TERMIUM Plus^®

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... the emission of electrons from the surface of a conductor under the influence of a strong electric field as a result of the tunnel effect.  3, record 1, English, - field%20emission

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Electric field electron emission is the process by which free electrons are emitted from the metal surface when strong electric field is applied. Electric field electron emission is also called as electron field emission, field electron emission and field emission. Electric field electron emission occurs not only in metals, but also in liquids. Field electron emission occurs in metals that are placed at very strong electric field. In other words, field electron emission occurs when large amount of energy in the form of electric field is applied to the free electrons in the metals.  2, record 1, English, - field%20emission

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Émission par effet de champ électrique [...] L'émission électronique résulte dans ce cas de l'application d'un champ électrique de grande valeur à la surface du corps émetteur. Dans ce champ, les électrons sont soumis à des forces très intenses et certains d'entre eux, qui ne sont pas attirés par le noyau de l'atome avec une force suffisante, sont arrachés.  2, record 1, French, - %C3%A9mission%20de%20champ

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Emisión de electrones, desde un metal o semiconductor a un vacío, bajo la influencia de un campo eléctrico potente.  1, record 1, Spanish, - emisi%C3%B3n%20de%20campo

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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The chloride ion Cl^- gives up its excess negative charge(electron) with the consequent formation of free radicals Cl.  3, record 2, English, - chloride%20ion%20Cl%2D

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... if sodium bisulfate (Na+HSO4-) or ammonium chloride (NH4+Cl-) is used as an acid, the sodium ion (Na+) and the chloride ion (Cl-) contribute nothing to the acidic properties ...  6, record 2, English, - chloride%20ion%20Cl%2D

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Every anion is necessarily an ion; an ion must be either an anion or a cation.  5, record 2, English, - chloride%20ion%20Cl%2D

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Symbol: Cl[superscript-]  5, record 2, English, - chloride%20ion%20Cl%2D

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Le seul composé d'hydrogène et de chlore a pour formule HCl et se dissout dans l'eau en formant l'acide chlorhydrique, où le chlorure d'hydrogène HCl est totalement ionisé en ion Cl^- et ion H+ solvaté en H3O+.  5, record 2, French, - ion%20chlorure%20Cl%2D

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pluriel : des ions chlorure.  7, record 2, French, - ion%20chlorure%20Cl%2D

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Symbole : Cl^-  7, record 2, French, - ion%20chlorure%20Cl%2D

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

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[...] el estómago vacía su contenido de alimentos en la luz, o cavidad, del intestino delgado, las llamadas células de las criptas de la mucosa intestinal secretan iones cloruro en la cavidad.  1, record 2, Spanish, - i%C3%B3n%20cloruro

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Símbolo: Cl^-  2, record 2, Spanish, - i%C3%B3n%20cloruro

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We present a formalism for calculating the information depth (ID) for elastic-peak electron spectroscopy (EPES) in which a measurement is made of the intensity of elastically backscattered electrons for an amorphous or polycrystalline material and a selected electron energy.  1, record 3, English, - elastic%2Dpeak%20electron%20spectroscopy

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Elastic peak electron spectroscopy(EPES) has been widely used to determine the electron inelastic mean free paths(IMFPs) in solids.  2, record 3, English, - elastic%2Dpeak%20electron%20spectroscopy

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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The amount of energy(in electron volts) required to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to a free state, and thus promote it from the valence to the conduction level.  1, record 4, English, - band%20gap%20energy

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The letter "g" in Eg is a subscript.  2, record 4, English, - band%20gap%20energy

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Quantité d'énergie (en électronvolts) requise pour libérer un électron en couche externe de son orbite autour du noyau vers un état libre, et ainsi réaliser sa promotion (activation), de la valence au niveau de conduction.  3, record 4, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20bande%20interdite

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Dans la formule Eg, le «g» est en indice.  3, record 4, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20bande%20interdite

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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Extrinsic semiconductors... Atoms having a valence of +3 or +5 can be added to a pure or intrinsic semiconductor material with the result that the +3 atoms will give rise to an unsatisfied bond with one of the valence electrons of the semiconductor atoms, and +5 atoms will result in an extra or free electron that is not required in the bond structure.  1, record 5, English, - unsatisfied%20bond

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Les atomes sur la ligne de dislocation AA' ont des liaisons insatisfaites. Au-dessus de cette ligne, les liaisons se trouvent comprimées [...]  1, record 5, French, - liaison%20insatisfaite

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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A semiconductor free electron that is captured and freed by an impurity with the result that it cannot participate in the recombination process.  2, record 6, English, - trapped%20level

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Électron libre d'un semiconducteur qui est capturé et libéré par une impureté, ce qui annule son potentiel de participation à la recombinaison.  2, record 6, French, - niveau%20pi%C3%A8ge

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Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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The system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) spectrometry of free radicals derived from the amino acid alanine. It is classified as a reference standard dosimetry system.  1, record 7, English, - alanine%20dosimeter

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Dosimètre constitué d'un acide aminé, l'alanine, dont la molécule est brisée sous l'action des rayonnements ionisants avec formation de radicaux libres.  1, record 7, French, - dosim%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20l%27alanine

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Le dosimètre à l'alanine est généralement utilisé comme dosimètre de référence en raison de sa précision et de sa fiabilité. C'est la méthode utilisée en France par le Laboratoire de Mesure des Rayonnements Ionisants (LMRI).  1, record 7, French, - dosim%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20l%27alanine

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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The movement of a free electron from atom to atom leaves a hole in the atom it left. This hole is quickly filled by another free electron. As this movement is transmitted throughout the conductor, an electric current is created from the negative to the positive. At the same time, the "hole" has been moved backward in the conductor as one free electron after another takes its place in a sort of chain reaction. "Hole flow" is from positive to negative. Current flow in a transistor, then, may be either electron movement or hole flow, depending on the type of material, and this determines the type of transistor it is as well.  2, record 8, English, - hole%20flow

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Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Corriente causada por el movimiento de los electrones hacia los huecos (lagunas), creando nuevos huecos en los semiconductores.  1, record 8, Spanish, - corriente%20de%20retenci%C3%B3n

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A silent non-luminous electrical discharge from a pointed conductor maintained at a potential different from that of the surrounding gas.  2, record 9, English, - point%20discharge

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In the atmosphere, trees and other grounded objects with points and protuberances may, in disturbed weather, be sources of point discharge current. Close to a pointed and grounded conductor that extends above surrounding objects, the local electric field strength may be many times greater than that existing at the same level far from the elevated conductor. When this local field reaches such a value that a free electron, finding itself acted upon by this field, can be accelerated(in one mean free path) to a sufficiently high velocity to ionize neutral air molecules, point discharge will begin. Different structures will yield point discharge under quite different gross field conditions, for geometry is critically important. Point discharge is recognized as a major process of charge transfer between electrified clouds and the earth, and is a leading item in the charge balance of the global electrical circuit.  3, record 9, English, - point%20discharge

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Décharge électrique silencieuse et non lumineuse émanant d'un conducteur à pointe maintenu à un potentiel différent de celui du gaz environnant.  2, record 9, French, - effet%20de%20pointe

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Lors des orages, le champ électrique est inversé par rapport à son état habituel. Sa norme est en moyenne de 10 à 15 kV/m environ. Ce champ peut être fortement modifié par le relief : ce n'est donc qu'une valeur moyenne. Au voisinage des pointes (clochers, arbres, paratonnerres...) le champ peut atteindre des valeurs de l'ordre de 100 kV/m! Cette intensification du champ électrique au voisinage des pointes s'appelle l'effet de pointe.  3, record 9, French, - effet%20de%20pointe

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Dans l'atmosphère, les arbres et autres objets mis à la masse et pourvus de pointes et de protubérances peuvent être source de courant de décharge de pointe.  2, record 9, French, - effet%20de%20pointe

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Descarga eléctrica silenciosa y no luminosa que procede de un conductor puntiagudo con un potencial distinto al del medio gaseoso que lo rodea.  1, record 9, Spanish, - descarga%20de%20punta

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En la atmósfera, los árboles y otros objetos en contacto con el suelo con puntas o protuberancias pueden ser fuentes de descarga de punta.  1, record 9, Spanish, - descarga%20de%20punta

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Linear electron accelerators.... The acceleration chamber is an evacuated cylindrical pipe that serves as a waveguide for the accelerating field. The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a cylindrical pipe is greater than the velocity of light in free space, so the wave must be slowed down by the insertion of metal irises a few centimetres apart in the pipe.... In the intense field, the electrons gain about two MeV every 30 centimeters or so.  3, record 10, English, - linear%20electron%20accelerator

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Dispositif électronique constitué par un tube métallique vidé dans lequel les électrons sont accélérés par leur passage dans une série de petits espaces (généralement des cavités résonnantes à haute fréquence) dont la disposition et l'écartement sont tels qu'à une certaine fréquence d'excitation le champ électrique en ces régions communique à ces électrons une énergie cinétique supplémentaire.  3, record 10, French, - acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rateur%20lin%C3%A9aire%20d%27%C3%A9lectrons

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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Collisionless shock structure and its effect on electron acceleration.... Many plasmas may be considered to be collisionless in the sense that Coulomb interactions are so rare that it is the global fields in the plasma that govern the dynamics. The mean free path in the solar wind near the Earth, for example, is of the order of the Earth-Sun distance. Shocks in collisionless plasmas are observed to be a source of highly energetic electrons. These electrons are seen in locations as diverse as the Earth's bow shock and supernova shocks.  2, record 11, English, - shock%20structure

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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Food microstructure : Yogurt samples made from soy milk of various origins were studied by extended electron microscopy. The appearance is related to the technological procedure. One kind of commercially available soy milk was found to be free of cell wall fragments. The microstructure of the resulting yogurt resembled that of yogurt made from cow's milk.  2, record 12, English, - extended%20electron%20microscopy

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Samples were studied by extended electron microscopy.  3, record 12, English, - extended%20electron%20microscopy

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Energy(or work) required to withdraw an electron completely from a metal surface. This energy is a mesure of how tightly a particular metal holds its electrons--that is, of how much lower the electron's energy is when present within the metal than when completely free. The work function is important in applications involving electron emission from metals, as in photocells(electric eyes) and vacuum tubes.  2, record 13, English, - work%20function

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Énergie minimale nécessaire pour faire passer un électron d'un niveau de Fermi à l'infini, exprimé en eV [électron-volt] (électronique théorique).  1, record 13, French, - travail%20d%27extraction

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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It may be economically attractive to use a selective surface on the glass plate instead of on the absorber. This may be done, for example, with a glass plate whose lower surface has been covered with a very thin film of Sn0₂ or similar materials, the optical properties of which are determined solely by the free electron concentration, the so-called Drude mirrors.  1, record 14, English, - Drude%20mirror

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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Studies involving thin layer chromatography, polarography and electron spin resonance spectroscopy of the free radical were used in establishing reaction patterns of hydrogen with the free radical.  1, record 15, English, - resonance%20spectroscopy

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

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Des études de chromatographie en couche mince, de polarographie et de spectroscopie de résonance des spins électroniques du radical libre ont servi à établir les types de réactions qui se produisent entre l'hydrogène et le radical libre.  1, record 15, French, - spectroscopie%20de%20r%C3%A9sonnance

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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Recombination : mutual annihilation of a hole and a free electron with liberation of the energy required to free a bound electron in the first place; return of an electron from the conduction band to the valence band with consequent disappearance of a hole.  1, record 16, English, - interface%20recombination

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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the free electron lasr will be a unable device.  1, record 17, English, - tunable%20device

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