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Gaussian models for dispersion assume that pollutant dispersion follows normal statistical distribution. Gaussian models are typically used for modeling dispersion from buoyant air pollution plumes.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - Gaussian%20model

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Les modèles gaussiens sont basés sur la distribution normale (loi normale) ou gaussienne des concentrations des polluants dans l'air. […] Selon la source émettrice, continue ou instantanée, il existe le modèle de panache gaussien et le modèle à bouffées gaussiennes.  2, fiche 1, Français, - mod%C3%A8le%20gaussien

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Oil slick dispersants. When oil ... is treated with a suitable surface active agent and agitation applied, the oil is broken up into particles ... so small that they constitute an oil-in-water emulsion ... Dispersants serve to increase the surface area of an oil spill and disperse oil globules throughout the layer volume water. This causes an accelerated degradation of oil by microbiological action.  7, fiche 2, Anglais, - dispersant

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The chemicals used to disperse the oil are emulsifiers. Although a chemist would never confuse the terms dispersant and emulsifier, the former designating a product which encourages the distribution of finely divided solids in a fluid, either liquid or gas, the latter referring to a product which encourages the colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another, the terms are synonymous in the field of oil pollution control. This is explained by the following sentence taken from "The Control of oil pollution on the sea and inland waters", edited by J. Wardley-Smith(source COCOB) :"It was found... [that the product] when sprayed on to the oil, effectively softened and dispersed it by means of emulsification... "The dispersion is accomplished by products which emulsify the oil, i. e., emulsifiers. Dispersion is used in its general sense and hence dispersant simply means a product that causes spreading. Also dispersant is used more frequently than emulsifier.  8, fiche 2, Anglais, - dispersant

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Produit contenant des solvants et des tensioactifs qui, répandu sur une nappe de pétrole en mer, provoque le fractionnement de celle-ci en gouttelettes et facilite sa dispersion.  4, fiche 2, Français, - produit%20dispersant

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Produits émulsifiants ou dispersants. Ces produits [...] sont pratiquement tous des produits chimiques. Leur action [...] consiste à répartir une pollution de surface dans le volume de la mer, sous forme de fines particules. L'on espère, par ce procédé, favoriser l'action des bactéries et accélérer la biodégradation naturelle des hydrocarbures.  1, fiche 2, Français, - produit%20dispersant

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Agente tensioactivo adicionado a un medio en suspensión para originar la separación uniforme de partículas sólidas muy finas.  2, fiche 2, Espagnol, - dispersante

Fiche 3,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Most industrialized countries waited until the second half of the 20th century before making a major effort to clean up many of highly polluted cities and conurbations. This has been achieved by a variety of methods including the use of cleaner fuels, more efficient pollution control equipment, improved combustion control, more effective dispersion by increasing chimney heights and the relocation of old industry or redevelopment away from existing polluted areas.  5, fiche 3, Anglais, - pollution%20equipment

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Appareillage utilisé pour éviter, limiter, réduire ou éliminer la pollution.  4, fiche 3, Français, - mat%C3%A9riel%20antipollution

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Un épurateur d'émissions, un système catalytique, un dépoussiéreur sont des exemples d'appareils antipollution.  4, fiche 3, Français, - mat%C3%A9riel%20antipollution

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matériel : rare au pluriel.  2, fiche 3, Français, - mat%C3%A9riel%20antipollution

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équipement : anglicisme au sens de «matériel». Ce terme désigne tout ce qui sert à équiper une personne, un animal, une chose en vue d'une activité déterminée (chasse, ski, voyage), alors que le terme «matériel» désigne l'ensemble des objets, des instruments, des machines utilisés dans un service, une exploitation quelconque.  2, fiche 3, Français, - mat%C3%A9riel%20antipollution

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Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A constant-volume balloon of tetrahedral shape.  2, fiche 4, Anglais, - tetroon

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The tetroon is a tetrahedral balloon used for horizontal sounding. It was developed to withstand the extremely low pressures of high-altitude flight; the straight seals joining its four triangular faces are stronger than the curved seals of the more traditionally shaped balloons. Tetroons have been used extensively in tracing low-level atmospheric currents by following their movement with radar; they have thus increased the meteorologist's understanding of atmospheric turbulence, low-level vertical motions, and air pollution dispersion.  3, fiche 4, Anglais, - tetroon

Fiche 4,  Justifications,  Français

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Ballon à volume constant de forme tétraédrique.  2, fiche 4, Français, - ballon%20t%C3%A9tra%C3%A9drique

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L'Aéroclipper est un nouvel instrument de mesure conçu pour faire des mesures quasi-lagrangiennes des paramètres de l'interface océan-atmosphère. Un Aéroclipper est constitué d'un ballon tétraédrique fermé de 6 à 7 mètres d'arête, gonflé à l'hélium et stabilisé verticalement à une hauteur de 60 m par un «guiderope». La forme tétraédrique du ballon permet d'avoir un plus fort coefficient de traînée (meilleure prise au vent et donc trajectoire plus «lagrangienne») comparé à un ballon sphérique d'égal volume. De plus, ces ballons sont beaucoup plus faciles et peu coûteux à réaliser avec un matériaux permettant de minimiser les fuites d'hélium.  3, fiche 4, Français, - ballon%20t%C3%A9tra%C3%A9drique

