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At a long time scale, organisms can adapt to slow environmental changes, by storing information in the genetic material(DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] and RNA [ribonucleic acid] molecules) that is carried over from generation to generation. This is referred to as phylogenetic learning.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - phylogenetic%20learning

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Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A fluctuation, or a component thereof, whose characteristic time scale is sufficiently long to result in an appreciable inconstancy of successive 30-year averages(normals) of the variable.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - climatic%20variation

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Often used to designate common natural variations from one year to the next, or changes from one decade to the next.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - climatic%20variation

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Fluctuation ou composante de celle-ci, dont l'échelle de temps caractéristique est suffisamment grande pour aboutir à une inconstance appréciable des moyennes (normales) successives de la variable, calculées chacune sur 30 ans.  2, fiche 2, Français, - variation%20climatique

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Ce terme sert souvent à désigner des variations interannuelles courantes ou des changements qui se produisent d'une décennie à une autre.  3, fiche 2, Français, - variation%20climatique

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Fluctuación, o componente de ésta, cuya escala de tiempo característica es suficientemente grande para dar una inconstancia apreciable de las medias (normales) sucesivas de la variable en 30 años.  1, fiche 2, Espagnol, - variaci%C3%B3n%20del%20clima

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Se utiliza a menudo para designar las variaciones interanuales corrientes o los cambios de un decenio al siguiente.  1, fiche 2, Espagnol, - variaci%C3%B3n%20del%20clima

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The motions of individual atoms within a protein molecule. These motions are random, very fast and rarely cover more than 0.5 A. The energy for these motions comes from the kinetic energy inherent in the protein as a function of temperature.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - atomic%20fluctuation

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Since a globular protein has its atoms packed close together, the atomic fluctuations are restricted. Nevertheless, the combination of many small local motions can produce large-scale, more global displacements of one part of a protein with respect to another.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - atomic%20fluctuation

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The first step toward understanding the role of atomic fluctuations in protein function is to determine the nature of the fluctuations themselves. This includes the study of their magnitude(how large they are), their probability(how often they occur) and their time scale(how long they take). The most direct approach to protein dynamics is to treat each atom in the protein as a particle responding to forces in the way prescribed by Newtonian physics, in accord with Newton's equations of motion.  3, fiche 3, Anglais, - atomic%20fluctuation

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Mouvement des atomes dans une protéine. Les mouvements de plus grande amplitude sont ceux des atomes situés à la surface des protéines, car les atomes y sont moins tassés : alors que les atomes du cœur d'une protéine se déplacent au plus de 0,05 nanomètre (longueur du même ordre de grandeur que le rayon d'un atome), les atomes de surface peuvent parcourir des distances quatre fois plus longues.  2, fiche 3, Français, - mouvement%20atomique

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... where were scale matters much, the tendency for land fixity to force diminishing extra returns to labor could be thwarted for a long time by an increase in the total labor scale involved.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - land%20fixity

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... where mere scale matters much, the tendency for land fixity to force diminishing extra returns to labor could be thwarted for a long time by an increase in the total labor scale involved.  1, fiche 5, Anglais, - diminishing%20extra%20returns%20to%20labor

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Either of two arbitrary series of numbers from 0 to 9, used separately or in combination to define qualitatively the degree to which the ocean surface is disturbed by fresh waves (sea) generated by local winds, and by decaying waves, or swell, propagated from their distant wind sources ...  7, fiche 6, Anglais, - Douglas%20scale

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Douglas scale, denomination, height waves (m): 0 calm, 0 m.; 1 nearly calm, < 0.1; 2 little moved, 0.1 - 0.5; 3 moved, 0.5 - 1.3; 4 a lot moved, 1.3 - 2.5; 5 rough, 2.5 - 4; 6 much rough, 4 - 6; 7 flood, 6 - 9; 8 much flood, 9 - 14; 9 stormy, > 14.  8, fiche 6, Anglais, - Douglas%20scale

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The "state of the sea" is the locally observed motion of the waves generated by the combined effects of "wind sea" and "swell."  9, fiche 6, Anglais, - Douglas%20scale

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DOUGLAS, Douglas Sea State. Douglas Sea Scale. Douglas Scale. Douglas Swell Scale. Douglas Sea and Swell Scale.... what do they mean? Douglas is the name given to a set of tables used to describe sea and swell conditions. The Douglas Sea tables refer to the waves generated by the wind in the locality at the time, the Douglas Swell tables refer to decaying waves originally generated by distant winds, and the Douglas Sea and Swell tables are a combination of the two. Originally, Douglas made no mention of heights or wave periods, and used only words to define the sea and swell conditions, e. g., slight sea, moderate sea or long low swell, short moderate swell. The combined definition was produced by a sea description followed by a swell description. But different publications have interpreted the Douglas Scales to produce wave heights and periods; and different interpretations have led to confusion. According to the World Meteorological Organisation, there is no internationally recognised definition or official status for any of the Douglas scales.  2, fiche 6, Anglais, - Douglas%20scale

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The Douglas scale is a scale to estimate the state of the sea whereas the Beaufort scale is an internationally recognised table with a standard set of wind speed values.  10, fiche 6, Anglais, - Douglas%20scale

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state-of-sea scale; sea state scale: these terms frequently refers to the "Douglas scale" and sometimes to the "Beaufort scale" ("Beaufort sea state scale)." Sea state numbers and wave height values are sometimes appended to Beaufort tables, however they are not standardized and may differ from one source to another.  10, fiche 6, Anglais, - Douglas%20scale

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Barême exprimant l'agitation de la surface de la mer par une suite de nombres de 0 à 9 (ou code «S»).  4, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20Douglas

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Francis Beaufort (v. 1774 - 1857). Son échelle anémométrique, notée de 0 à 12, est basée sur le calcul de la pression exercée par le vent, et est utilisée dans la marine depuis 1874. Ne pas confonde avec l'échelle de l'état de la mer (indice 0 à 9) nommée échelle de Douglas.  5, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20Douglas

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La description de l'état de la mer correspond à une échelle (échelle de Douglas) différente de celle de l'échelle de Beaufort, à laquelle elle est cependant souvent associée. Des hauteurs probables de vagues sont données avec chaque échelon, de calme à énorme.  6, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20Douglas

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échelle de Douglas : Du nom de l'amiral anglais Percy Douglas (1876-1939).  7, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20Douglas

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échelle de Douglas; échelle d'état de mer : termes uniformisés par le Comité de normalisation de la terminologie navale.  8, fiche 6, Français, - %C3%A9chelle%20de%20Douglas

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Escala numérica de la altura promedio de las olas, en la cual los números aumentan con la altura de las olas.  2, fiche 6, Espagnol, - escala%20de%20Douglas

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Consta de diez categorías, cada una de las cuales recibe un nombre característico y comprende intervalos de altura del oleaje que corresponden a uno o dos grados de la escala de viento de Beaufront.  3, fiche 6, Espagnol, - escala%20de%20Douglas

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This paper explores how institutions of property rights and collective action play a particularly important role in the application of technologies for agriculture and natural resource management. Those technologies with long time frames tend to require tenure security to provide sufficient incentives to adopt, while those that operate on a large spatial scale will require collective action to coordinate, either across individual private property or in common property regimes. In contrast to many crop technologies like high-yielding variety seeds or fertilizers, natural resource management technologies like agroforestry, watershed management, irrigation, or fisheries tend to embody greater and more varying temporal and spatial dimensions. Whereas the literature addressing constraints and enabling factors for rural technology adoption have largely focused on their direct effects on crop technologies, the conceptual framework presented here shows how property rights and collective action interact with many other constraints to technology development(such as wealth, information, risk, or labor availability).  2, fiche 7, Anglais, - rural%20technology

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[...] le développement de la technique rurale, le mouvement général de dispersion, le regroupement des terres et l'amenuisement des villages conduisent à une dilution humaine sur les finages qui représente un réel danger social. Ce danger est d'autant plus grand que toute dilution exagérée rend non rentable l'application de certains progrès sociaux et techniques basés sur les groupes denses, donc risque de provoquer une nouvelle désaffectation des campagnes.  1, fiche 7, Français, - technique%20rurale

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Electrical generation has been centralised for a long time and has led to ever larger installations in order to reduce production costs(scale effect).  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - scale%20effect

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La production électrique a été pendant longtemps centralisée. Elle a conduit à des tailles d'installations toujours plus importantes afin de baisser les coûts de production (effet d'échelle).  1, fiche 8, Français, - effet%20d%27%C3%A9chelle

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In recent years, there has been increasing interest in glucose syrups due to the development of large scale processes for the enzymatic isomerization of glucose. Starch is now the cheapest and the most available material for the production of glucose; and this process, using soluble amyloglucosidase, has been studied well and has been used in industry for a long time in many countries.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - enzymatic%20isomerization

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La fluctuation des cours mondiaux du sucre de canne ou de betterave a entraîné le développement de la fabrication des sirops de glucose à partir d'amidon de céréales. L'isomérisation enzymatique d'une fraction du glucose conduit à des sirops à 42 % de fructose (exprimés en matière sèche) dont le pouvoir sucrant est comparable à celui du saccharose. Or la glucose isomérase fixée présente des caractéristiques intéressantes : son utilisation sur de longues périodes compense son prix de production élevé, elle est stable à 60 ° et son taux de conversion de glucose en fructose est bon.  1, fiche 9, Français, - isom%C3%A9risation%20enzymatique

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Voir "isomère", "isomérase".  2, fiche 9, Français, - isom%C3%A9risation%20enzymatique

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