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Our maternal penning approach was unique in that it involved confining pregnant females and their dependent offspring on native range for a brief period during a crucial life stage.... Maternal penning is quite different from captive breeding, a common approach for conservation of critically endangered species... Breeding populations are maintained long-term in facilities that are most often distant from their native habitats...  1, fiche 1, Anglais, - maternal%20penning

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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L'objectif de la mise en enclos des femelles gestantes est d'aider un plus grand nombre de petits à survivre. Les femelles gestantes sont capturées dans la nature à la fin de l'hiver et sont mises dans un enclos temporaire pendant quatre à huit semaines. Pendant cette période, des petits naissent et vivent leurs premières semaines de vie à l'abri des prédateurs. Cependant, les femelles et les petits sont ensuite mis en liberté au printemps, lorsque les petits ont un ou deux mois.  1, fiche 1, Français, - mise%20en%20enclos%20de%20femelles%20gestantes

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In spite of collectivization, important features with respect to the organization of production in the pastoral economy varied little from the past: herding remained pastoral and nomadic, the basic unit of production continued to be the household units, and the division of labour within the household experienced only small modifications. Each household was generally involved in the production of single-species herds, for which activity a monthly salary was paid. Households were permitted to own a small number of animals that could be sold or used for their own consumption.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - pastoral%20economy

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Prefectural-level pastoral policy emphasizes the fencing of grassland, penning of livestock and settlement of pastoralists, all measures which assist greater control and market exploitation of the pastoral economy.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - pastoral%20economy

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Le système d'économie pastorale traditionnel pyrénéen s'organisait autour de la vie du troupeau; chaque cellule familiale constituait une entité économique.  2, fiche 2, Français, - %C3%A9conomie%20pastorale

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économie pastorale : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’agriculture» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  3, fiche 2, Français, - %C3%A9conomie%20pastorale

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Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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[A group of] large stones 7 to 18 in. deep placed on edge and wedged by small stones called spalls (or rolled) to form a road foundation or a revetment to protect an earth slope from scour.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - pitching

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stone pitching: term proposed by the World Road Association.  4, fiche 3, Anglais, - pitching

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

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Couche de fondation constituée de grosses pierres concassées disposées à la main et stabilisées par pose entre elles d'éclats de pierre [...]  4, fiche 3, Français, - blocage

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[...] le mot «hérisson» désigne la couche mise en place à la main; le mot «blocage» désigne la couche des mêmes matériaux, mis en place très sommairement à l'aide d'une machine niveleuse.  1, fiche 3, Français, - blocage

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hérisson : terme proposé par l'Association mondiale de la route.  5, fiche 3, Français, - blocage

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Team penning is a western equestrian sport that evolved from the common ranch work of separating cattle into pens for branding, doctoring, or transport.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - team%20pen

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Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Specifically UK term for a rectangular sluice gate which opens by lifting upwards.  1, fiche 5, Anglais, - penning%20gate

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As per source SCENGA, "penstock" should not be used as a synonym for "penning gate".  3, fiche 5, Anglais, - penning%20gate

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

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Vanne destinée à l'obturation d'une ouverture dans une paroi en maçonnerie.  1, fiche 5, Français, - vanne%20murale

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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[The housing of] pigs of the same litter in the same pen.  1, fiche 6, Anglais, - sib%20penning

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De porcelets.  1, fiche 6, Français, - logement%20par%20port%C3%A9e

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Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Grouping into pens.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - penning

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

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des animaux de ferme  1, fiche 7, Français, - mise%20en%20parquet

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Sussex Corner.  2, fiche 8, Anglais, - The%20Southern%20New%20Brunswick%20Cattle%20Penning%20Club%20Inc%2E

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

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Source : Traduction des débats, Assemblée législative du Nouveau-Brunswick.  2, fiche 8, Français, - The%20Southern%20New%20Brunswick%20Cattle%20Penning%20Club%20Inc%2E

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Airdrie, Alberta.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - Canadian%20Team%20Cattle%20Penning%20Association

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

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Airdrie, Alberta.  2, fiche 9, Français, - Canadian%20Team%20Cattle%20Penning%20Association

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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In 1956, Harley and Pretorius described a simple discharge detector for gas chromatography based on the electrical properties of a glow discharge, the voltage across the gaseous discharge being a function of the type of gas present. Druyvesteyn and Penning in 1940 reviewed the complex nature of the glow discharge, noting that the discharge is maintained by electrons emitted from the cathode which result from processes related to positive ion bombardment, photoelectric emission, and collisions with excited atoms. When trace quantities of a material eluted from a chromatographic column enter the detector(consisting of a small platinum disk cathode and a tungsten wire anode), a voltage change resulted which was recorded.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - glow%20discharge%20detector

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Using neon lamps Pitkethly found ... that these detector were current and pressure independent at 1-1.5 mS and 3-5 mm Hg .... In 1958, Roberts and Hinkle evaluated glow discharge tubes as detectors for compounds in the concentration range of 5-500 ppm and concluded that the detector was not applicable to general-purpose use .... More recently, Wilhite described glow discharge-type devices which act electrically similar to a gas-filled voltage-regulator tube ... Riley described the use of an argon purity meter, a glow-type discharge detector, for the determination of small concentrations (0-1500 ppm) of impurity gases in argon.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - glow%20discharge%20detector

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Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Methods of ion production. For analysis of organic compounds the principal methods are electron impact, chemical ionization, field ionization and field desorption. Electron impact. When a gaseous sample of a molecular compound is ionized with a beam of energetic ... electrons, part of the energy is transferred to the ion formed by the collision....  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - electron%20impact

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Examples of ion sources utilizing this concept are the duoplasmatron and the Penning ion source.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - electron%20impact

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

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Ionisation par bombardement électronique (...) L'échantillon, en phase vapeur et sous faible pression (...) est bombardé par un faisceau d'électrons (...) émis par un filament de tungstène ou de rhénium (...) La plus grande partie des ions formés sont chargés positivement (...) La notation M[exposant]+. signifie que l'on obtient un ion moléculaire radicalaire (...) à partir de la molécule M.  1, fiche 12, Français, - bombardement%20%C3%A9lectronique

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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any energy difference between the two states is carried away by the freed electron. Such a process is called Penning ionization. Named after F. M. Penning, a Dutch physicist.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - Penning%20ionization

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