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Globo de volumen constante de forma tetraédrica.  1, fiche 4, Espagnol, - globo%20tetra%C3%A9drico

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Nimmo Smith, W. A. M. and Thorpe, S. A. Dispersion of buoyant material by Langmuir circulation and a tidal current, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 1999, 824-829.  2, fiche 5, Anglais, - buoyant%20material

Fiche 5,  Justifications,  Français

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Matériau de densité inférieure à celle de l'eau et qui, de ce fait, apporte un complément de flottabilité à un navire ou à un engin.  1, fiche 5, Français, - mat%C3%A9riau%20de%20flottabilit%C3%A9

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Fiche 6,  Justifications,  Anglais

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See also "atmospheric dispersion."  3, fiche 6, Anglais, - dispersion%20of%20pollutants

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pollutant dispersion : term used in the preface of source Air Pollution Meteorology : course lecture notes of the Atmospheric Environment Service.  4, fiche 6, Anglais, - dispersion%20of%20pollutants

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[...] les mouvements de circulation atmosphérique jouent un rôle essentiel dans la dispersion des polluants.  3, fiche 6, Français, - dispersion%20des%20polluants

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Quasi immédiate au niveau de la troposphère, la dispersion verticale des polluants est, au contraire, très lente dans la stratosphère [...]  3, fiche 6, Français, - dispersion%20des%20polluants

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Fiche 7,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... high priority was given to predictive research with unique experiments in modelling pollution dispersion and assimilation, simulation of expected effluents, fish behaviour and toxicity bioassays with simulated effluent.  1, fiche 7, Anglais, - fish%20behaviour

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Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... high priority was given to predictive research with unique experiments in modelling pollution dispersion and assimilation, simulation of expected effluents, fish behaviour and toxicity bioassays with simulated effluent.  1, fiche 8, Anglais, - pollution%20dispersion

Fiche 8,  Justifications,  Français

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l'expression «dispersion des polluants» serait plus logique.  2, fiche 8, Français, - dispersion%20de%20la%20pollution

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Fiche 9,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Microscale. Analysis of pollution dispersion on the microscale(< 1 km) is by its nature more specific to particular air pollution problems. Examples of these are emissions from vehicle traffic along highways, downwash around buildings, inner-urban pollutant effects, etc.... An important field in microscale APM studies is analysis of the mechanisms in pollutant deposition and fluxes to vegetation, water and soil.  1, fiche 9, Anglais, - microscale

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Fiche 10,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Dispersion theory.... Turbulent motion is one of the most fundamental atmospheric properties which causes diffusion of air pollutants.... The basic sets of parameters affecting diffusion can be classified as meteorological, topographical and source characteristics. The first two, which include wind speed, wind direction and thermal stability, are mutually dependent. The latter set depends on source type, height and emission rate.... The distinction between point and area sources depends on the scale of the problem under examination. For a global pollution problem, the city, as a source of pollution, could be approximated to a point source rather than an area source.  1, fiche 10, Anglais, - dispersion%20theory

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Fiche 11,  Justifications,  Anglais

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Meso-scale wind flows play an important part in the dispersion of pollutants. These flows(horizontal dimension of 10s of kilometers) include :(i) land and sea or lake breezes[;](ii) urban heat-island circulation[;](iii) slope and valley winds. Such flows are most noticeable when skies are clear and when the macro-scale flows(horizontal dimensions of 100s to 1 000s of kilometers) are weak. Characteristically, these meso-scale features have 24-hour cycles(diurnal variations), so that the daily mean vector wind is small and thus, pollution is moved back and forth across the region without much dilution.  1, fiche 11, Anglais, - meso%2Dscale%20feature

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Fiche 12,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... high priority was given to predictive research with unique experiments in modelling pollution dispersion and assimilation, simulation of expected effluents, fish behaviour and toxicity bioassays with simulated effluent  1, fiche 12, Anglais, - toxicity%20bioassay

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Fiche 13,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... high priority was given to predictive research with unique experiments in modelling pollution dispersion and assimilation, simulation of expected effluents, fish behaviour and toxicity bioassays with simulated effluent.  1, fiche 13, Anglais, - pollution%20assimilation

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Fiche 14,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... high priority was given to predictive research with unique experiments in modelling pollution dispersion and assimilation, simulation of expected effluents, fish behaviour and toxicity bioassays with simulated effluent.  1, fiche 14, Anglais, - predictive%20research

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Fiche 15,  Justifications,  Anglais

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... high priority was given to predictive research with unique experiments in modelling pollution dispersion and assimilation, simulation of expected effluents, fish behaviour and toxicity bioassays with simulated effluent.  1, fiche 15, Anglais, - simulated%20effluent

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