TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed under specified conditions by the biological oxidation of organic and/or inorganic matter in water.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - biochemical%20oxygen%20demand

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

biochemical oxygen demand; biological oxygen demand; BOD; B. O. D. :[These terms and abbreviations can also refer] to a chemical procedure for determining this amount. This is not a precise quantitative test, although it is widely used as an indication of the organic quality of water. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a robust surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.... BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants.... BOD is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand(COD), in that both measure the amount of organic compounds in water. However, COD is less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biologically active organic matter.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - biochemical%20oxygen%20demand

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

A 5-day BOD is written BOD₅. (The subscripted number represents the number of days over which measurements are taken.)  5, fiche 1, Anglais, - biochemical%20oxygen%20demand

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

biochemical oxygen demand; BOD: term, abbreviation and definition standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).  6, fiche 1, Anglais, - biochemical%20oxygen%20demand

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Concentration en masse de l'oxygène dissous consommé dans des conditions définies par l'oxydation biologique des matières organiques et/ou inorganiques contenues dans l'eau.  7, fiche 1, Français, - demande%20biochimique%20en%20oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La quantité d'oxygène nécessaire pour oxyder les matières organiques (biodégradables) par voie biologique (oxydation des matières organiques biodégradables par des bactéries) [...] permet d'évaluer la fraction biodégradable de la charge polluante carbonée des eaux usées. Elle est en général calculée au bout de 5 jours à 20 °C et dans le noir. On parle alors de "DBO5".  3, fiche 1, Français, - demande%20biochimique%20en%20oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

DBO5 : La demande biochimique en oxygène après (ou à) 5 jours. Le chiffre s'écrit habituellement en indice (DBO₅).  8, fiche 1, Français, - demande%20biochimique%20en%20oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

demande biochimique en oxygène; demande biologique en oxygène; demande biochimique d'oxygène; DBO; D.B.O. : Ces termes et abréviations peuvent également désigner la procédure servant à calculer la quantité d'oxygène en question.  8, fiche 1, Français, - demande%20biochimique%20en%20oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

La DBO sert d'indice de pollution de l'eau.  8, fiche 1, Français, - demande%20biochimique%20en%20oxyg%C3%A8ne

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 5 OBS

demande biochimique en oxygène; DBO : terme, abréviation et définition normalisés par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO).  9, fiche 1, Français, - demande%20biochimique%20en%20oxyg%C3%A8ne

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Concentración en masa del oxígeno disuelto, consumido bajo condiciones específicas, por la oxidación biológica de la materia orgánica e/o inorgánica contenida en el agua.  4, fiche 1, Espagnol, - demanda%20bioqu%C3%ADmica%20de%20ox%C3%ADgeno

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... the term "state of technology"(a standard term used in licences) is a dynamic concept and both the availability and the economic feasibility of the technology become issues. Dr. Rainer HAMM(Rechtsanwalt)(defence attorney) commented that there is a sensitive major tax on waste water. Those who have a licence to use a river to pollute have to pay a fee depending on the degree of pollution. The waste water effluent fees are quite effective to minimize pollution.... Large corporations also have high incentive to develop technology. It is they who develop technology. While universities can and do develop standards, they cannot build technology and compare standards. That can only be done by industry itself. Thus it is the industry which makes the law by defining the standards of technology. They are motivated to do so by the new device, popular in the United States, known as "technology forcing. "Dr. HAMM was however sceptical of using criminal law to pursue dynamic concepts. If you include a state of technology that can change any time and then punish someone for not having fulfilled the state of technology, then you blur the distinction between what is criminal and what is not criminal.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - technology%20forcing

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... technology forcing (i.e. development of more cost-effective approaches in response to regulations); ...  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - technology%20forcing

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

technology forcing: This expression (hyphenated) is also used as an adjective, as in "technology-forcing emission limits," "technology-forcing regulations," "technology-forcing standards."  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - technology%20forcing

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] forçage de la technologie (c.-à-d. élaboration d'approches plus rentables en réaction aux règlements); [...]  2, fiche 2, Français, - for%C3%A7age%20technologique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Les exigences fédérales américaines sont en place depuis 1998. Par conséquent, la reformulation des produits permettant de se conformer aux limites de contenu ne devrait pas constituer un forçage technologique.  1, fiche 2, Français, - for%C3%A7age%20technologique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

forçage : Le fait de soumettre (quelqu'un) à une pression, à une contrainte.  3, fiche 2, Français, - for%C3%A7age%20technologique

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The relative quality of a pedestrian journey as determined by the degree and duration of exposure to fear, noise, dirt and pollution.  1, fiche 3, Anglais, - pedestrian%20amenity

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pedestrian amenity: term and definition proposed by the World Road Association.  2, fiche 3, Anglais, - pedestrian%20amenity

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Qualité relative du milieu où se déplace un piéton, du point de vue de l'intensité et de la durée de l'insécurité, du bruit, de la saleté et de la pollution.  1, fiche 3, Français, - confort%20du%20pi%C3%A9ton

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

confort du piéton : terme et définition proposés par l'Association mondiale de la route.  2, fiche 3, Français, - confort%20du%20pi%C3%A9ton

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The relative quality of a pedestrian journey as determined by the degree and duration of exposure to fear, noise, dirt and pollution.  1, fiche 4, Anglais, - pedestrian%20amenity

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pedestrian amenity: term and definition proposed by the World Road Association.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - pedestrian%20amenity

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Qualité relative du milieu où se déplace un piéton, du point de vue de l'intensité et de la durée de l'insécurité, du bruit, de la saleté et de la pollution.  1, fiche 4, Français, - confort%20du%20pi%C3%A9ton

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

confort du piéton : terme et définition proposés par l'Association mondiale de la route.  2, fiche 4, Français, - confort%20du%20pi%C3%A9ton

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An occupational disease of coal workers resulting from deposition of coal dust in the lungs.  10, fiche 5, Anglais, - coal%20workers%20pneumoconiosis

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Black lung disease is the common name for coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) or anthracosis, a lung disease of older workers in the coal industry, caused by inhalation, over many years, of small amounts of coal dust.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - coal%20workers%20pneumoconiosis

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

anthracosis : A histological term describing the accumulation of black pigment in lung tissue or in other organs. In the lung the accumulation often appears as macular lesions, usually in a centrilobular location, along the walls of bronchioles, but also along interlobular septa or in the subpleural space. This pigment is mainly composed of carbonaceous material and may originate from cigarette smoke(or other smoked drugs, such as crack cocaine), atmospheric pollution, residential exposure to wood(or biomass) smoke or occupational exposure to carbon-containing dusts, such as diesel exhaust, soot, fly ash, carbon black, graphite and coal. Thus a more or less marked degree of anthracosis may be found in nonsmoking urban residents from heavily polluted areas or in inhabitants(often females) of poor countries with a cold climate(so-called ’hut lung’). Anthracosis is only rarely associated with overt pulmonary disease, except after prolonged, heavy, usually occupational exposure, when the condition is preferably labelled as a pneumoconiosis, e. g. graphite pneumoconiosis(graphitosis) or coal workers pneumoconiosis. The latter pneumoconiosis is often called anthracosilicosis(particularly in continental Europe), because this pneumoconiosis has been considered to be caused predominantly by the silica content of coal dust. While this may be true in many instances, the use of anthracosilicosis to indicate coal worker's pneumoconiosis is probably not entirely appropriate, because the pathology of coal workers pneumoconiosis is different from that of silicosis.  9, fiche 5, Anglais, - coal%20workers%20pneumoconiosis

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 OBS

black phthisis; colliers’ phtisis: obsolete.  7, fiche 5, Anglais, - coal%20workers%20pneumoconiosis

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 4 OBS

bituminosis; melanedema; miners’ asthma: obsolete and incorrect.  7, fiche 5, Anglais, - coal%20workers%20pneumoconiosis

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pneumoconiose due à une infiltration massive de poussières de charbon chez des individus exposés professionnellement à une atmosphère très polluée.  1, fiche 5, Français, - pneumoconiose%20des%20houilleurs

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

L'existence d'anthracose pure est controversée. Il semble qu'il s'agisse plus souvent d'une anthracosilicose, la silice entrant en plus ou moins grande quantité dans la composition de la poussière de charbon.  1, fiche 5, Français, - pneumoconiose%20des%20houilleurs

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Comparer avec «anthracose» et avec «anthracosilicose».  4, fiche 5, Français, - pneumoconiose%20des%20houilleurs

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

neumoconiosis: es un proceso respiratorio crónico, de marcha tórpida, que consiste en una fibrosis pulmonar linfoectásica consecutiva a la inhalación de diversas clases de polvos, aspirados durante años en el ejercicio de distintas profesiones (molineros, mineros, picapedreros, etc.)  2, fiche 5, Espagnol, - neumoconiosis%20de%20los%20mineros%20de%20carb%C3%B3n

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La primera [neumoconiosis producida por polvos inorgánicos] conocida fue la antracosis, tan frecuente entre los mineros de carbón. Hoy se sabe que no es producida por el polvo de carbón, sino por el cuarzo mezclado con él, o sea que en realidad es una silicosis  2, fiche 5, Espagnol, - neumoconiosis%20de%20los%20mineros%20de%20carb%C3%B3n

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 OBS

artículo 153. 12. antracosis. Mineros (de las minas de carbón), carboneros, herreros, soldadores, forjadores, fundidores, fogoneros, deshollinadores y demás trabajadores expuestos a inhalación de polvos de carbón de hulla, grafito y antracita.  2, fiche 5, Espagnol, - neumoconiosis%20de%20los%20mineros%20de%20carb%C3%B3n

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Maximum permissible limits, maximum allowable concentrations, maximum acceptable levels of pollutants in specified media other than the receptor designed to ensure that under specified circumstances a primary or secondary standard is not exceeded.  6, fiche 6, Anglais, - ambient%20quality%20standard

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Auction of pollution rights [are] based on the principle that, since environment policy cannot be grounded on equalizing the marginal social cost of pollution with the marginal social benefit of abating pollution..., standards of environmental quality are decided on by the government authorities. A quality standard can be defined with reference to the degree of accepted pollution corresponding to a given quantity of pollutant discharged per unit of time(for example, one year).  5, fiche 6, Anglais, - ambient%20quality%20standard

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Compare with "air quality standard" and "emission standard".  7, fiche 6, Anglais, - ambient%20quality%20standard

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Norme fixant des niveaux de pollution ou de nuisances à ne pas dépasser dans un milieu ou dans des circonstances données.  5, fiche 6, Français, - norme%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27environnement

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Droits échangeables. [...] le gouvernement fixe d'abord les normes de qualité de l'environnement qu'il désire, puis crée des droits, échangeables entre firmes, pour la quantité d'émissions compatibles avec ces normes.  6, fiche 6, Français, - norme%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27environnement

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En vertu de ces normes, les pouvoirs publics déterminent un seuil de pollution acceptable en deçà duquel les entreprises peuvent polluer (droits à polluer) mais au-delà duquel elles doivent acheter, échanger ou négocier ces droits.  7, fiche 6, Français, - norme%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20de%20l%27environnement

Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

"abatement" : The reduction in degree or intensity of pollution.  2, fiche 7, Anglais, - abatement%20of%20air%20pollution

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

See also "pollution abatement".  3, fiche 7, Anglais, - abatement%20of%20air%20pollution

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Source: Loi sur la lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique (Clean Air Act). Chapitre 47, 1971.  2, fiche 7, Français, - r%C3%A9duction%20de%20la%20pollution%20atmosph%C3%A9rique

Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The ability to be seen, measured by the ratio of the luminous flux in lumens to the total radiant energy in ergs per second or in watts.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - visibility

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

visibility reduction. A decrease in visibility produced by the scattering of light from the surfaces of airborne particles. The degree of light obstruction is a complex function of particle size, aerosol density, thickness of the affected air mass, and certain more subtle physical factors, e. g., coal smoke or secondary pollution.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - visibility

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Qualité qui permet à un objet d'être distingué par la vue.  2, fiche 8, Français, - visibilit%C3%A9

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

D'une façon générale, et en atmosphère sèche, on estime que la diminution de la visibilité par unité de poids d'aérosol est proportionnelle au coefficient de dispersion des particules en suspension et à la concentration de ces particules dans l'atmosphère, mais inversement, proportionnelle à la masse spécifique et au rayon de ces particules.  3, fiche 8, Français, - visibilit%C3%A9

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A usually asymptomatic form of pneumoconiosis caused by deposition of coal dust in the lungs [which] is present in most urban dwellers.  2, fiche 9, Anglais, - anthracosis

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

anthracosis : A histological term describing the accumulation of black pigment in lung tissue or in other organs. In the lung the accumulation often appears as macular lesions, usually in a centrilobular location, along the walls of bronchioles, but also along interlobular septa or in the subpleural space. This pigment is mainly composed of carbonaceous material and may originate from cigarette smoke(or other smoked drugs, such as crack cocaine), atmospheric pollution, residential exposure to wood(or biomass) smoke or occupational exposure to carbon-containing dusts, such as diesel exhaust, soot, fly ash, carbon black, graphite and coal. Thus a more or less marked degree of anthracosis may be found in nonsmoking urban residents from heavily polluted areas or in inhabitants(often females) of poor countries with a cold climate(so-called ’hut lung’). Anthracosis is only rarely associated with overt pulmonary disease, except after prolonged, heavy, usually occupational exposure, when the condition is preferably labelled as a pneumoconiosis, e. g. graphite pneumoconiosis(graphitosis) or coal workers pneumoconiosis. The latter pneumoconiosis is often called anthracosilicosis(particularly in continental Europe), because this pneumoconiosis has been considered to be caused predominantly by the silica content of coal dust. While this may be true in many instances, the use of anthracosilicosis to indicate coal worker's pneumoconiosis is probably not entirely appropriate, because the pathology of coal workers pneumoconiosis is different from that of silicosis.  3, fiche 9, Anglais, - anthracosis

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Compare with "pneumoconiosis of coal workers" and "anthracosilicosis."  4, fiche 9, Anglais, - anthracosis

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Noircissement du poumon dû à l'inhalation de poussières de charbon.  2, fiche 9, Français, - anthracose

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme «anthracose» est parfois employé pour désigner la «pneumoconiose des houilleurs». Voir aussi cette fiche, de même que «anthracosilicose».  3, fiche 9, Français, - anthracose

Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Variedad de neumoconiosis producida por la inhalación de polvo de carbón.  1, fiche 9, Espagnol, - antracosis

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A system by which a body of polluted water is divided into zones characterized by the presence of certain organisms that are treated as indicators of the degree of pollution.  2, fiche 10, Anglais, - saprobic%20system

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Système de classification des cours d'eau, établi par Kolkwitz et Marsson, basé sur les organismes végétaux et animaux que l'on peut trouver dans les cours d'eau contaminés par des matières organiques.  5, fiche 10, Français, - syst%C3%A8me%20des%20saprobies

Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The reduction in degree or intensity of pollution.  4, fiche 11, Anglais, - abatement

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 DEF

A lessening of the daily load of air, water and soil pollution created by industrial and domestic man.  5, fiche 11, Anglais, - abatement

