TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In opposition to Chomsky, who(as I noted) pays little attention to how his derivations might be realized by an individual speaker operating under "real-world" constraints, Bresnan and her colleagues have fashioned a perspective designed to illuminate how an individual will perceive or produce language. In her lexical-functional theory, there is no transformational component. The information traditionally embedded in the syntactic components is now placed in the individual' s lexicon-one's knowledge of specific words. Lexical-functional grammar provides each sentence with two structures : a constituent structure, which is similar to a surface structure(or phrase-marker tree) in the standard theory of Chomsky; and a functional structure, which includes all the grammatical relations relevant to the semantic interpretation of the sentence. The functional structure is generated by annotated phrase-structure rules working in conjunction with lexical entries for the various morphemes in a sentence.  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - lexical%2Dfunctional%20theory

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Grammaire qui introduit dans un modèle authentiquement linguistique des procédés de gestion dynamique des structures issues de l'informatique. (Technique et Science Informatiques 5, 2, 1986, 111).  2, fiche 1, Français, - grammaire%20fonctionnelle%2Dlexicale

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Grammaire lexicale-fonctionnelle, appelée parfois grammaire d'unification.  3, fiche 1, Français, - grammaire%20fonctionnelle%2Dlexicale

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As for any other behaviour, behaviour analysis approaches verbal behaviour functionally. Therefore, the study of verbal behaviour examines first and foremost the conditions under which verbal responses are produced and their effects, rather than their form(e. g. vocal or written responses) or their structure(e. g. grammatical classification). Therefore, gestures, sign language, images or symbols selection and writing can all be used and taught to communicate and may fully satisfy the definition of verbal behaviour in the same way as vocal language.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - verbal%20behaviour

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Et de plus : «Lorsque nous définissons le comportement verbal, nous ne pouvons pas spécifier de forme, mode ou médium. Tout mouvement capable d'affecter un autre organisme peut être verbal» [...] Ainsi pointer un objet pour l'obtenir, tirer sa grand-mère par la manche pour qu'elle nous mette la télévision, se rouler par terre en pleurant pour aller à la boulangerie, ou donner une image représentant une poire pour obtenir une poire sont tous des comportements verbaux!  2, fiche 2, Français, - comportement%20verbal

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The grammatical relationships inherent in the elements of a phrase or sentence but not immediately apparent from their linear structure.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - deep%20structure

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En grammaire générative, toute phrase réalisée comporte au moins deux structures : [l'une], dite structure profonde, est l'organisation de cette phrase à un niveau plus abstrait, avant que ne s'effectuent certaines opérations, dites transformations [...]  1, fiche 3, Français, - structure%20profonde

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Its basic idea was that since the Portuguese were the first Europeans to have extensive contact with Africa and the Far East, a portuguese-based pidgin would have been spoken in several areas around the equator. When other Europeans eventually surpassed the Portuguese in power and influence, the pidgin would gradually have relexified, i. e. the Portuguese word stock would gradually have been replaced by words from another language, with the grammatical structure remaining intact.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - Portuguese%2Dbased%20pidgin

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un pidgin portugais a été parlé autrefois à Gammeron en Iran, selon H. Schuchardt [...] (1889) [...].  1, fiche 4, Français, - pidgin%20portugais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le créole se distingue du pidgin par deux traits caractéristiques : Le créole est la langue maternelle d'une communauté linguistique dont les ancêtres ont été déplacés dans le contexte de l'esclavage. Deuxièmement, en devenant la langue maternelle de toute une communauté, le créole acquiert une grammaire dotée de principes beaucoup plus systématiques et réguliers que ceux du pidgin originel.  2, fiche 4, Français, - pidgin%20portugais

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Faulty parallelism occurs when parts of a sentence that are either in balance or part of a series are not presented with the same(or parallel) grammatical structure.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - faulty%20parallelism

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Parallelism refers to the expression of balanced ideas in balanced grammatical forms. Thus single words should be balanced with single words, phrases with phrases, and clauses with clauses. Faulty parallelism occurs when ideas of equal weight fail to be expressed in grammatical forms of equal weight.  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - faulty%20parallelism

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Wrong: In our society, the elderly feel alienated, because they are confined in retirement homes, their unattractive representation in the media, and the capitalist economy deems them unproductive. (The three items in the dependent clause, which starts with because, should be in parallel grammatical form.)Corrected: In our society, the elderly feel alienated, because they are confined in retirement homes, they are represented unfavourably in the media, and they are deemed unproductive by the capitalist economy. (The three items now all share the same grammatical form of the clause.)  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - faulty%20parallelism

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Examples: 1. He likes to listen to music, to watch movies, and going swimming. 2. She understood how to change the oil and replacing the air filter.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - faulty%20parallelism

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An approach to speech recognition that recognizes words spoken in normal context.  5, fiche 6, Anglais, - connected%20word%20recognition

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Connected speech recognition systems must be able to handle not only characteristics of sound and variations in pronunciation(as the word recognition systems do for discrete words), but also the grammatical structure of the language.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - connected%20word%20recognition

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Contrast with continuous speech recognition.  4, fiche 6, Anglais, - connected%20word%20recognition

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Reconnaissance de mots dans des phrases séparées par des pauses. (ISO/IEC, JTC1/SC1, N1609, 1994).  3, fiche 6, Français, - reconnaissance%20de%20mots%20encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9s

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An auxiliary that has come into existence through the attempts by the speakers of two different languages to communicate and that is primarily a simplified form of one of the languages with a reduced vocabulary and grammatical structure and considerable variation in prononciation.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - Pidgin

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système linguistique obtenu par réduction, simplification, etc., d'une langue donnée servant uniquement aux besoins d'une communication limitée dans le temps, les sujets et les registres, entre alloglottes, et qui, de ce fait, n'est la langue maternelle de personne.  1, fiche 7, Français, - pidgin

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The tendency to use all the punctuation that the grammatical structure of the material suggests is referred to as close([pronounced] klos) punctuation. It is a practice that was more common in the past, and though it may be helpful when the writing is elaborate, it can, when misused, produce an uninviting choppiness.  6, fiche 8, Anglais, - close%20punctuation

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The relationship which exists between elements of an actually produced sentence as a result of the linear sequencing of these elements, as opposed to deep structure, which reveals grammatical relations which underlie the surface structure and which are not immediately apparent from it.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - surface%20structure

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En grammaire générative, toute phrase réalisée comporte au moins deux structures : l'une, dit structure de surface, est l'organisation syntaxique de la phrase telle qu'elle se présente (...).  2, fiche 9, Français, - structure%20de%20surface

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The role of the deep-syntax component is to determine the grammatical function of the phrases corresponding to subtrees of the deep-syntax structure.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - deep%2Dsyntax%20component

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Repetition. The learner merely repeats the input; input and output are identical. Though this may play an incidental part in other types of drill, it does not seem very useful as a drill technique by itself for drilling grammatical structure.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - repetition%20drill

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Structural drills. Imitation. This type of drill - repetition of a model provided by the teacher - is employed primarily at the very beginning stages of language learning. It is often used in teaching grammar but is also effective for practising pronunciation, including the prosodic features of language (stress, intonation, and rhythm).  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - repetition%20drill

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Répétition. C'est l'exercice structural le plus simple (...). Nature. Le professeur demande aux élèves d'écouter puis de répéter après lui une série de phrases contenant l'opposition structurale qu'il désire enseigner (...). Chaque phrase doit être prononcée par le professeur puis par les élèves en respectant son contour naturel (...).  1, fiche 12, Français, - exercice%20de%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9tition

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Après l'écoute pure, les exercices de répétition constituent la première phase de l'apprentissage des éléments phonétiques, lexicaux et grammaticaux. L'élève cherche alors à reproduire aussi exactement que possible le modèle qui lui est présenté, et compare immédiatement son enregistrement à celui de la voix du maître.  1, fiche 12, Français, - exercice%20de%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9tition

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol