TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The world’s first laboratory-grown beef burger was flipped out of a petri dish and into a frying pan on Monday, with food tasters declaring it tasted "close to meat." Grown in vitro from cattle stem cells at a cost of 250,000 euros ($332,000), the burger was cooked and eaten in front of television cameras to gain the greatest media coverage for the culmination of a five-year science experiment. Resembling a standard circular-shaped red meat patty, it was created by knitting together 20,000 strands of laboratory-grown protein, combined with other ingredients normally used in burgers, such as salt, breadcrumbs and egg powder. Red beet juice and saffron were added to give it color.  1, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The first laboratory-produced meat patty (cultured beef burger) presented in London on August 5, 2013, by Dr. Mark Post, a physiologist from Maastricht University in the Netherlands, was dubbed the "Frankenburger." The professor and his colleagues produced the meat-like substance by cultivating muscle tissue from cow stem cells in fetal serum and other growth-promoting materials (vitamines, amino acids, growth hormones, sugar, etc.). The laboratory-grown meat at this stage of development is prohibitively expensive, but might one day become a substitute for "real" meat. The product needs to be enhanced to improve its texture, taste and appearance. Some scientists predict that cultured meat might be commercially available within a decade. Others say that it will be possible to grow it in one’s own kitchen within 20 years.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The development of meat substitutes is praised on ethical grounds by animal rights or welfare activists since these products have the potential to greatly reduce the inhumane raising and slaughtering of animals raised for meat. Environmentalists, economists and scientists support these products since they might one day be a cost-effective means of meeting world demands for meat, while greatly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and waste, as well as the use of water, farmland and animal feed that make intensive animal farming unsustainable. On the other hand, natural food advocates have serious doubts concerning ingredients needed to grow and enhance these products, and the long term safety of their consumption; and meat industry proponents argue that the technology still requires stem cell donors(the cells from a single donor cannot replicate indefinitely) and that the product remains a far cry from "real" meat. Only time will tell if these products will, in a perhaps not so distant future, entirely replace, or only supplement, the meat industry.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 OBS

cultured beef hamburger: A "hamburger" is a minced beef patty. Terms such as "cultured beef hamburger" could therefore be considered pleonastic. The term "burger" is the shortened form of "hamburger." While burgers are traditionally made of beef, non-beef burgers have become popular, and modifiers such as "veggie," "tuna," "chicken," "nut," and "soya" are used to describe them. Given this relatively new reality, the use of seemingly pleonastic terms such as "cultured beef burger" may be justified.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

The combination of terms such as "hamburger," "cultured," "laboratory," "in vitro" and their short forms to create neologisms designating this product yields an impressive number of synonyms. This will remain the case as long as terminology used to describe this relatively new concept is not well established.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 5 OBS

synthetic hamburger; artificial hamburger: The terms "synthetic meat" and "artificial meat" designate products that imitate meat but that are not necessarily laboratory-grown from animal cells. Hence, the use of qualifiers such as "synthetic" and "artificial" might lead to confuse a cultured hamburger with, for example, a soy-based burger.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 6 OBS

Terms such as "Frankenburger" that do not include the modifier "beef" might very well be used some day to designate similar laboratory-grown products made from animal cells other than beef.  13, record 1, English, - laboratory%2Dgrown%20beef%20burger

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cet hamburger synthétique, surnommé le «Frankenburger», a été élaboré dans le laboratoire de l'université de Maastricht en trois mois à [partir] de cellules souches de bœuf. En septembre 2011, un expert en physiologie de cette université, Mark Post, avait annoncé son projet de développer avec son équipe une viande de synthèse. [...] Les 20 000 fibres de muscles ont été cultivées en laboratoire, pressées ensemble, colorées avec du jus de betterave et assaisonnées de safran afin de donner une couleur rouge au «Frankenburger» qui aurait eu un aspect naturel gris sans ces modifications.  15, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il s'agit du premier hamburger créé en laboratoire et présenté à Londres le 5 août 2013 pour dégustation. Ce steak haché de viande synthétique a été confectionné à partir de cellules souches de vache cultivées dans un milieu contenant des acides aminées, des vitamines, du sérum fœtal et des hormones de croissance. On y a ajouté de la chapelure, du sel, de la poudre d'œuf ainsi que du jus de betterave et du safran pour la couleur. Certains scientifiques disent que ce type de produit pourrait être cultivé à la maison d'ici vingt ans. C'est une solution envisageable pour diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre attribuables aux animaux d'élevage tout en répondant à la demande mondiale en viande bovine qui risque de doubler d'ici 2050.  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 OBS

steak in vitro; steak cultivé en laboratoire à partir de cellules souches; steak de viande artificielle : Ce nouveau produit ayant davantage l'apparence et la consistance de viande hachée que de bifteck, ces termes sont employés pour évoquer l'idée de «steak haché» tel que lorsqu'on parle de «steak tartare».  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

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La terminologie n'est pas bien établie pour désigner ce concept, comme en témoigne le nombre de termes utilisés. La combinaison de termes tels que burger, hamburger, steak, cellules souches, cultivé, laboratoire et in vitro, se décline à l'infini, et on compte, parmi les synonymes utilisés, de nombreuses locutions plus ou moins longues.  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 4 OBS

steak de viande artificielle; hamburger synthétique; hamburger artificiel : Étant donné l'emploi des termes «viande synthétique» et «viande artificielle» pour désigner des produits imitant la viande qui ne sont pas nécessairement cultivés en laboratoire à partir de cellules animales, il y a, sans contexte, risque de confusion avec des imitations à base de soja, par exemple.  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 5 OBS

burger de cellules souches : Le produit est fabriqué à partir de cellules souches, mais le produit fini est constitué de cellules de muscles plutôt que de cellules souches. (Les cellules souches se transforment en myocytes ou cellules musculaires qui forment des fibres musculaires.)  16, record 1, French, - hamburger%20in%20vitro

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Farmed animals are often trucked thousands of miles, for days, without any food, water, or rest, resulting in the deaths of millions of animals each year.  2, record 2, English, - farmed%20animal

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

farmed animal : This expression usually has a pejorative connotation when referring to factory farms, animal rights and abuse or cruelty towards them.  3, record 2, English, - farmed%20animal

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

farmed animal: Refers to all kinds of animals raised for profit and not only the ones living on a farm (eg. cats, dogs, foxes, etc.)  3, record 2, English, - farmed%20animal

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

animal d'élevage exploité; animal exploité : Ces termes ont souvent une connotation péjorative lorsqu'il s'agit de production industrielle, des droits des animaux ou de la maltraitance ou de l'abus envers eux.  1, record 2, French, - animal%20d%27%C3%A9levage%20exploit%C3%A9

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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... applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. By using the conceptual tools of metaethics and normative ethics, discussions in applied ethics try to resolve these controversial issues.  2, record 3, English, - applied%20ethics

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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L'étude de nouveaux problèmes moraux [depuis les années 60] a donné naissance à un nouveau champ, l'éthique appliquée. On le désigne ainsi pour traduire l'importance accordée aux situations concrètes […] l'objectif est de préparer le terrain pour évaluer les différentes options du point de vue des valeurs et principes moraux.  2, record 3, French, - %C3%A9thique%20appliqu%C3%A9e

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A value theory and commitment that extends basic human protection in law and practice to animals.  1, record 4, English, - animal%20rights

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Animal Rights Movement goes beyond the humane treatment movement of earlier times. Animal rights advocates work for human reforms, but also advocates vegetarianism and in some cases veganism(eating no animal parts or products). Animal rights activists aim to end human exploitation and mistreatment of animals and see animals as having a certain level of sentience and with inherent rights that should ne protected by laws.  1, record 4, English, - animal%20rights

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

animal rights : rarely used in the singular(animal right) ;usually used in the plural, as a collective term.  2, record 4, English, - animal%20rights

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 3 OBS

Related concept: animal law [in French: "droit animal"], a combination of statutory and case law in which the nature—legal, social or biological—of animals is an important factor.  3, record 4, English, - animal%20rights

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le mouvement [...] pour les droits des animaux ne s'occupe pas seulement de protection animale et de lois pour la protection animale, mais il met aussi en question l'acception fondamentale de notre représentation du monde : Pourquoi les humains seraient-ils plus importants que les animaux non humains ?  2, record 4, French, - droits%20des%20animaux

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le bien-être humain doit-il avoir préséance sur les droits des animaux? Y a-t-il une limite au transfert de gènes interespèces?  3, record 4, French, - droits%20des%20animaux

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

droits des animaux : terme très rarement au singulier (droit des animaux); utilisé au pluriel, comme collectif.  4, record 4, French, - droits%20des%20animaux

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Notion apparentée : droit animal (en anglais : « animal law »), qui se rapporte à ce qui est exigible ou permis par conformité à une règle précise, formulée, comme une loi ou un règlement, en prenant en compte les animaux.  5, record 4, French, - droits%20des%20animaux

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Canadian Association for Humane Trapping(CAHT) was founded in the late 1940's and received its national charter as a not-for-profit, charitable association from the Secretary of State on January 21, 1954. CAHT is a charitable, non-profit organization which works constructively toward abolishing the suffering imposed on wild animals by devices or trapping systems used to capture them. It is not a trapping, anti-trapping or animal rights organization. CAHT respects diverse philosophies and approaches while reserving the right to promote its own objectives. CAHT's mission is to abolish the pain and suffering of animals trapped for any reason. CAHT seeks to work with persons and institutions promoting humane trapping improvements benefiting wild animals and wildlife biologists, conservationists, the fur industry, governments and their officials, and to make practical progress to reduce and eliminate avoidable pain, suffering and injury of fur bearers.  1, record 5, English, - Canadian%20Association%20for%20Humane%20Trapping

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Title and abbreviation confirmed by the association.  2, record 5, English, - Canadian%20Association%20for%20Humane%20Trapping

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Appellation et abréviation confirmés par l'organisme.e  2, record 5, French, - Canadian%20Association%20for%20Humane%20Trapping

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Proposition de traduction : Association canadienne du piégeage humanitaire.  2, record 5, French, - Canadian%20Association%20for%20Humane%20Trapping

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Freedom for Animals and other animal rights groups across Canada will be observing the annual National Anti-Fur Day in mid February.  1, record 6, English, - animal%20rights%20group

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Animal Rights Militia is a terrorist group that emerged in Great Britain. It has threatened the lives of researchers and has on more than one occasion issued a "hit list" of targeted individuals.  1, record 7, English, - Animal%20Rights%20Militia

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Animal Defence League of Canada is a not-for-profit organization which promotes animal rights/welfare.  1, record 8, English, - Animal%20Defence%20League%20of%20Canada

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Appellation et abréviation confirmée par l'organisme.  2, record 8, French, - Animal%20Defence%20League%20of%20Canada

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Also known as :Animal Rights Kollective.  1, record 9, English, - ARK%20II

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

ARK II is a non-profit animal rights group that started in 1984 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ARK II seeks to promote and protect the rights of all animals and foster their individual liberties through direct action, political action and public awareness campaigns. We will strive to build a world where animal liberation and human liberation become one in a fabric of mutual respect, tolerance and compassion.  1, record 9, English, - ARK%20II

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term "Single Issue Terrorism" is broadly accepted as extremist militancy on the part of groups or individuals protesting a perceived grievance or wrong usually attributed to governmental action or inaction. Generally, three principal issues are regarded to fall under that definition :animal rights, environmentalism, and abortion.  1, record 10, English, - single%20issue%20terrorism

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ce terrorisme est le fait de militants fédérés autour d'une idée particulière (défense des animaux, écologie, racisme ou groupes anti-avortement). Ils n'ont pas d'idéologie bien définie et ne recherche pas de réelle victoire politique. En fait, souvent leur cause peut être légitime mais leurs méthodes sont criminelles.  1, record 10, French, - terrorisme%20%C3%A0%20cause%20unique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A member of the Animal Rights Militia.  1, record 11, English, - animal%20rights%20militant

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Par analogie avec l'expression «militant des droits de la personne».  1, record 11, French, - militant%20des%20droits%20des%20animaux

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A secondary novel technology to which the Company has exclusive rights is that of antibody-targeted liposomes. This technology involves the incorporation of an antimyosin antibody into liposome membranes that serves to target the immunoliposome to cytoskeletal protein exposed by cellular membrane lesions. Upon anchoring the liposome to the cell via the antibody the liposome presumably fuses with the cell membrane and repairs the lesion. In vitro and animal model studies have shown that this methodology has been able to preserve cell and tissue viability under anoxic/ischemic conditions. This technology may be able to limit the extent of heart muscle damage during heart attacks and myocarditis.  1, record 12, English, - immunoliposome

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

...Afin d'augmenter la quantité de molécules du médicament pouvant être associées aux anticorps, l'équipe de Pardridge a suggéré d'associer au complexe anticorps/médicament des vecteurs lipidiques, qu'elle a nommé «immunoliposomes». Chaque liposome de 100 nanomètres de diamètre peut acheminer au moins 10 000 petites molécules du médicament.(J. Huwyler et al. (1996) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14164-14169.)  1, record 12, French, - immunoliposome

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Network that works to inform Western and Eastern religions in order to encourage religious principles to influence humanity's attitude towards animals. Issues of concern include the use of animals and animal products as food, clothing, and entertainment, and the Treatment of experimental laboratory animals. Supersedes : AGAPE(founded 1981, which absorbed Animal Rights Catholic Coalition).  1, record 13, English, - International%20Network%20for%20Religion%20and%20Animals

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Animal rights advocates dedicated to the elimination of animal exploitation and abuse  1, record 14, English, - Trans%2DSpecies%20Unlimited

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Seeks to encourage youth participation in the animal rights movement and to enhance awareness of animal rights issues  1, record 15, English, - Student%20Action%20Corps%20for%20Animals

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Individuals interested in animal rights. Opposes animal cruelty and exploitation  1, record 16, English, - United%20Activists%20for%20Animal%20Rights

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fosters greater cooperation and unity within the animal rights/welfare movement  1, record 17, English, - Animal%20Rights%20Network

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Attorneys and law students who promote animal rights and protect the lives and interests of animals through the use of their legal skills  1, record 18, English, - Animal%20Legal%20Defense%20Fund

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Division of International Animal Rights Alliance  1, record 19, English, - Boycott%20Burger%20King%20Coalition

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Promotes animal rights through educational programs and legislation  1, record 20, English, - International%20Society%20for%20Animal%20Rights

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

A coalition of animal rights organizations focusing on abolishing the LD50(Lethal Dose 50%), the oldest and most universally used animal test. Affiliated with Animal Rights International; Coalition to Abolish the Draize Rabbit Blending Tests; Coalition for Non-violent Food  1, record 21, English, - Coalition%20to%20Abolish%20the%20LD50

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Individuals concerned about animal rights issues, and other concerns related to the environment, consumer health, and world hunger. Absorbed : Boycott McDonald's Coalition  1, record 22, English, - International%20Animal%20Rights%20Alliance

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish