TERMIUM Plus^®

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Anglais

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High aspect ratio, or fiber-shaped, nanoparticles (HARNs), represent a growth area in nanotechnology as their useful properties become more apparent. Carbon nanotubes, the best known and studied of the HARNs, are handled on an increasingly large scale, with subsequent potential for human inhalation exposure. Their resemblance to asbestos fibers precipitated fears that they might show the same type of pathology as that caused by asbestos and there is emerging evidence to support this possibility. The large number of other HARNs, including nanorods, nanowires and other nanofibers, require similar toxicological scrutiny. In this article, we describe the unusual hazard associated with fibers, with special reference to asbestos, and address the features of fibers that dictate their pathogenicity as developed in the fiber pathogenicity paradigm. This paradigm is a robust structure-toxicity model that identifies thin, long, biopersistent fibers as the effective dose for fiber-type pathogenic effects. It is likely that HARNs will in general conform to the paradigm and such an understanding of the features that make fibers pathogenic should enable us to design safer HARNs.  3, fiche 1, Anglais, - high%20aspect%20ratio%20nanoparticle

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(Nanowerk News) A UK consortium of scientists, led by the Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, has published a key report examining whether high aspect ratio nanoparticles (HARN) should raise the same concerns as asbestos fibres. HARN includes materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and metal nanowires. The review, which was published by DEFRA [Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs] this week, identified many similarities between HARN and asbestos with regard to their physico-chemical properties and toxicological effects, and it concluded that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that HARN, which have the same characteristics (diameter, length and biopersitance) as pathogenic fibres such as asbestos, are likely to have similar pathology.  4, fiche 1, Anglais, - high%20aspect%20ratio%20nanoparticle

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HARNs: plural.  2, fiche 1, Anglais, - high%20aspect%20ratio%20nanoparticle

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Français

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Les nano-objets sont des structures fabriquées volontairement dont une, deux ou trois dimensions extérieures sont de l’ordre nanométrique (entre 1 et 100 nm environ). Les nanoparticules et les nanofibres (respectivement trois et deux dimensions extérieures nanométriques) sont deux catégories importantes de nano-objets. Les nanoparticules sont obtenues par réduction de grosses particules ou par synthèse. Les nanofibres peuvent également avoir une forme tubulaire, tels les nanotubes de carbone; ces derniers peuvent être monoparoi (ou monofeuillet, SWCNT en anglais pour Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes) ou multiparois (ou multifeuillets, MWCNT en anglais pour Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes). Pour les nanofibres, lorsque le rapport entre la longueur et le diamètre est élevé, on parle de nanoparticules à fort aspect ratio (HARN en anglais pour High Aspect Ratio Nanoparticles).  2, fiche 1, Français, - nanoparticule%20%C3%A0%20rapport%20d%26rsquo%3B%C3%A9longation%20%C3%A9lev%C3%A9

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Le diamètre des nanoparticules varie du nanomètre à quelques dizaines de nanomètres, et leur longueur, du micromètre à plusieurs millimètres. Ces dimensions leur confèrent un rapport d'élongation (longueur sur diamètre) élevé, ainsi que des propriétés toxicologiques similaires à celles de l'amiante.  1, fiche 1, Français, - nanoparticule%20%C3%A0%20rapport%20d%26rsquo%3B%C3%A9longation%20%C3%A9lev%C3%A9

Fiche 1,  Justifications,  Espagnol

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Anglais

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A nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale.  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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In biomedical applications nanoparticles are used as drug carriers or imaging agents. For this purpose the nanoparticle may have a hollow structure providing a central reservoir that can be filled with anticancer drugs, detection agents, or chemicals, known as "reporters," that can signal if a drug is having a therapeutic effect. The surface of a nanoparticle can also be adorned with various targeting agents, such as antibodies, drugs, imaging agents, and reporters. Most nanoparticles are constructed to be small enough to pass through blood capillaries and enter cells.  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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Nanoparticles that are naturally occurring (e.g. volcanic ash, soot from forest fires) or are the incidental byproducts of combustion processes (e.g. welding, diesel engines) [and] are usually physically and chemically heterogeneous and often termed "ultrafine particles." Engineered nanoparticles are intentionally produced and designed with very specific properties related to shape, size, surface properties and chemistry. These properties are reflected in aerosols, colloids or powders.  4, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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Nanoparticles are thus larger than angstroms (Å), but smaller than micrometres. At the small end of the size range, nanoparticles are often referred to as clusters (physics).  3, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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If the lengths of the longest to the shortest axes of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more than three times), the term "nanofibre" or "nanoplate" is intended to be used instead of the term "nanoparticle."  2, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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nanoparticle: term and definition standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).  5, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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Core-shell, magnetic, metal, viral nanoparticle.  6, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

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Nanoparticule formation, seeding, suspension, synthesis.  6, fiche 2, Anglais, - nanoparticle

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Français

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Nano-objet dont les trois dimensions externes sont à la nano-échelle.  4, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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Les nanoparticules se situent à la frontière entre la matière à l'échelle macroscopique et [la matière] à l'échelle atomique ou moléculaire. Elles ont un intérêt à la fois fondamental et appliqué et sont très étudiées actuellement. De nombreux physiciens et chimistes les synthétisent, d'autres physiciens les étudient afin de comprendre la physique de ces objets nanométriques, et des biologistes les utilisent comme marqueurs cellulaires.  5, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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Si les valeurs de la plus longue dimension et de la plus courte dimension du nano-objet diffèrent de façon significative (généralement d'un facteur plus grand que trois), on utilise le terme «nanofibre» ou «nanofeuillet» à la place du terme «nanoparticule».  4, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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nanoparticule : terme et définition normalisés par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO).  6, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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Habillage sur mesure d'une nanoparticule.  7, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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Nanoparticule agrégée, conductrice, fabriquée artificiellement, isolée, semi-conductrice.  7, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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Nanoparticule offrant une plus grande surface d'échange, permettant de renforcer l'intensité aromatique.  7, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

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Nanoparticule de séléniure de cadmium (CdSe).  7, fiche 2, Français, - nanoparticule

Fiche 2,  Justifications,  Espagnol

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Si las tres dimensiones de un material están en la nanoescala, hablamos de nanopartículas; si dos de sus dimensiones lo están, tenemos nanocables o nanovarillas, y si solo una de sus dimensiones pertenece a esa escala, tenemos películas delgadas.  1, fiche 2, Espagnol, - nanopart%C3%ADcula