TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The entrapped enzymes should be differentiated into matrix-entrapped and microencapsulated enzymes, while the bound enzymes should be subdivided into adsorbed and covalently bound enzymes. It was recognized that most, but not necessarily all, immobilized enzyme systems will fit within this scheme.... In the case of covalently bound or cross-linked enzyme, the enzyme itself is probably the weakest chemical link in the system. Hence thermal, pH or inhibitor inactivation, which may not be apparent with "on-off" use of soluble enzyme in batch systems, may be very important when an enzyme is being used for extended periods.  2, record 1, English, - covalently%20bound%20enzyme

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsque la température augmente, la molécule se déplie et le centre actif se désintègre, l'enzyme perd alors son activité catalytique. [Cependant, une] enzyme liée de manière convalente en plusieurs points à un support (...) résistera au processus de dépliement et donc à l'inactivation. Il a ainsi été possible de multiplier la stabilité par un facteur de 2 à 5 selon les enzymes.  1, record 1, French, - enzyme%20li%C3%A9e%20par%20covalence

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An affinity purification technique based on ’non-specific’ adsorption to an ion exchanger. Cation exchangers appear to be particularly useful for this purpose. Purification specificity is achieved using gradient elution with substrate.  1, record 2, English, - affinity%20elution

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Affinity elution is complementary to affinity chromatography in that in the former technique the specificity of interaction is at the stage of desorption from the chromatographic support material, whereas in the latter the specificity occurs at the stage of adsorption. In affinity elution the enzyme of interest(along with others) is adsorbed onto an ion exchanger... and then is eluted specifically by the appropriate substrate.  2, record 2, English, - affinity%20elution

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Technique de séparation des protéines qui est l'inverse de la chromatographie d'affinité : l'enzyme est adsorbée sur un échangeur d'ion et éluée par une solution de substrat, d'inhibiteur compétitif ou d'effecteur allostérique. Exemple : la ribonucléase, adsorbée sur phosphocellulose, est éluée par une solution de RNA.  2, record 2, French, - %C3%A9lution%20par%20un%20substrat

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Process of removing a sorbed substance by the reverse of adsorption or absorption.  2, record 3, English, - desorption

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

High ionic strength solutions of electrolytes do tend to cause the desorption of adsorbed proteins. The extent of this depends on the specific enzyme and support material involved, pH, temperature, and perhaps other variables... [Thus, ] an inherent snag in the use of physical adsorption for enzyme immobilization... is the reversible nature of the bonding of enzyme to support... One factor which often causes desorption is the addition of substrate to the enzyme preparation. This is a particular hazard, for although other factors which might cause desorption(such as fluctuation in pH, temperature, or ionic strength) can be controlled, no enzyme can work without its substrate.  3, record 3, English, - desorption

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phénomène inverse de l'absorption et de l'adsorption.  2, record 3, French, - d%C3%A9sorption

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La grande facilité de préparation des complexes, l'emploi de méthodes douces préservant l'activité des enzymes, l'application à tous types de biocatalyseurs, rendent la technique d'immobilisation par adsorption très attrayante. Mais les forces d'interactions mises en jeu sont relativement faibles et conduisent souvent, au cours du temps, à une désorption progressive de la protéine qui est alors libérée dans le milieu réactionnel et entraînée avec l'effluent. La désorption de l'enzyme est souvent très rapide. Elle est provoquée par le flux du substrat, par une légère variation du pH ou une augmentation de la force ionique.  3, record 3, French, - d%C3%A9sorption

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir «absorption» et «adsorption».  3, record 3, French, - d%C3%A9sorption

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fenómeno inverso de la absorción y de la adsorción.  2, record 3, Spanish, - desorci%C3%B3n

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The catalytically active compound formed by combination of an apoenzyme and its appropriate coenzyme.  2, record 4, English, - holoenzyme

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An adsorbent prepared by immobilizing pyridoxamine phosphate as a ligand on CNBr-activated Sepharose was... used for the purification of glutamate-oxoaloacetate transaminase, which has pyrodixal phosphate as a coenzyme. From the chromatographic pattern, it is clear that the holoenzyme(containing enzyme) is not adsorbed on this adsorbent, but the apoenzyme is adsorbed.  3, record 4, English, - holoenzyme