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In English, the word abate may mean to diminish, or it may also mean to put an end to a process or practice. With respect to pollution and polluters, abatement regrettably does not mean to put an end to it or to them. Instead it means the method or attempt to diminish the degree of pollution causing the immediate urgency. Thus, when faced with a subsidence inversion and concomitant smog, a mayor of a megalopolis considers closing off certain heavily travelled streets to vehicular traffic. This would cause abatement of a temporary nature in that particular area. When a Maryland community passes an ordinance banning one-way bottles from supermarket shelves, this also could cause an abatement of a temporary nature-provided citizens did not go out of the area and bring in bootleg one-way bottles. Abatement, although desirable, is never the answer to a dangerous situation.  5, fiche 11, Anglais, - abatement

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

abatement of pollution: term found in the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999).  6, fiche 11, Anglais, - abatement

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le ministre doit [...] élaborer des plans de prévention et de réduction de la pollution, de lutte contre celle-ci, notamment pour prévenir les urgences environnementales, mettre sur pied des dispositifs d'alerte et de préparation, remédier à ces urgences et réparer les dommages en découlant, ainsi que pour préparer des projets pilotes, les rendre publics et en faire la démonstration, ou les rendre accessibles pour démonstration [...] [Loi canadienne sur la protection de l'environnement]  4, fiche 11, Français, - r%C3%A9duction

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme français «abattement», dans le domaine de la pollution, est extrêmement douteux : il n'est attesté dans aucun ouvrage spécialisé que nous possédons (sauf le vieux «Que sais-je» numéro 1330), ni dans le Grand dictionnaire encyclopédique Larousse.  5, fiche 11, Français, - r%C3%A9duction

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Les nombreux moyens de lutte contre la pollution visent comme objectifs quantitatifs soit la suppression totale des polluants (dépollution), soit leur réduction. D'autres mesures antipollution visent plutôt des objectifs qualitatifs comme l'élimination sélective des polluants, par exemple, les plus dangereux ou les plus cancérogènes.  6, fiche 11, Français, - r%C3%A9duction

Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Atenuación del ruido.  1, fiche 11, Espagnol, - reducci%C3%B3n

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An atmospheric ion of relatively large mass and low mobility which is produced by the attachment of a small ion to an Aitken nucleus.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - large%20ion

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The ion density of large ions varies widely, depending upon the degree of atmospheric pollution. Representative low-altitude values might be 1000 per cubic centimeter in clean country air, 10, 000 per cubic centimeter in an industrial area, and 100 per cubic centimeter over the oceans.  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - large%20ion

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ces noyaux de condensation comprennent d'une part des «noyaux neutres» - poussières d'origines diverses [...] qui sont surtout abondants dans les deux ou trois premiers kilomètres de l'atmosphère, et d'autre part des particules électrisées, les ions, présents partout, qui s'unissent aux noyaux neutres pour former des «gros ions». Le rôle des gros ions est capital dans la condensation et par voie de conséquence dans les précipitations.  1, fiche 12, Français, - gros%20ion

Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The target of a pollution level 50% below the current level calls for purification of 95% of waste water by 1981 and chemical treatment of 90% of sewage.  2, fiche 13, Anglais, - pollution%20level

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See also "emission level".  4, fiche 13, Anglais, - pollution%20level

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les termes «niveau» ou «degré» sont des termes passe-partout qui évitent d'avoir à préciser s'il s'agit d'une concentration, d'une quantité ou d'un taux de rejet dont il est question.  3, fiche 13, Français, - niveau%20de%20pollution

Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument proposed by John Dales and based on the principle that, since environment policy cannot be grounded on equalizing the marginal social cost of pollution with the marginal social benefit of abating pollution(theses functions being almost impossible to ascertain), standards of environmental quality are decided on by the government authorities. A quality standard can be defined with reference to the degree of accepted pollution corresponding to a given quantity of pollutant discharged per unit of time(for example, one year). One can then imagine this annual total quantity of pollutant being represented by bonds which would really be pollution rights. The bonds could be put on sale by the public sector in an actual market for pollution rights. These rights would be negotiable and sold at prices determined by supply and demand.  1, fiche 14, Anglais, - auction%20of%20pollution%20rights

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans la mesure où l'environnement est un bien collectif, il peut apparaître choquant de le mettre ainsi aux enchères, c'est-à-dire vendre à une minorité le droit de nuire à la majorité.  1, fiche 14, Français, - bourse%20des%20droits%20de%20pollution

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

C'est le volume de transactions qui détermine s'il s'agit d'une simple vente aux enchères locale ou d'une véritable bourse qui intéresse les entreprises de toute une région ou de tout un pays (celle de Chicago en est un exemple récent).  2, fiche 14, Français, - bourse%20des%20droits%20de%20pollution

Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We have seen that the producer will use the facility to pollute, like any other input, up to the point where its marginal product is equal to its cost to him.... In cruder terms, the pollution will be pushed only to the point where what society gets out of it(the marginal product to the firm) is just offset by what it costs society.... Thus, to achieve the optimum degree of pollution abatement what is needed is some way of making the polluter use the pollution input up to the point where it would cost him more to use more of it than society would gain in terms of higher output.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - pollution%20input

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

La possibilité de polluer considérée comme tout autre facteur dans l'établissement du coût de production d'une entreprise.  2, fiche 15, Français, - pollution%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9e%20comme%20facteur%20de%20production

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il est difficile de rendre cette expression anglaise en évitant la périphrase en français. Si le français possédait un adjectif dérivé du substantif «pollution», on pourrait toujours avoir recours à un équivalent comme «facteur de production pollutionnelle».  2, fiche 15, Français, - pollution%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9e%20comme%20facteur%20de%20production

Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Standards are usually set in a quite arbitrary manner. It is not known with any degree of certainty, for example, what is the maximum safe level of lead or mercury intake by humans, or even whether DDT is dangerous to humans.... The general use of direct control has not prevented the target level of abatement from being as much a hit-or-miss affair as if pollution charges were used instead.  1, fiche 16, Anglais, - target%20level

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Niveau de pollution que se propose d'atteindre le législateur par une série de mesures.  1, fiche 16, Français, - niveau%20cible

Fiche 16,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A metal structure, shaped roughly like an Indian wigwam or teepee, in which mill wastes are burned. Although still used in some areas, such burners are being phased out, partly because mill wastes are being utilized to a much greater degree, and partly because such burners are a prime source of air pollution and have been outlawed in some areas.  1, fiche 17, Anglais, - tepee%20burner

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Français

Fiche 17,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fine particles are not as a rule separated when fibres are added, and the degree of pollution in the interstitial liquor remains high.  1, fiche 18, Anglais, - interstitial%20liquor

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'apport de fibres ne permet pas, en général, de retenir les fines matières; la pollution de la liqueur interstitielle demeure élevée.  1, fiche 18, Français, - liqueur%20interstitielle

Fiche 18,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Piggeries and farm effluents... The amount of effluent and the degree of pollution depends on the method of cleaning the sties, which can be either with water, or dry, or combined.  1, fiche 19, Anglais, - water%20cleaning

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Porcheries et effluents de ferme [...] l'importance des débits et des pollutions dépend du mode hydraulique, soit à sec soit encore mixte.  1, fiche 19, Français, - nettoyage%20hydraulique

Fiche 19,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Anglais

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Piggeries and farm effluents... The amount of effluent and the degree of pollution depends on the method of cleaning the sties, which can be either with water, or dry, or combined.  1, fiche 20, Anglais, - combined%20cleaning

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Français

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Porcheries et effluents de ferme [...]. [...] l'importance des débits et des pollutions dépend du mode de nettoyage des cases qui peut être soit hydraulique, soit à sec, soit encore mixte.  1, fiche 20, Français, - nettoyage%20mixte

Fiche 20,  Justifications,  Espagnol