TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Preparation made from biological material in which the cells have been disrupted and the cellular debris removed by centrifugation or precipitation, but little (if any) further attempt has been made to purify the sample.  1, record 1, English, - crude%20extract

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

By applying quantitative assay methods to determine the amount of catalytic activity present in different protein fractions obtained from cells or tissues..., it is possible to purify enzymes and ultimately obtain them in homogeneous form... It should be kept in mind that a crude extract of bacterial cells or of a plant or animal tissue may contain several hundred different proteins, most of them enzymes, whose solubility and acid-base properties do not differ widely. Therefore purification of a single enzyme from such an extract requires an empirical choice of a sequence of separation procedures to exploit differences in properties between the enzyme to be isolated and all the other proteins present.  3, record 1, English, - crude%20extract

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En appliquant des [...] méthodes spécifiques de dosage à des fractions protéiques séparées [...] il est possible de purifier les enzymes et de les isoler sous une forme homogène. [...] Il faut se souvenir qu'un extrait brut de cellules bactériennes ou de tissus végétaux ou animaux contient plusieurs centaines de protéines différentes qui sont pour la plupart des enzymes; leur solubilité ainsi que leurs propriétés acidobasiques ne diffèrent pas beaucoup. C'est pourquoi, la purification d'un seul enzyme à partir d'un tel extrait nécessite un choix empirique dans l'ordre des techniques de séparation utilisées, de façon à exploiter les différences de propriétés entre l'enzyme à isoler et toutes les autres protéines présentes.  1, record 1, French, - extrait%20brut

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Penicillin acylase from E. coli is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the mild hydrolysis of penicillin G, obtained by fermentation. The product, 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA), is the starting material in the production of new, semisynthetic penicillins. Usually, crude penicillin acylase preparations are employed(either bound to insoluble matrices, or as soluble enzyme). This is the reason why few purification to homogeneity procedures have been described so far, and why little is known about acylase physico-chemical characteristics.  3, record 2, English, - semisynthetic

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'un produit dérivé de substances naturelles mais n'existant pas lui-même dans la nature.  2, record 2, French, - semi%2Dsynth%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'amidase P. chrysogenum libère l'APA, ce qui a permis son obtention industrielle et la fabrication des pénicillines semi-synthétiques.  3, record 2, French, - semi%2Dsynth%C3%A9tique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Solution obtained by rupturing cells and removing all particulate matter.  2, record 3, English, - cell%2Dfree%20extract

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Intracellular enzymes are usually released from inside the cell by mechanical or chemical disruption, or by permeabilization of the cell membrane so as to allow leakage. Common methods of cell disruption include high pressure homogenizers, ball mills, freeze-thawing, pH, temperature, or osmotic shocking, or enzyme digestion such as with lysozyme or the mixture of enzymes derived from Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The resulting crude enzymically active preparations are then clarified free of remaining cells and cell debris by filtration or centrifugation... The resulting cell-free extracts can then be purified by a consecutive series of fractionation and concentration steps. These include ion-exchange chromatography and membrane techniques, such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis.  3, record 3, English, - cell%2Dfree%20extract

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Extrait dépourvu des structures de la cellule intacte. [...] A partir de telles préparations, il devient possible d'accumuler des intermédiaires métaboliques en utilisant des inhibiteurs enzymatiques spécifiques par inactivation d'enzymes spécifiques ou par élimination ou inactivation de coenzymes indispensables.  2, record 3, French, - extrait%20acellulaire

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En 1897, la découverte par Buchner du fait que la cellule vivante per se n'est pas nécessaire à la fermentation fit faire un grand progrès à l'étude des étapes chimiques de ce processus. Il observa qu'un extrait acellulaire de levure était capable, par lui-même, de transformer le glucose en éthanol.  3, record 3, French, - extrait%20acellulaire

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

While pure enzymes have maximal selectivity, often it is the crude enzyme preparations that are used commercially today. Their high cost and low stability limit the use of pure, soluble enzymes in synthesis. The enzyme content in commercial lipase samples used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals is normally less than 10% and in some cases less than 1%. Crude enzymes normally contain cell debris, nucleic acids, inactive proteins and pigments. Such catalyst cocktails may in certain cases catalyze competing reactions, interfere with purification of the final product and make the work-up difficult and expensive.  1, record 4, English, - crude%20enzyme

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Biocatalysis technology application  2, record 4, English, - crude%20enzyme

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme extraite de son contexte cellulaire par un ensemble de méthodes physico-chimiques avant d'être soit utilisée telle quelle, soit purifiée entièrement ou partiellement.  1, record 4, French, - enzyme%20brute

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette préparation nécessite la maîtrise des techniques suivantes : [...] extraction des moûts de fermentation conduisant à l'enzyme brute [...]  1, record 4, French, - enzyme%20brute

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish