TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A] snowpack test that involves drawing the back edge of a snow saw up the length of a known weak layer in a column of snow.  3, record 1, English, - propagation%20saw%20test

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

During the test, the weak layer is monitored and the [propagation saw] test is halted the moment it begins to independently propagate the fracture being initiated by the saw. The results of the test give a point observation of a weak layer's tendency to propagate a fracture once it has been initiated.  3, record 1, English, - propagation%20saw%20test

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] test du manteau neigeux au cours duquel on glisse le dos d'une scie à neige le long d'une couche fragile, dans une colonne de neige.  3, record 1, French, - test%20de%20propagation%20%C3%A0%20la%20scie

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Lors du test, la couche fragile est observée, et le test [de propagation à la scie] est arrêté aussitôt que la rupture initiale faite à la scie se propage de façon indépendante. Les résultats du test permettent une observation précise de la tendance d'une rupture à se propager, une fois qu'elle a été initiée.  3, record 1, French, - test%20de%20propagation%20%C3%A0%20la%20scie

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le test de propagation à la scie (PST [...]) permet d'estimer à partir de quelle longueur une fissure réalisée à la scie va se propager dans un bloc de neige prédécoupé et de comparer la propension à la propagation pour différents manteaux neigeux.  2, record 1, French, - test%20de%20propagation%20%C3%A0%20la%20scie

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[A specimen] used in fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation testing.  2, record 2, English, - single%2Dedge%20notched%20tensile%20specimen

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

single-edge-notched tensile; SENT specimen: term, shortened form and definition standardized by ISO.  3, record 2, English, - single%2Dedge%20notched%20tensile%20specimen

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] éprouvette utilisés pour les essais de ténacité de fracture et de propagation de la fissure par fatigue.  1, record 2, French, - %C3%A9prouvette%20de%20traction%20%C3%A0%20entaille%20lat%C3%A9rale

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

éprouvette de traction à entaille latérale; SENT : terme, abréviation et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  2, record 2, French, - %C3%A9prouvette%20de%20traction%20%C3%A0%20entaille%20lat%C3%A9rale

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Regarding material characterization, most work is centered around laboratory testing and adapting the many existing test methods for textiles to construction use tests.... An example [of new techniques] is Rollins work with an image analyzer to characterize fabric as to the size and shape of the openings and details of clogging or blinding of the fabrics. Crack propagation in fabrics is also being studied on a fracture mechanics basis, indicating that many tools common to other areas are being used in fabric problems.  1, record 3, English, - material%20characterization

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsqu’on a effectué l’exhumation temporaire et l’autopsie [...], des échantillons de son vêtement et des textiles faisant partie du cercueil ont été prélevés à des fins d’analyse. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de caractériser les textiles, d'évaluer leur état et de déterminer s’ils contenaient des indices relatifs à la cause du décès [...] La caractérisation des textiles a été faite à l’aide de méthodes d’analyse non-destructives, comme l’examen microscopique, l’analyse de certaines impuretés par spectroscopie des rayons X à dispersion d’énergie, le compte des fils, et la mesure du facteur de couverture du tissu.  2, record 3, French, - caract%C3%A9risation%20de%20textiles

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[An] earthquake resulting from the release of strain by deformation of the earth.  2, record 4, English, - tectonic%20earthquake

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Tectonic earthquakes will occur anywhere within the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane.  3, record 4, English, - tectonic%20earthquake

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La classe [de séismes] tectonique comprend tous les tremblements de terre résultant de la déformation des roches, telle que celle engendrée dans l'orogenèse. Le rebondissement élastique est le principal phénomène de cette classe.  2, record 4, French, - s%C3%A9isme%20tectonique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Seismo provocado por la actividad tectónica.  1, record 4, Spanish, - se%C3%ADsmo%20tect%C3%B3nico

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

At 64%, sudden collapses are most common fracture character for weak layers that produced whumpfs(fracture propagation in a weak layer, usually on low angle terrain).  4, record 5, English, - drop

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

About 15 years ago, some staff at Canadian parks started classifying fractures as "pops" (sudden planar fractures), and "drops" (sudden collapses) due to collapse of a thick weak layer. A recent analysis showed that pops and drops were common near human-triggered avalanches, but other types of fractures were infrequent near such avalanches.  5, record 5, English, - drop

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Field tests at and above treeline continue to produce drops on a midpack facet layer and near the base of the snowpack. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  6, record 5, English, - drop

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Sudden Collapse (drop) SC: Fracture crosses the column with a single loading step and is associated with a noticeable collapse of the weak layer. [Reference: Table on Fracture Character in Small-Column Snowpack Tests.]  6, record 5, English, - drop

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Prof. Bruce Jamieson of the University of Calgary has come up with a code for identifying weak layers[: Fracture Character in Small-Column Snowpack Tests. Three major classes of fractures are identified: Sudden fractures (e.g.: pops and drops), Resistant fractures (e.g.: progressive compressions and resistant planars) and Breaks (e.g.: non-planar breaks).]  4, record 5, English, - drop

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 OBS

drop; sudden collapse: terms officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  7, record 5, English, - drop

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les tests sur le terrain à la ligne forestière et au-dessus de celle-ci, produisent encore des affaissements soudains sur une couche intermédiaire de faces planes et près de la base du manteau neigeux. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 5, French, - affaissement%20soudain

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Rupture soudaine par effondrement (affaissement soudain) SC : La rupture se produit en une seule étape de surcharge sur toute la largeur de la colonne et elle s'accompagne d'un affaissement marqué de la couche fragile. [Référence : tableau sur les Caractéristiques de la rupture lors des tests de stabilité du manteau neigeux sur petite colonne.]  1, record 5, French, - affaissement%20soudain

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

affaissement soudain; rupture soudaine par effondrement : termes uniformisés par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  2, record 5, French, - affaissement%20soudain

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

About 15 years ago, some staff at Canadian parks started classifying fractures as "pops"(sudden planar fractures), and "drops"(sudden collapses) due to collapse of a thick weak layer. A recent analysis showed that pops and drops were common near human-triggered avalanches, but other types of fractures were infrequent near such avalanches. This is likely because pops and drops indicate that slab and weak layer properties are favourable to fracture propagation...  5, record 6, English, - pop

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The types of fractures include sudden planar, also known as "pop" because of the sound it makes, and "drop", or resistant planar.  6, record 6, English, - pop

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Both these layers are critical weaknesses showing fast and clean shears (POPS or DROPS) in stability tests. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  3, record 6, English, - pop

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

sudden planar fracture (pop, clean and fast fracture), SP: a thin planar fracture suddenly crosses column in one loading step AND the block slides easily on the weak layer. [Reference: Table on Fracture Character in Small-Column Snowpack Tests.]  3, record 6, English, - pop

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Prof. Bruce Jamieson of the University of Calgary has come up with a code for identifying weak layers[: Fracture Character in Small-Column Snowpack Tests. Three major classes of fractures are identified: Sudden fractures (e.g.: pops and drops), Resistant fractures (e.g.: progressive compressions and resistant planars) and Breaks (e.g.: non-planar breaks).]  6, record 6, English, - pop

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 3 OBS

pop; sudden planar; sudden planar fracture: terms officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  7, record 6, English, - pop

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lors des tests de stabilité, ces deux couches fragiles présentent des ruptures par cisaillement nettes et rapides (ruptures soudaines et planes ou ruptures soudaines par effondrement). [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 6, French, - rupture%20soudaine%20et%20plane

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

rupture soudaine et plane (rupture subite, nette et rapide), SP : La rupture est mince et plane. Elle se produit soudainement en une étape de surcharge sur toute la largeur de la colonne ET le bloc glisse facilement sur la couche fragile. [Référence : tableau sur les Caractéristiques de la rupture lors des tests de stabilité du manteau neigeux sur petite colonne.]  2, record 6, French, - rupture%20soudaine%20et%20plane

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

rupture soudaine et plane; rupture soudaine planaire : termes uniformisés par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  2, record 6, French, - rupture%20soudaine%20et%20plane

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Propagation is the spread of a crack in a weak layer from an initial fracture location. A fracture can propagate at about the speed of sound, which makes it possible for huge slabs of snow to release from a mountainside instantaneously.  2, record 7, English, - propagate

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The fracture may propagate across the entire slope. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  3, record 7, English, - propagate

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

propagate: term officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  4, record 7, English, - propagate

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La cassure risque de se propager sur toute la pente. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 7, French, - se%20propager

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

se propager : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  2, record 7, French, - se%20propager

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The spreading of a crack or fracture within a weak layer or slab.  2, record 8, English, - propagation

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Propagation is the spread of a crack in a weak layer from an initial fracture location. A fracture can propagate at about the speed of sound, which makes it possible for huge slabs of snow to release from a mountainside instantaneously. The propagation potential of a particular slab and weak layer dictates how large an avalanche may become once triggered, and also determines if it's possible to trigger avalanches from flatter terrain connected to steeper slopes.  3, record 8, English, - propagation

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Current snowpack conditions favour wide propagation. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  4, record 8, English, - propagation

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

propagation: term officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  5, record 8, English, - propagation

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'état actuel du manteau neigeux favorise des propagations de grande étendue. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 8, French, - propagation

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

propagation : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  2, record 8, French, - propagation

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Propagation d'une fracture.  2, record 8, French, - propagation

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The spreading of a fracture within a weak layer or slab.  2, record 9, English, - fracture%20propagation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fracture propagation... is indicated by the sudden subsidence of the snowpack due to shear fracture which takes place when weight is added to it. It is often accompanied by a whumpf sound as air within the snowpack is compressed. It is a very sensitive indicator of the presence of weak layers and high snowpack instability. It often occurs when the snowpack contains layers of large grains within generally cold snow.  3, record 9, English, - fracture%20propagation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Fracture propagations of many hundreds of metres were observed. [Example approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.]  4, record 9, English, - fracture%20propagation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fracture propagation may result in secondary or sympathetic release of avalanches within adjacent terrain.  5, record 9, English, - fracture%20propagation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

fracture propagation : term officially approved by the Avalanche Bulletin Terminology Standardization Committee.  2, record 9, English, - fracture%20propagation

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On a noté d'importantes propagations de fracture sur plusieurs centaines de mètres. [Exemple entériné par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.]  1, record 9, French, - propagation%20de%20fracture

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

propagation de fracture : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie des bulletins d'avalanche.  2, record 9, French, - propagation%20de%20fracture

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fractures are described using Ogden et al. classification : type I is an avulsion fracture of the most distal portion of the ossification center of the tubercle; type II, an upward angulation of the lip fragment; type III, a fracture of the lip fragment with propagation of the fracture line into the knee joint.  1, record 10, English, - fracture%20line

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ryu et Debenham ont proposé un quatrième type qui correspond à une étendue du trait de fracture dans la corticale postérieure à travers le cartilage de croissance (correspondant au type II de Salter).  1, record 10, French, - trait%20de%20fracture

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 PHR

trait de fracture transversal, oblique, spiroïde  2, record 10, French, - trait%20de%20fracture

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are two forms of injection into deep geologic formations that have been suggested or used for LLW disposal: hydrofracture and deep well injection. Both methods are primarily useful only for liquid or finely ground wastes. They both take precautions to prevent contaminating useful aquifers by carefully selecting the geologic formations into which the waste is injected. Hydrofracture disposal also uses a very insoluble waste form. Generally, hydrofracture involves injection of a mixture of waste and liquid grouting materials under high pressure into a deep layered rock formation such as shale. The injected material causes layers of rock to separate and the material forms flat "sheets" extending out from the injection well. The grout causes some surface uplift near the injection well.  1, record 11, English, - hydrofracture%20disposal

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Because of difficulty in transporting liquid wastes safely, the hydrofracture facility must be located near the source of the waste. A hydrofracture site requires large, generally impermeable(to nearby aquifers) layered formations that fracture horizontally. The surface area needed and visual impact of a hydrofracture facility are relatively small. Major barriers to nuclide release are the grout(waste form) and the geologic formation used. Perhaps the greatest problem with hydraulic injection is that there is little control of fracture propagation and it is not possible to define the final geometry of the grout/waste sheets from the surface.  2, record 11, English, - hydrofracture%20disposal

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Hydrofracturing would not be appropriate for Eldorado wastes because of the large volume of waste and the questionable ability to dry and pulverize it to the necessary fineness (40 mesh or smaller).  2, record 11, English, - hydrofracture%20disposal

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Because of difficulty in transporting liquid wastes safely, the hydrofracture facility must be located near the source of the waste. A hydrofracture site requires large, generally impermeable(to nearby aquifers) layered formations that fracture horizontally. The surface area needed and visual impact of a hydrofracture facility are relatively small. Major barriers to nuclide release are the grout(waste form) and the geologic formation used. Perhaps the greatest problem with hydraulic injection is that there is little control of fracture propagation and it is not possible to define the final geometry of the grout/waste sheets from the surface.  1, record 12, English, - hydrofracture%20site

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Because of difficulty in transporting liquid wastes safely, the hydrofracture facility must be located near the source of the waste. A hydrofracture site requires large, generally impermeable(to nearby aquifers) layered formations that fracture horizontally. The surface area needed and visual impact of a hydrofracture facility are relatively small. Major barriers to nuclide release are the grout(waste form) and the geologic formation used. Perhaps the greatest problem with hydraulic injection is that there is little control of fracture propagation and it is not possible to define the final geometry of the grout/waste sheets from the surface.  2, record 13, English, - hydrofracture%20facility

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 CONT

At Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the US Department of Energy has used hydrofracturing in shale formations for disposal of some liquid wastes. However, monitoring revealed that radionuclides are moving from the hydrofracture facility faster than expected and that operation has been stopped.  3, record 13, English, - hydrofracture%20facility

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir aussi «fracturation hydraulique».  2, record 13, French, - installation%20de%20fracturation%20hydraulique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the energy in Jm^-2 required to create unit new fracture surface by the propagation of a crack.  2, record 14, English, - fracture%20energy

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

(...) énergie nécessaire pour provoquer une augmentation unitaire de surface de fracture.  3, record 14, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20superficielle

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nous avons mesuré ce paramètre [facteur d'intensité de contraintes critique] sur trois bétons, à savoir un béton «ordinaire», un BHP sans fumée de silice, et un BTHP. Les valeurs trouvées sont respectivement de 2,16, 2,55 et 2,85 MPa m^½, alors que les énergies de rupture s'établissaient à hauteur de 131, 135 et 152 J/m² (...)  2, record 14, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20superficielle

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les valeurs d'énergie superficielle des céramiques sont de l'ordre de 10 J.m [exposant]-2 (...)  3, record 14, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20superficielle

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Énergie superficielle : apparaît à la rubrique "rupture" de la source c.  4, record 14, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20superficielle

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish