TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Reduction in the average cost of a product, achieved by increasing the volume of output and in that way using labour, machinery, and other factors of production more efficiently.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - economy%20of%20scale

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For a smaller country, such as Canada, achieving economies of scale may depend on having access to larger foreign markets, since the Canadian market by itself may be too small to support the most efficient volume of production in many industries. A firm should be able to produce a product more efficiently by making use of modern machinery and equipment, skilled and specialized labour, interchangeable parts, automation and large-scale distribution, and be able as a result to fund on-going research and development.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - economy%20of%20scale

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At some point, when marginal cost equals average cost, a plant will stop yielding economies of scale; it will then be at a point where diseconomies of scale begin, with each extra unit of output costing more than the average cost and thus being unprofitable. In other words, a plant can produce both too little and too much.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - economy%20of%20scale

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economy of scale: term usually used in the plural.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - economy%20of%20scale

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Abaissement du coût unitaire de production au fur et à mesure que la production augmente.  2, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9conomie%20d%27%C3%A9chelle

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économie d'échelle : terme habituellement utilisé au pluriel.  3, fiche 1, Français, - %C3%A9conomie%20d%27%C3%A9chelle

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Disminución de los costes medios al aumentar la producción y distribuirse los gastos fijos entre mayor número de factores de producción.  2, fiche 1, Espagnol, - econom%C3%ADas%20de%20escala

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The choice between alfalfa and oat hay depends on price per unit of energy or protein and the type of horse being fed. Depending on the area of the country in which it is grown, oat hay can be low in protein and contain only marginal calcium, phosphorus, and carotene.  1, fiche 2, Anglais, - oat%20hay

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Le foin d'avoine est un fourrage à fort rendement utilisé par les laiteries, les éleveurs d'équidés et les producteurs de bovins à viande pour préserver la santé et la productivité des animaux.  1, fiche 2, Français, - foin%20d%27avoine

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Marginal contribution measures the spread between the amount of revenue to be received from one additional unit of the scarce resource and the amount of incremental cost necessary to produce that revenue. The cost of the scarce resource itself does not enter into this calculation because the way the firm uses the resource does not change the cost.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - marginal%20contribution

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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La marge sur coûts variables représente le revenu variable moins tous les coûts variables alors que la contribution marginale représente le revenu de la dernière unité vendue moins le coût variable de cette unité.  2, fiche 3, Français, - contribution%20marginale

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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[The] marginal cost for a public utility to produce one more unit of power.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - avoided%20cost

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avoided cost: term often used in the plural (’’avoided costs’’).  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - avoided%20cost

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Coût [marginal] à encourir pour alimenter une demande additionnelle [...]  1, fiche 4, Français, - co%C3%BBt%20%C3%A9vit%C3%A9

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coût évité : terme souvent employé au pluriel («coûts évités»).  2, fiche 4, Français, - co%C3%BBt%20%C3%A9vit%C3%A9

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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An increase in the average cost per unit of production, as production rises, because of the exceedingly large scale on which the producer operates.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - diseconomy%20of%20scale

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

At some point, when marginal cost equals average cost, a plant will stop yielding economies of scale; it will then be at a point where diseconomies of scale begin, with each extra unit of output costing more than the average cost and thus being unprofitable. In other words, a plant can produce both too little and too much.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - diseconomy%20of%20scale

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This [diseconomy of scale] can be due to internal factors: for example, the firm may become so big that it becomes increasingly costly and difficult to manage and operate. Or it can be due to external factors, such as increased pollution clean-up costs due to the concentration of major industries along the same river or lake system.  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - diseconomy%20of%20scale

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diseconomy of scale; diminishing return to scale: terms usually used in the plural.  4, fiche 5, Anglais, - diseconomy%20of%20scale

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Diminution de l'efficience constatée lorsque la quantité produite croît moins rapidement que les quantités de facteurs de production mis en œuvre, résultant en une hausse du coût de revient du produit.  1, fiche 5, Français, - d%C3%A9s%C3%A9conomie%20d%27%C3%A9chelle

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déséconomie d'échelle; rendement d'échelle décroissant : termes habituellement utilisés au pluriel.  3, fiche 5, Français, - d%C3%A9s%C3%A9conomie%20d%27%C3%A9chelle

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Por oposición a las economías de escala, la situación que se crea, pérdida de control y de disminución de productividad, como consecuencia de la dimensión excesiva - por encima del óptimo - de una empresa, de una ciudad o de una colectividad de cualquier otro tipo. Pueden superarse a través de medidas de racionalización, llegando incluso a la subdivisión del conjunto en partes más fácilmente gobernables por separado.  1, fiche 5, Espagnol, - deseconom%C3%ADa%20de%20escala

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... in calculating the operating costs of a new highway, marginal operating costs saved on alternative routes due to reduced traffic should be subtracted. Since operating costs can be expected to rise less than proportionately with the flow of traffic per unit of time, marginal operating costs will be lower than average operating costs.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - marginal%20operating%20cost

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Why are... marginal-physical-products-per-dollar... equal to the reciprocal of marginal cost... ? Because extra output per dollar is nothing but the upside-down of extra dollars per unit of product, which is what we mean by MC.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - marginal%2Dphysical%2Dproduct%2Dper%2Ddollar

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Maximum permissible limits, maximum allowable concentrations, maximum acceptable levels of pollutants in specified media other than the receptor designed to ensure that under specified circumstances a primary or secondary standard is not exceeded.  6, fiche 8, Anglais, - ambient%20quality%20standard

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Auction of pollution rights [are] based on the principle that, since environment policy cannot be grounded on equalizing the marginal social cost of pollution with the marginal social benefit of abating pollution..., standards of environmental quality are decided on by the government authorities. A quality standard can be defined with reference to the degree of accepted pollution corresponding to a given quantity of pollutant discharged per unit of time(for example, one year).  5, fiche 8, Anglais, - ambient%20quality%20standard

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Compare with "air quality standard" and "emission standard".  7, fiche 8, Anglais, - ambient%20quality%20standard

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

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Norme fixant des niveaux de pollution ou de nuisances à ne pas dépasser dans un milieu ou dans des circonstances données.  5, fiche 8, Français, - norme%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27environnement

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Droits échangeables. [...] le gouvernement fixe d'abord les normes de qualité de l'environnement qu'il désire, puis crée des droits, échangeables entre firmes, pour la quantité d'émissions compatibles avec ces normes.  6, fiche 8, Français, - norme%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27environnement

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En vertu de ces normes, les pouvoirs publics déterminent un seuil de pollution acceptable en deçà duquel les entreprises peuvent polluer (droits à polluer) mais au-delà duquel elles doivent acheter, échanger ou négocier ces droits.  7, fiche 8, Français, - norme%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27environnement

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The "marginal product" of a productive factor is the extra product or output added by one extra unit of that factor, while other factors are being held constant. Labor's marginal-product is the extra output you get when you add one unit of labor, holding all other inputs constant...-and so forth, for any factor.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - marginal%20product

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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The additional revenue which results from adding one unit of one factor of production while holding the other factors constant. MRP equals the product of marginal physical product times marginal revenue.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - marginal%20revenue%20product

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If using one additional kilogram of elemental nitrogen results in an increase in rice production worth 12.30 currency units, then the marginal value product of a kilogram of elemental nitrogen is 12.30 currency units.  4, fiche 10, Anglais, - marginal%20revenue%20product

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

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[...] variation de recette résultant de la vente du produit entraînée par une unité supplémentaire de facteur variable.  2, fiche 10, Français, - recette%20marginale%20du%20facteur

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Es el valor del producto adicional generado por una unidad adicional de un insumo variable.  4, fiche 10, Espagnol, - producto%20del%20ingreso%20marginal

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si el utilizar un kilogramo adicional de nitrógeno elemental da como resultado un incremento en la producción de arroz con un valor de 12,30 unidades monetarias, entonces el valor del producto marginal de un kilogramo de nitrógeno elemental es de 12,30 unidades monetarias.  3, fiche 10, Espagnol, - producto%20del%20ingreso%20marginal

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Increase in savings for each additional unit of income. It is complementary to the marginal propensity to consume.  3, fiche 11, Anglais, - marginal%20propensity%20to%20save

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marginal propensity to save: term and definition reproduced from the CAPITAL Business Dictionary with the permission of LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, fiche 11, Anglais, - marginal%20propensity%20to%20save

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Augmentation de l'épargne pour chaque unité additionnelle de revenu. Elle est complémentaire à la propension marginale à la consommation.  2, fiche 11, Français, - propension%20marginale%20%C3%A0%20%C3%A9pargner

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propension marginale à épargner : terme et définition extraits du CAPITAL Business Dictionary et reproduits avec l'autorisation de LID Editorial Empresarial.  3, fiche 11, Français, - propension%20marginale%20%C3%A0%20%C3%A9pargner

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Aumento en el ahorro por cada unidad adicional de ingreso. Es el complementario de la propensión marginal al consumo.  3, fiche 11, Espagnol, - propensi%C3%B3n%20marginal%20al%20ahorro

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propensión marginal al ahorro: término y definición extraídos del CAPITAL Business Dictionary con la autorización de LID Editorial Empresarial.  4, fiche 11, Espagnol, - propensi%C3%B3n%20marginal%20al%20ahorro

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Fixing the selling price of additional units with reference to the marginal cost of manufacturing the unit...  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - marginal%2Dcost%20pricing

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The theory of marginal pricing is that, after a company's total fixed and variable costs have been covered by the existing volume of production, the cost of producing an extra unit of production, ie marginal production, will only be the total variable cost of producing and selling that unit. In such circumstances, the selling prices of additional units could be reduced, if necessary, to match the total variable cost without any loss of profit to the company. Any amount by which the selling price exceeds the variable cost of marginal output could then be an extra or marginal contribution to the company's net profits or cash flow.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - marginal%2Dcost%20pricing

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

As applied to consumers, the quantity of one commodity or service that a given consumer feels he must acquire to compensate him exactly for the loss of one unit of some other commodity or service. When applied to money, the marginal rate of substitution is the price that a given consumer may be willing to pay for a specified quantity of some commodity or service.  3, fiche 13, Anglais, - marginal%20rate%20of%20substitution

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Intermediate texts refer to the slope of the indifference curve at any point as the "substitution ratio" or "the marginal rate of substitution", or the "relative marginal utility ratio" at that point.  4, fiche 13, Anglais, - marginal%20rate%20of%20substitution

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mesure de la quantité d'un produit auquel le consommateur renonce en contrepartie d'une plus grande consommation d'un autre produit, pour garder la même satisfaction.  2, fiche 13, Français, - taux%20marginal%20de%20substitution

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le rapport des désirabilités marginales de deux biens étant appelé taux marginal de substitution entre ces biens, celui-ci doit être égal au rapport des prix de ces biens.  3, fiche 13, Français, - taux%20marginal%20de%20substitution

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tasa a la que un bien se debe sustituir por otro a medida que el consumidor se mueve a lo largo de su curva de indiferencia.  1, fiche 13, Espagnol, - tasa%20marginal%20de%20sustituci%C3%B3n

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

When the same product or service is being produced in two or more units of production, in order to get the maximum total output, resources should be allocated among the units of productions in such a way that the marginal productivity of each resource is the same in each unit of production.  2, fiche 14, Anglais, - Equimarginal%20Principle

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Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument proposed by John Dales and based on the principle that, since environment policy cannot be grounded on equalizing the marginal social cost of pollution with the marginal social benefit of abating pollution(theses functions being almost impossible to ascertain), standards of environmental quality are decided on by the government authorities. A quality standard can be defined with reference to the degree of accepted pollution corresponding to a given quantity of pollutant discharged per unit of time(for example, one year). One can then imagine this annual total quantity of pollutant being represented by bonds which would really be pollution rights. The bonds could be put on sale by the public sector in an actual market for pollution rights. These rights would be negotiable and sold at prices determined by supply and demand.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - auction%20of%20pollution%20rights

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans la mesure où l'environnement est un bien collectif, il peut apparaître choquant de le mettre ainsi aux enchères, c'est-à-dire vendre à une minorité le droit de nuire à la majorité.  1, fiche 15, Français, - bourse%20des%20droits%20de%20pollution

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

C'est le volume de transactions qui détermine s'il s'agit d'une simple vente aux enchères locale ou d'une véritable bourse qui intéresse les entreprises de toute une région ou de tout un pays (celle de Chicago en est un exemple récent).  2, fiche 15, Français, - bourse%20des%20droits%20de%20pollution

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

One price structure that is generally consistent with economic efficiency is referred to as the two or, more generally, the multi-block tariff. This approach is based on the fact that efficiency requires that price equal marginal cost only for the last unit purchased, so that the price of intramarginal units can be adjusted. For example, under a declining cost situation, with a two-part tariff structure there could be a lump sum or hookup charge and then all units sold would be priced at marginal cost. However, too high a lump sum charge may prevent some customers from purchasing service at all. To avoid this problem a multi-block declining tariff could be used. The last or "tailing" block rate would be set at marginal cost.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - multi%2Dblock%20declining%20tariff

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Français

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dégressif : Se dit d'une somme à payer qui va en diminuant selon certains critères (quantité, durée, etc.) : Tarif dégressif.  2, fiche 16, Français, - tarif%20d%C3%A9gressif%20%C3%A0%20tranches

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Voir fiche "tarif à tranches".  1, fiche 16, Français, - tarif%20d%C3%A9gressif%20%C3%A0%20tranches

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Suppose you blindfold a man and ask him to hold out his hand, palm up. Now place a weight on his palm; he will certainly notice it. As you add more units of weight, he notices their addition too. But after his palm is carrying a good deal of weight, you can add just as big a weight as you did in the beginning, and yet this time he will reply that he is not conscious of any addition. In other words, the greater the total weight he is already carrying, the less will be the effect of an extra or marginal unit of weight.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - marginal%20unit

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Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

With no need to cut your P [Price] to sell an extra unit of Q [Quantity] the incremental Marginal Revenue it brings you is precisely the P [Price] received for that last unit, with no loss on previous units being subtracted.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - incremental%20marginal%20revenue

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

(...) marginal utilities divided by price per unit-that is(...) marginal utilities per last dollar, MU/P-are all to be equalized in optimizing equilibrium.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - marginal%20utility%20per%20last%20dollar

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Espagnol