certains cas, la membrane constitue une simple barrière physique retenant les macromolécules dans le compartiment réactionnel : c'est le principe des membranes d'ultrafiltration utilisées pour récupérer le biocatalyseur dans les réacteurs agités. [...] Le principal inconvénient de cette technique est le phénomène de "polarisation" qui se traduit par une accumulation des composés de haut poids moléculaire sur la face amont de la membrane et un colmatage des pores.  2, fiche 2, Français, - polarisation

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Zones of Water Pollution. Discharge or mixing zone is where pollutants enter the stream or the river. If the waste is dark, it will make the water dark, increase its temperature and subsequently oxygen levels will drop. The rate of discharge should not be stronger than flow of the stream. In zone of degradation oxygen levels drop from BOD(biological/biochemical oxygen demand). Zone of active decomposition is characterized by the following changes : 1) dissolved oxygen(DO) will be at its absolute minimum; 2) odors and gases bubbling up. In the zone of recovery the river will slowly restore its oxygen through aeration process. The anaerobic conditions will disappear. Nitrites will be converted into nitrates and stimulate growth of algae, which will produce oxygen through process of photosynthesis. In zone of clean water oxygen levels are really elevated. And BOD is almost satisfied.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - zone%20of%20degradation

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zone située en aval d'un rejet d'eaux usées dans laquelle s'effectue la première phase de dégradation de la matière organique.  1, fiche 3, Français, - zone%20de%20d%C3%A9gradation

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Primera zona del proceso de autopurificación de un efluente contaminado. Se caracteriza por la presencia de materias contaminantes flotantes. Su contenido de oxígeno disminuye pero no se agota inmediatamente.  1, fiche 3, Espagnol, - zona%20de%20degradaci%C3%B3n

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Zones of Water Pollution. Discharge or mixing zone is where pollutants enter the stream or the river. If the waste is dark, it will make the water dark, increase its temperature and subsequently oxygen levels will drop. The rate of discharge should not be stronger than flow of the stream. In zone of degradation oxygen levels drop from BOD(biological/biochemical oxygen demand). Zone of active decomposition is characterized by the following changes : 1) dissolved oxygen(DO) will be at its absolute minimum; 2) odors and gases bubbling up. In the zone of recovery the river will slowly restore its oxygen through aeration process. The anaerobic conditions will disappear. Nitrites will be converted into nitrates and stimulate growth of algae, which will produce oxygen through process of photosynthesis. In zone of clean water oxygen levels are really elevated. And BOD is almost satisfied.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - zone%20of%20recovery

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zone où la dégradation de la matière organique est presque terminée et où un retour aux conditions aérobies se fait grâce à un nouvel apport d'oxygène.  1, fiche 4, Français, - zone%20de%20r%C3%A9cup%C3%A9ration

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Zona de apariencia más favorable caracterizada por la reaparición gradual de oxígeno disuelto y por la disminución de los sólidos orgánicos.  1, fiche 4, Espagnol, - zona%20de%20recuperaci%C3%B3n

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Under a managed float or a fixed exchange rate system, whether or not capital inflows create inflationary pressures will depend on whether the inflows reflect an upward shift in the money demand function-that is, an increase in money demanded for each interest rate level-or are due to other factors, such as a drop in international interest rates or an increase in the domestic productivity of capital.  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - fixed%20exchange%20rate%20system

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] les trois principales économies, à savoir les États-Unis, l'Allemagne et le Japon, ont su contenir l'inflation sans établir entre elles un système de taux de change fixes.  3, fiche 5, Français, - r%C3%A9gime%20de%20change%20fixe

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

En régime de flottement dirigé ou de taux fixe, les entrées de capitaux auront un impact inflationniste ou non selon qu'elles répondent à un déplacement de la courbe de demande de monnaie vers le haut - donc à une augmentation des volumes demandés pour chaque taux d'intérêt -, à une chute des taux d'intérêt internationaux, ou à une amélioration de la productivité intérieure du capital.  2, fiche 5, Français, - r%C3%A9gime%20de%20change%20fixe

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En el marco de una flotación dirigida o un sistema de tipos de cambio fijos, el que las corrientes de capital creen o no presiones inflacionarias dependerá de si reflejan un movimiento ascendente de la función de demanda de dinero - es decir, un aumento de esa demanda en cada nivel de las tasas de interés - o si obedecen a otros factores, como la disminución de las tasas de interés internacionales o el incremento de la productividad interna del capital.  1, fiche 5, Espagnol, - sistema%20de%20tipos%20de%20cambio%20fijos

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Case of inelastic derived demand. Suppose that a particular building-trades union, such as the electricians’, raises wages. This case emphasizes the factors making for inelastic demand and a small resulting drop in employment of electricians.(1) Note that in the short run, employers cannot substitute other factors-such as machines or plasterers-for electricians.(2) Do not forget the importance of being unimportant : The total cost of a house will be little affected by a change in the wage rate of electricians alone. This fact will tend to cause only a mild reduction of employment as a result of an increase in their wages.(3) Suppose there is a great housing shortage so that people feel they need homes desperately. Inelasticity of demand for the final product, housing, will lower the derived elasticity for electricians.(4) Suppose that all practicing electricians must be in the union, so that an increase in wages is not followed by a great increase in nonunion labor supplied. This inelasticity of supply of other factors will tend to make the demand for union electricians inelastic.(5) Suppose, finally, that administered pricing or public regulation will not permit the prices at which houses are available to change much. This will make for a little quantity of houses sold and hence inelastic demand for the factors that build house.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - inelastic%20derived%20demand

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol