TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In applying a rule, each premise clause is examined in turn and its goal pursued in the same way, recursively. Thus, backward chaining refers to the process of recursively applying rules according to the goals that they conclude about.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - backward%20chaining

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The back-chaining sequence ends when a question is asked or a previously stored result is found.  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - backward%20chaining

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As opposed to "forward chaining".  6, fiche 1, Anglais, - backward%20chaining

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backward chaining; back chaining: terms standardized by CSA and ISO.  6, fiche 1, Anglais, - backward%20chaining

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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On peut distinguer deux modes de fonctionnement du moteur d'inférence. Si le moteur raisonne de manière régressive - on dit qu'il fonctionne en chaînage arrière. Il s'assigne un but à atteindre (hypothèse) et recherche la manière d'y parvenir. Sinon, le moteur fonctionne en chaînage avant.  2, fiche 1, Français, - cha%C3%AEnage%20arri%C3%A8re

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[Quand] la résolution du problème se fait du problème initial vers les primitives, en passant par une décomposition en sous-problèmes, ce type de résolution est appelé chaînage arrière.  3, fiche 1, Français, - cha%C3%AEnage%20arri%C3%A8re

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chaînage arrière : terme normalisé par l'ISO/CEI et la CSA.  4, fiche 1, Français, - cha%C3%AEnage%20arri%C3%A8re

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Fuzzy rule extraction. The goal is to define innovative techniques and approaches for extracting novel knowledge, expressed in the form of fuzzy rules, from data samples when no assessed knowledge is available or in order to complete... existing [assessed knowledge. ]  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - fuzzy%20rule%20extraction

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Les systèmes neuro-flous sont principalement de trois types : [les] systèmes qui intègrent des règles floues dans des réseaux[;] les systèmes qui font l'extraction de règles floues à partir des réseaux; et les systèmes qui [ont recours à] des neurones flous.  2, fiche 2, Français, - extraction%20de%20r%C3%A8gles%20floues

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A process which is the opposite of classification. The goal is to find the specific object that meets a given pattern rule.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - matching

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See also "pattern matching".  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - matching

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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Processus par lequel une situation à analyser satisfait un ensemble de critères caractérisant une situation type.  5, fiche 3, Français, - appariement

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Appariement d'expressions dans les schémas d'inférences. La mise en œuvre de schémas d'inférence [...] suppose au préalable la mise en correspondance d'expressions (appelée «appariement» ou «filtrage» voire «pattern matching»). L'appariement est évalué selon une notion prédéfinie de comptabilité entre expressions.  3, fiche 3, Français, - appariement

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appariement d'expressions, appariement de motifs, appariement structurel, concordance d'images, couplage causal, couplage d'objets, couplage par clôture, couplage par entrées.  2, fiche 3, Français, - appariement

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Le terme «appariement» est plus usité que «concordance» en représentations de connaissances, et «couplage» est le seul employé en théorie des graphes. On dit qu'un terme «s'apparie» avec un autre. Ne pas confondre avec «couplage inter-systèmes» (au sens de raccord). Certains auteurs emploient «identification» et «unification» comme synonyme de «appariement».  2, fiche 3, Français, - appariement

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appariement, concordance, assortiment, compatibilité de matériels informatiques entre eux.  4, fiche 3, Français, - appariement

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A model of the student’s current state. This is the system’s current understanding of the history, capabilities, knowledge, goals and motivation of the student it is teaching.  6, fiche 6, Anglais, - student%20model

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That part of a teaching program which provides it with information about the student using it.  7, fiche 6, Anglais, - student%20model

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We generally think of a student model as an evolving description of what the student knows about the subject domain. [...] This dynamic process is based on various sources of evidence and ways to reason about the evidence, involving considerations like measures of a priori difficulty, structural relationships in the knowledge base, and common sense reasoning.  5, fiche 6, Anglais, - student%20model

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Another student-controlled means of sharing status information is through the student profile. At the start of a tutorial session the student specifies whether he wishes to be told about conclusions being made by the expert program... in the course of the dialogue. He can request nothing, ask for full information, or simply request a "hint, "... The components of the profile are : Student Sophistication... Failure or Success of D-rules... Rule Conclusions... Final Goal Conclusions... Lesson Plan... Debugging....  8, fiche 6, Anglais, - student%20model

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It can be descriptive or simulative, or a combination of the two. Each of its submodels - behavioral, epistemic, and individual - plays a distinct role in the continuity of the communication process.  8, fiche 6, Anglais, - student%20model

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

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Composante d'un tuteur intelligent réunissant l'ensemble des informations sur l'élève.  3, fiche 6, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

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Le modèle de l'apprenant : il reflète les connaissances que possède le système sur l'apprenant; il contient en particulier : les connaissances statiques acquises par l'apprenant (base d'objets et de relations), les connaissances dynamiques (règles de comportement des objets), et les connaissances propres à l'apprenant (évaluation de l'apprenant).  2, fiche 6, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

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Le modèle étudiant représente l'histor ique des connaissances de l'apprenant en terme de décisions prises au fur et à mesure d'erreurs commises, de fausses conceptions. Le modèle de l'apprenant évolue constamment et représente la partie dynamique du système à partir de laquelle nous pouvons bâtir une interactivité plus adaptée aux processus d'apprentissage de l'étudiant.  2, fiche 6, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20de%20l%27%C3%A9tudiant

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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As Hao explained, through public interest litigation, his goal was to promote democracy, the rule of law and citizenship consciousness.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - citizenship%20consciousness

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

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Comme il l'explique, en intentant un litige d'intérêt public, il avait pour objectif de promouvoir la démocratie, la primauté du droit et la conscientisation citoyenne.  1, fiche 7, Français, - conscientisation%20citoyenne

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Each goal is six feet square and is surrounded by a circle nine feet in radius, called the crease.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - crease

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crease : Only the goalie can stand in this nine-foot radius with the ball. Shooters or their teammates cannot stand on(or inside) the line or their goals won’t count. Any violation of this rule will disallow the goal.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - crease

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

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Surface de terrain autour du but où l'adversaire ne peut pénétrer.  1, fiche 8, Français, - zone%20du%20gardien%20de%20but

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A formal logic rule which consists of an "if" part representing the premise or condition and a "then" part representing the goal or action to be taken when the "if" part is true.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - if%2Dthen%20statement

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A statement of a relationship among a set of facts. The relationship may be definitional (e.g., if female and married, then wife), or heuristic (e.g., if cloudy, then take umbrella).  4, fiche 9, Anglais, - if%2Dthen%20statement

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if-then statement, if-then rule: terms standardized by ISO/IEC and CSA.  5, fiche 9, Anglais, - if%2Dthen%20statement

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

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Relation entre un ensemble de faits. Elle comprend une partie gauche (prémisse ou pattern) et une partie droite (conséquence, conclusion ou action).  5, fiche 9, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20conditionnelle

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Règle de la forme «si prémisses, alors conclusions».  3, fiche 9, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20conditionnelle

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règle conditionnelle, règle si...alors : termes normalisés par ISO/CEI et la CSA.  6, fiche 9, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20conditionnelle

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In an ICAI program the tutoring rules that an author uses to create these pattern are defined in the knowledge base, and the program generates the instructional sequence in response to student questions or mistakes.  4, fiche 10, Anglais, - tutoring%20rule

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The main component of the tutor module (GUIDON) is a collection of tutoring rules, hereafter called t-rules, for carrying on a dialogue, including methods for providing assistance, maintaining a student knowledge model, responding to his initiative, and so on.  5, fiche 10, Anglais, - tutoring%20rule

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The tutoring rules were derived directly from a consensus of eleven teachers experienced in the precise scope of the program.  6, fiche 10, Anglais, - tutoring%20rule

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T-rules are grouped into rule packets, each specific to a tutorial goal.... There are two types of t-rule packets : t-rules for selecting a discourse procedure and t-rules for modeling belief.  5, fiche 10, Anglais, - tutoring%20rule

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Self-referencing rules mention in the premise the parameter being concluded about. Thus, the rules for concluding the name of the infection ... are broken into two groups: (1) regular rules ..., and (2) self-referencing rules that make a default conclusion in the absence of negative evidence from the first group.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - self%2Dreferencing%20rule

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... a rule is self-referencing if the goal concluded by the action is also mentioned in the premise.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - self%2Dreferencing%20rule

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

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Règles auto-référentes. - Certaines règles du domaine d'expertise imposent une entorse [...] au principe d'indépendance entre règles de production.  1, fiche 11, Français, - r%C3%A8gle%20auto%2Dr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rente

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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These programs have a characteristic inference structure that systematically relates data to a pre-enumerated set of solutions by abstraction, heuristic association, and refinement.  2, fiche 12, Anglais, - inference%20structure

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We can represent this hidden structure of goals by a tree which we call the inference structure of the rule base(produced by "hanging" the rule set from the goal rule).  3, fiche 12, Anglais, - inference%20structure

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Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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GUIDON takes the initiative by offering orientation to new topics at several times. It presents : 1. the "goal rule" of the task... ;2. a sketch of the entire subgoal tree...... the goal rule is only presented to a student using the program for the first time.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - goal%20rule

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The rule is called the chain rule for obvious reasons. We follow a chain of reasoning from A, through B to C.  3, fiche 14, Anglais, - chaining%20rule

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... the two rules of inference most used in problem solving are modus ponens ("If A implies B and you know A, then infer B") and modus tollens ("If A implies B and you know not-B, then infer not-A")... Linking several applications of modus ponens together is sometimes called the "chain rule" because inferences are chained together in a sequence....  4, fiche 14, Anglais, - chaining%20rule

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... a goal window was included in which a student was required to post the goal(s) she was working on before selecting operators..... The chain rule is the proposed operator which, before it can be applied, needs two sub-goals to be satisfied....  5, fiche 14, Anglais, - chaining%20rule

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Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A conflict-resolution rule. It states that a production instantiation can fire only once within any particular goal context.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - goal%2Dcontext%20refraction

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Espagnol