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme complète constituée d'une partie protéique non dialysable, l'apoenzyme, et d'une partie non protéique, dialysable, la coenzyme.  2, record 4, French, - holoenzyme

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Quand on compare les domaines de fixation du coenzyme de l'apoenzyme et de l'holoenzyme, les positions des atomes des domaines catalytiques diffèrent considérablement; si on fait tourner le domaine catalytique autour de la charnière, afin de refermer les deux domaines d'environ dix degrés, la plupart des atomes du domaine catalytique de l'apoenzyme se superposent aux atomes correspondants dans l'holoenzyme.  3, record 4, French, - holoenzyme

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A test strip was produced by adsorbing the enzyme reagent, glucose oxidase, peroxidase and a chromogen, on to a paper(cellulose) pad. The pad containing the dried reagents is cemented to the end of a plastic strip and responds with a colour change when wetted with a solution containing glucose such as urine or blood. The development of test strips for the determination of glucose in whole blood and serum has made blood assay almost as simple as the detection of urine glucose. In this case the reagent pad is treated with ethyl cellulose which forms a membrane through which small molecules can readily diffuse, but the presence of the coating prevents cells from being adsorbed on the cellulose fibres and allows them to be washed away.  2, record 5, English, - test%20strip

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Bâtonnet enduit d'enzymes et de substrats qui change de couleur en réponse à une substance contenue dans le sang et les urines.  1, record 5, French, - b%C3%A2tonnet%20diagnostique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les bâtonnets urinaires permettent de déterminer la présence de glucose et de corps cétoniques chez les diabétiques.  1, record 5, French, - b%C3%A2tonnet%20diagnostique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A variety of enzymes have now been adsorbed to modified celluloses(DEAE) which, in two instances, have led to the development of major industrial-scale immobilized enzyme processes. In one case Tosa et al. brought to industrial scale a process in which various amino acylases adsorbed to DEAE cellulose or DEAE Sephadex are employed to convert tonnage quantities of synthetic DL amino acids to the biologically available L-form. Most recently, a process utilizing glucose isomerase adsorbed to DEAE cellulose has been patented and used in the full-scale conversion of corn syrup sugar to fructose.  1, record 6, English, - modified%20cellulose

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La chromatographie sur des celluloses modifiées est un procédé récent, qui a trouvé de nombreuses applications. Il existe deux types de celluloses : les échangeurs d'anions et les échangeurs de cations. Les plus employées sont la diéthylaminoéthyl-cellulose et la carboxyméthyl-cellulose (DEAE- et CM-cellulose).  1, record 6, French, - cellulose%20modifi%C3%A9e

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The physical adsorption method for the immobilization of enzyme is based on the physical adsorption of enzyme protein on the surface of water-insoluble carriers. This method often causes little or no conformational change of the enzyme protein, or destruction of its active center. Accordingly, if a suitable carrier for the target enzyme is found, this method may be both simple and effective. However, this method has the disadvantage that the adsorbed enzyme may leak from the carrier during utilization, because the binding force between the enzyme protein and carrier is weak.  1, record 7, English, - adsorbed%20enzyme

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'immobilisation par adsorption met en jeu un grand nombre de forces d'interactions de faible énergie entre le support solide et la protéine : interactions de Van der WAALS, liaisons hydrogène ou liaisons hydrophobes. (...) Différents paramètres vont influer sur la quantité d'enzyme fixée et sur la solidité des liaisons créées. - Concentration en protéine enzymatique (...) - Force ionique du milieu (...) - Température (...) - pH (...) - Taille des particules et nature du support : La masse d'enzyme adsorbée croît avec l'aire spécifique et donc avec la finesse des particules du support, mais en deçà d'une certaine taille, les risques de colmatage dans les réacteurs deviennent importants.  1, record 7, French, - enzyme%20adsorb%C3%A9e

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish