TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In most developed societies, after completion of work, traveling, domestic chores, and personal hygiene, the average person has 3 to 4 h [hours] of "free, "leisure, or discretionary time per day.... Leisure-time physical activity is an activity undertaken in the individual' s discretionary time that increases the total daily energy expenditure.  3, record 1, English, - leisure%2Dtime%20physical%20activity

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La DET [dépense d'énergie totale] inclut le métabolisme au repos, l'effet thermique de l'alimentation et la DEA [dépense d'énergie active]. Dans ce dernier cas, qu'il est possible de subdiviser la dépense d'énergie en exercice volontaire, communément mesuré sous forme d'activité physique en temps de loisir (APTL), et de TAAE [thermogénèse découlant d'activités autres que l'exercice], ce qui inclut toute dépense d'énergie reliée à l'activité qui n'est pas de l'exercice volontaire.  2, record 1, French, - activit%C3%A9%20physique%20en%20temps%20de%20loisir

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Hydrogen drones utilize hydrogen fuel cells for power. Hydrogen must be free of other elements and stored under high pressure to be a viable power source. Hydrogen is then converted within the fuel cell by mixing it with oxygen, and the byproduct is then removed with water. This process affords better energy density in comparison to battery drones. As a result, hydrogen drones can stay airborne for hours.  1, record 2, English, - hydrogen%20drone

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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Un drone à hydrogène peut voler trois fois plus longtemps qu'un drone à batterie classique et peut également transporter des charges plus lourdes.  2, record 2, French, - drone%20%C3%A0%20hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... the emission of electrons from the surface of a conductor under the influence of a strong electric field as a result of the tunnel effect.  3, record 3, English, - field%20emission

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Electric field electron emission is the process by which free electrons are emitted from the metal surface when strong electric field is applied. Electric field electron emission is also called as electron field emission, field electron emission and field emission. Electric field electron emission occurs not only in metals, but also in liquids. Field electron emission occurs in metals that are placed at very strong electric field. In other words, field electron emission occurs when large amount of energy in the form of electric field is applied to the free electrons in the metals.  2, record 3, English, - field%20emission

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Émission par effet de champ électrique [...] L'émission électronique résulte dans ce cas de l'application d'un champ électrique de grande valeur à la surface du corps émetteur. Dans ce champ, les électrons sont soumis à des forces très intenses et certains d'entre eux, qui ne sont pas attirés par le noyau de l'atome avec une force suffisante, sont arrachés.  2, record 3, French, - %C3%A9mission%20de%20champ

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Emisión de electrones, desde un metal o semiconductor a un vacío, bajo la influencia de un campo eléctrico potente.  1, record 3, Spanish, - emisi%C3%B3n%20de%20campo

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Recombination. Reversal of the ionisation by the bonding of free electrons with positive ions. During recombination, the energy invested for ionisation is released again. It is emitted in the form of ultraviolet radiation. This UV [ultraviolet] radiation causes further plasma reactions, in particular the splitting of molecules into radicals. If the ions of a plasma find no reaction partner, they will recombine to form a neutral atom in a matter of split seconds.  2, record 4, English, - recombination

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Recombinaison. Inversion de l'ionisation par réunion d'électrons libres et d'ions positifs. Lors de la recombinaison, l'énergie investie pour l'ionisation est à nouveau libérée. Cette énergie est émise sous forme de rayonnement ultraviolet. Ce rayonnement UV [ultraviolet] provoque d'autres réactions plasmatiques, en particulier la division des molécules en radicaux. Si les ions d'un plasma ne trouvent pas de partenaire de réaction, ils se recombinent à l'atome neutre en une fraction de seconde.  2, record 4, French, - recombinaison

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Si existe un gas de fondo, la interacción [...] entre el plasma en expansión y el medio parcialmente ionizado modifica sustancialmente la emisión observada, debido a procesos de recombinación, transferencia de carga y de momento, etc.  2, record 4, Spanish, - recombinaci%C3%B3n

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The algorithmic approach despite its shortage in complying with non-determinate reality, will suit [the] purpose by being a very effective model. Perhaps more troublesome shortcoming of the algorithmic classification is the lack of energetically defined target function, i. e., the least-time free energy consumption.  2, record 5, English, - algorithmic%20classification

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

free energy of cohesion : term standardized by AFNOR.  2, record 6, English, - free%20energy%20of%20cohesion

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] travail à fournir pour provoquer d'une façon isotherme, isobare et réversible, dans une phase homogène, une séparation à une interface avec formation de deux nouvelles surfaces libres, égales chacune à la section de séparation, met en œuvre de l'énergie. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  1, record 6, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre%20de%20coh%C3%A9sion

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

énergie libre de cohésion : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  2, record 6, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre%20de%20coh%C3%A9sion

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The net energy required to decompose a system into its constituent particles.  3, record 7, English, - nuclear%20binding%20energy

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At the nuclear level, binding energy is also equal to the energy liberated when a nucleus is created from other nucleons or nuclei. This nuclear binding energy(binding energy of nucleons into a nuclide) is derived from the nuclear force(residual strong interaction) and is the energy required to disassemble a nucleus into the same number of free, unbound neutrons and protons it is composed of, so that the nucleons are far/distant enough from each other [and] the nuclear force can no longer cause the particles to interact.  4, record 7, English, - nuclear%20binding%20energy

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

binding energy: term and definition standardized by ISO in 1997.  5, record 7, English, - nuclear%20binding%20energy

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

binding energy: term extracted from the “Glossaire de l’énergie nucléaire” and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  5, record 7, English, - nuclear%20binding%20energy

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Énergie nette nécessaire pour décomposer un système en ses particules constitutives.  2, record 7, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20liaison

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'énergie de liaison est aussi égale à la quantité d'énergie libérée lors de la formation du système lié à partir de ses constituants séparés.  3, record 7, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20liaison

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

énergie de liaison : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO en 1997.  4, record 7, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20liaison

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

énergie de liaison : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’énergie nucléaire» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  4, record 7, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20liaison

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Shock wave which propagates in a plasma where the depth of its wave-front exceeds the mean free path, hence the principal energy dissipation mechanisms inside the wave-front are the electrical conductivity of the plasma and collisions between particles.  2, record 8, English, - magnetohydrodynamic%20shock%20wave

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

magnetohydrodynamic shock wave: term and definition standardized by ISO.  3, record 8, English, - magnetohydrodynamic%20shock%20wave

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

magnetohydrodynamic shock wave: term extracted from the “Glossaire de l’énergie nucléaire” and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  3, record 8, English, - magnetohydrodynamic%20shock%20wave

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Onde de choc se propageant dans un plasma; l'amplitude du front d'onde est supérieure au libre parcours moyen, ce qui fait que les mécanismes de dissipation d'énergie à l'intérieur du front d'onde sont principalement la conductivité électrique du plasma et les collisions entre particules.  3, record 8, French, - onde%20de%20choc%20magn%C3%A9tohydrodynamique

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

onde de choc magnétohydrodynamique : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  4, record 8, French, - onde%20de%20choc%20magn%C3%A9tohydrodynamique

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 OBS

onde de choc magnétohydrodynamique; onde magnétohydrodynamique : termes extraits du «Glossaire de l’énergie nucléaire» et reproduits avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  4, record 8, French, - onde%20de%20choc%20magn%C3%A9tohydrodynamique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Entry of substances into roots from the rooting medium, driven by free energy potential difference between root and rooting medium.  2, record 9, English, - passive%20uptake

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The uptake of nutrient ions into roots occurs by both passive and active processes. The passive processes include mass flow in transpired water, diffusion and the adsorption of ions by components of root cells ... Active processes are involved when the needs for nutrient ions are not met by passive uptake.  3, record 9, English, - passive%20uptake

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

De plus, la teneur élevée en Si [silicium] chez la prêle ne pouvait s'expliquer seulement par une absorption passive par le flux de transpiration.  1, record 9, French, - absorption%20passive

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An entity used in the description of a system of many interacting particles which has particlelike properties such as mass, energy, and momentum, but which does not exist as a free particle.  2, record 10, English, - quasiparticle

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Examples are phonons and other elementary excitations in solids, and "dressed" helium-3 atoms in Landau’s theory of liquid helium-3.  2, record 10, English, - quasiparticle

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Anyon quasiparticle.  3, record 10, English, - quasiparticle

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Excitation élémentaire d'un système physique comportant un grand nombre de particules.  3, record 10, French, - quasiparticule

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En un material, un electrón ejerce fuerzas sobre los otros constituyentes y crea una pequeña bolsa de perturbación en su vecindad. Las excitaciones básicas que se producen en un material podrían no comportarse en absoluto como los electrones u otras partículas elementales en el vacío. De ahí que se les llama cuasipartículas.  1, record 10, Spanish, - cuasipart%C3%ADcula

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Cuasipartícula alónica.  2, record 10, Spanish, - cuasipart%C3%ADcula

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The exergonic metabolic processes in living cells by which molecular oxygen is taken in, organic substances are oxidized, free energy is released, and carbon dioxide, water, and other oxidized products are given off by the cell.  3, record 11, English, - cellular%20respiration

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP, a high energy molecule, is expended by working cells. Cellular respiration occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport.  4, record 11, English, - cellular%20respiration

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La respiration cellulaire est une réaction de combustion, ayant lieu dans les mitochondries des cellules, qui permet de transformer le glucose en énergie qui sera utilisée par les cellules pour accomplir leurs diverses activités. On peut aussi dire qu'il s'agit de la réaction inverse de la photosynthèse.  2, record 11, French, - respiration%20cellulaire

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a measure of the tendency of water to move from high free energy to lower free energy.  3, record 12, English, - water%20potential

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Water potential is the sum of osmotic potential, pressure potential, [gravitational potential,] and matric potential.  4, record 12, English, - water%20potential

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

For historical and practical reasons, however, plant physiologists have developed another parameter called the water potential (psi_w). Water potential is expressed in pressure units such as megapascals (MPa). ... Like chemical potential, water potential is a relative quantity, and is always determined as a difference between the sample in question and a standard reference. For plant physiologists, the standard reference for water potential measurements is the water potential of pure water at one atmosphere of pressure. This reference value is defined as 0 MegaPascals.  2, record 12, English, - water%20potential

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[Water potential] is replacing the concept of osmotic pressure and differs from osmotic pressure in taking capillary and imbibitional forces into account.  4, record 12, English, - water%20potential

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The symbol for water potential is the Greek letter Psi. ... Water potential is measured in units of atmospheric pressure; bars or dynes per square centimeter. (1 bar = 106 dynes/cm²).  3, record 12, English, - water%20potential

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 3 OBS

The symbol used is the Greek letter psi_w.  5, record 12, English, - water%20potential

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les composantes du potentiel hydrique. Dans un sol, l'énergie potentielle de l'eau peut provenir de plusieurs sources. [...] Potentiel gravitationnel [...] Potentiel matriciel [...] Potentiel osmotique [...]  2, record 12, French, - potentiel%20hydrique

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Paramètre de l'eau du sol ou de la plante.  3, record 12, French, - potentiel%20hydrique

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Bien qu'aujourd'hui le terme potentiel hydrique soit le terme recommandé, on trouve encore, héritage du passé, d'autres appellations de cette même grandeur : potentiel de succion, tension de succion, déficit de pression, hauteur capillaire, etc. Le fait à retenir est que ces différentes dénominations, qu'il faut désormais éviter d'utiliser en physiologie végétale et en agronomie, sont le plus souvent équivalentes (au signe près et compte tenu des unités dans lesquelles elles sont exprimées); elles définissent toutes «l'état énergétique» de l'eau dans un substrat.  4, record 12, French, - potentiel%20hydrique

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gradiente de presión que provoca el flujo de agua, especialmente en relación a su absorción del suelo por las plantas.  1, record 12, Spanish, - potencial%20h%C3%ADdrico

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Depende de los componentes gravitatorios, matricial, osmótico y de presión.  1, record 12, Spanish, - potencial%20h%C3%ADdrico

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The solid, carbonaceous residue that results from incomplete combustion on pyrolysis of organic material.  3, record 13, English, - char

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The solid carbonaceous material treated ... is preferably a solid particulate residue of a carbonaceous material including coal char, which is essentially bituminous coal char, and coke breeze,  4, record 13, English, - char

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Residual carbon from coal combustion is not the same as activated carbon. The pore structure, surface properties, and inorganic content may be strikingly different. Nonetheless, coal char does have some capacity for adsorbing mercury.  5, record 13, English, - char

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[This residue] can be burned for its energy content or, if free from large amounts of impurities, processed further for production of activated carbon for use as a filtering medium. Char produced from coal is generally called coke, while that produced from wood or bone is called charcoal.  3, record 13, English, - char

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

char: term used at Natural Resources Canada - Earth Sciences Sector.  6, record 13, English, - char

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Résidu noir de charbon résultant d'une pyrolyse ou d'une combustion incomplète.  6, record 13, French, - produit%20de%20carbonisation

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Le noir de charbon se fait avec des morceaux de charbon bien nets et bien brûlés, que l'on pile dans un mortier, et que l'on broye ensuite à l'eau sur le porphyre, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit assez fin. Alors on le met sécher par petits morceaux, sur du papier bien lisse. C'est un très bon noir pour les tableaux, et également bon pour peindre à l'eau.  7, record 13, French, - produit%20de%20carbonisation

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le noir de charbon provient de la combustion d'un végétal à l'abri de l'air. C'est le plus ancien pigment que l'homme ait employé. Le choix des végétaux varie selon les époques et les artistes. Si le noir de charbon est rarement utilisé de nos jours, le fusain, obtenu par un procédé semblable, est pour sa part encore très prisé.  8, record 13, French, - produit%20de%20carbonisation

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 OBS

produit de carbonisation; noir de charbon : termes en usage à Ressources naturelles Canada - Secteur des sciences de la Terre.  9, record 13, French, - produit%20de%20carbonisation

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The acetate used by the Acinetobacter-Moraxella(bacteria) is stored in situ in the form of PHB(polyhydroxybutyrate). The energy required for this storage comes from the hydrolysis of poly-P, which explains the accelerated release of phosphate into the medium. In this process acidogenesis is the limiting step, which explains why free acetate is not found in anaerobic zones.  1, record 14, English, - limiting%20step

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'acétate utilisé par Acinetobacter-Moraxella (bactéries) est stocké in situ sous forme de PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate). L'énergie nécessaire pour ce stockage provient de l'hydrolyse du poly-P, ce qui explique le relargage accéléré de phosphate dans le milieu. Dans ce processus, l'acidogénèse est l'étape limitante, ce qui explique pourquoi on ne trouve pas d'acétate libre dans les zones anaérobies.  1, record 14, French, - %C3%A9tape%20limitante

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Of or pertaining to a biochemical reaction in which the final products possess more free energy than the starting materials.  2, record 15, English, - endergonic

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Usually associated with anabolism.  2, record 15, English, - endergonic

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'une réaction qui ne peut se dérouler que si on lui fournit du travail, c'est-à-dire, au sens de la thermodynamique, de l'énergie sous une forme autre que de la chaleur.  2, record 15, French, - endergonique

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Généralement, l'élaboration du protoplasme par un organisme comprend une série complexe de réactions endergoniques, dont les besoins énergétiques sont couverts par une autre série complexe de réactions exergoniques.  3, record 15, French, - endergonique

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ne pas confondre avec le qualificatif «endothermique», lequel se rapporte à la chaleur consommée par une réaction.  2, record 15, French, - endergonique

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La décomposition de l'eau en hydrogène et oxygène par électrolyse est un exemple de réaction endergonique. Il en est de même de la réduction du gaz carbonique, première étape de la photosynthèse des hydrates de carbone, qui nécessite l'énergie lumineuse absorbée par la chlorophylle.  2, record 15, French, - endergonique

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 3 OBS

endergonique : terme et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 22 septembre 2005.  4, record 15, French, - endergonique

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Se dice de una] reacción química que necesita aporte de energía para que se realice.  2, record 15, Spanish, - enderg%C3%B3nico

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Photoelectric effect produced in a semiconductor by the movement of electrons to a higher energy band, which creates free electric charges in the interior of the material.  2, record 16, English, - internal%20photoelectric%20effect

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

photoélectrique : Cette graphie, puisée des Rectifications de l'orthographe recommandées par le Conseil supérieur de la langue française, est attestée dans le Petit Robert (2004).  2, record 16, French, - effet%20photo%C3%A9lectrique%20interne

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Measure of a system’s ability to do work. It is defined by F = U - TS, where U is the internal energy. For a reversible isothermal process, [delta]F represents the useful work available.  2, record 17, English, - free%20energy

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reactions that release a large quantity of free energy are those that have a very large negative [delta] G and create much disorder. Such reactions will have a strong tendency to occur, although the rate at which they do so will depend on other factors, such as the availability of specific enzymes. Conversely, reactions with a positive value of [delta] G create net order in the universe and cannot occur spontaneously. Such energetically unfavorable reactions will happen only if they are coupled to a second reaction with a negative [delta] G so large that the [delta] G of the entire process is negative.  3, record 17, English, - free%20energy

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The change in free energy, G, is a measure of the tendency of a reaction at constant pressure to proceed spontaneously.  4, record 17, English, - free%20energy

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fonction d'état d'un système à l'équilibre, notée souvent F et égale à U - TS, où U est l'énergie interne, T la température et S l'entropie du système. (Lors d'une transformation isotherme, la variation de cette énergie est égale au travail reçu par le système.)  2, record 17, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Notons que l'enzyme ne détermine pas le sens de la réaction; la proportion de molécules X et Y, à l'équilibre, dépend de facteurs thermodynamiques : la réaction favorisée est celle qui minimise ce que l'on appelle l'énergie libre. (L'énergie libre d'un système est égale à son énergie totale diminuée de son entropie, c'est-à-dire d'une quantité qui caractérise le désordre du système.)  3, record 17, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Pour caractériser une réaction, on parle aussi de variation d'enthalphie libre [delta]G = [delta]U + P[delta]V - T[delta]S où P est la pression et [delta]V, la variation de volume. En biochimie, on peut admettre que [delta]V = 0, car les variations de volume pour les réactions ayant lieu en solution sont négligeables. Ainsi, [delta]G = [delta]U - T[delta]S = [delta]F. Par conséquent [delta]F se confond avec [delta]G. Ceci est vrai surtout si les réactions font intervenir des liquides et des solides en solution (et aucun gaz) aux températures physiologiques qui sont basses.  4, record 17, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When an ionizing particle enters the device, it collides with gas atoms and strikes electrons from their orbit around the nucleus of the gas atoms. In addition, an ionizing particle striking the outside of the tube can also knock electrons off the metal casing. In either case, these free electrons then are attracted to the positively charged central wire, gaining energy by the attraction. As they approach the wire they knock electrons off other atoms, creating an avalanche or cascade effect which results in a pulse of current large enough to be detected. A "quenching gas" is usually added to the filler gas so that these avalanches will dissipate over time and not continue indefinitely, which would cause inaccuracy or electronic failure.  1, record 18, English, - quenching%20gas

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Un des constituants du mélange gazeux de remplissage d'un tube compteur de Geiger-Müller dont le rôle est de provoquer l'auto-extinction de la décharge [...]  1, record 18, French, - gaz%20de%20coupage

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

[...] ce sont en général des vapeurs organiques.  1, record 18, French, - gaz%20de%20coupage

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Accepted nearly industry-wide, Event Free Day Resets(EFDR) measure the effectiveness of organizational programs in reducing the frequency of significant events... An EFDR is declared when a human performance error occurs which results in an event with serious consequences. We will then count the number of AECL [Atomic Energy of Canada Limited] resets through the year and benchmark our performance with others in the nuclear industry.  1, record 19, English, - event%20free%20day%20reset

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 21,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The amount of energy(in electron volts) required to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to a free state, and thus promote it from the valence to the conduction level.  1, record 21, English, - band%20gap%20energy

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The letter "g" in Eg is a subscript.  2, record 21, English, - band%20gap%20energy

Record 21,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Quantité d'énergie (en électronvolts) requise pour libérer un électron en couche externe de son orbite autour du noyau vers un état libre, et ainsi réaliser sa promotion (activation), de la valence au niveau de conduction.  3, record 21, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20bande%20interdite

Record number: 21, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans la formule Eg, le «g» est en indice.  3, record 21, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20de%20bande%20interdite

Record 21,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 22,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Solar distillation. The solar distillation process makes use of the fact that water will evaporate from a free surface at a temperature below its boiling point. A simple solar still [acts as a greenhouse]. The sun's rays pass through a sloping glass cover... The solar energy is absorbed by a black basin in the bottom of the still,... the heated water evaporates..., rises to the top... and condenses. The condensate-fresh water-trickles down... to a collecting trough.  2, record 22, English, - solar%20distillation

Record 22,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 22, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il est facile de penser à se servir, pour la distillation, [...] d'énergie solaire. On opère à l'aide de bacs à fond noirci, où l'on maintient une faible épaisseur d'eau de mer, au-dessus desquels on crée un effet de serre en disposant des châssis vitrés inclinés; l'eau s'évapore, se condense sur la paroi en verre et est recueillie par une goulotte. [En parlant d'un autre procédé :] le coût arriverait ainsi à être de l'ordre de grandeur de celui de la distillation solaire.  1, record 22, French, - distillation%20solaire

Record 22,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A beverage for supplementing the dietetic requirements of sugar and essential salts in a mammalian body depletable through vigorous physical activity, whereby the level of available utilizable energy stores within the body are enhanced, comprising an aqueous solution of sugar, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and free citric acid in precise compositional ranges.  1, record 23, English, - dietetic%20beverage

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'eau est toujours la boisson de régime la plus efficace et la plus sûre.  1, record 23, French, - boisson%20de%20r%C3%A9gime

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a fission reaction, free neutrons are produced which fly off and strike other nuclei, causing them to split and send off yet more free neutrons. The fission will continue as long as there are enough free neutrons carrying the right amount of energy.  2, record 24, English, - fission%20reaction

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une réaction de fission libère des neutrons qui entrent en collision avec d'autres noyaux, provoquant leur fission et produisant encore plus de neutrons libres. Cette fission se poursuit tant qu'un nombre suffisant de neutrons libres transporte la bonne quantité d'énergie.  2, record 24, French, - r%C3%A9action%20de%20fission

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The amount of power per unit area of the free windstream(the energy flux in the free windstream) often watts/m².  2, record 25, English, - power%20density

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Quantité d'énergie par unité de surface de l'écoulement libre du vent (flux d'énergie dans l'écoulement libre du vent), généralement exprimée en watts/m².  3, record 25, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20puissance%20%C3%A9olienne

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La densité nominale de puissance est calculée en divisant la puissance nominale par la surface que balaye l'éolienne [...] Par exemple, la densité de puissance d'un vent de 29 km/h est de 322 W/m².  4, record 25, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20puissance%20%C3%A9olienne

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Cartes précises des vitesses de vent en été et en hiver, cartes précises des densités de puissance éolienne en été et en hiver.  5, record 25, French, - densit%C3%A9%20de%20puissance%20%C3%A9olienne

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 CONT

There are many devices available for melting wax cappings, old combs and scrapings. Some of the commonly used ones are the electric wax melter, solar wax melter, double boiler, steel chests and steam heated wax press.  1, record 26, English, - wax%20melter

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Solar wax extraction is popular with beekeepers as the energy source is free.  4, record 26, English, - wax%20melter

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Appareil permettant de recueillir la cire pure des fragments de rayons.  2, record 26, French, - c%C3%A9rificateur

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le modèle le plus utilisé est le cérificateur solaire puisqu'il ne coûte rien en énergie.  3, record 26, French, - c%C3%A9rificateur

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... an element with a greater free energy of oxidation per gram of oxygen than iron.  2, record 27, English, - lithophile%20element

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It occurs as an oxide and more often as an oxysalt, especially in silicate minerals.  2, record 27, English, - lithophile%20element

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Said of an element with a greater free energy of oxidation per gram of oxygen than iron.  3, record 28, English, - lithophile

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It occurs as an oxide and more often as an oxysalt, especially in silicate minerals.  3, record 28, English, - lithophile

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'éléments concentrés dans l'écorce terrestre et fréquemment associés à l'oxygène.  3, record 28, French, - lithophile

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Les] éléments de transition sont fortement lithophiles et forment des composés avec l'oxygène ou oxyanions.  4, record 28, French, - lithophile

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Bleachable fancy tallow(BFT) is made from a mixture of inedible fat sources collected from butcher shops, grocery stores, and meat processing plants. BFT is great for increasing the energy value and palatability in animal feeds. The tallow can be further processed and segregated into individual fatty acids and glycerine which are then used to manufacture other products such as lubricants and dust suppressants. BFT has a high composition of saturated fatty acids and can have up to four per cent free fatty acids.  1, record 29, English, - bleachable%20fancy%20tallow

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les usages dépendent de la catégorie et de la qualité des graisses, comme le suif de qualité supérieure blanchissable, la graisse blanche de choix, le suif comestible, les graisses animales de catégorie fourragère, les graisses de volaille et le suif et la graisse jaune de catégorie A ou B.  1, record 29, French, - suif%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20blanchissable

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 OBS

GRAS: Mélange de gras animal, d'huile végétale de choix (huile de coconut) et de suif de qualité supérieure.  2, record 29, French, - suif%20de%20qualit%C3%A9%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20blanchissable

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Possessing a state of pseudo-equilibrium that has a free energy higher than that of the true equilibrium state.  2, record 30, English, - metastable

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'un système chimique dont la vitesse de transformation est très faible et qui a l'apparence de la stabilité.  2, record 30, French, - m%C3%A9tastable

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partial molar free energy, usually symbolized by µ; the increase in energy of a system(due to an infinitesimal addition of an element or compound, without affecting thermal and mechanical energies) divided by the amount of the element or compound added.  2, record 31, English, - chemical%20potential

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le potentiel chimique µ d'un élément ou d'un composé chimique est le quotient de l'accroissement d'énergie que subit un système donné lorsqu'on lui ajoute une quantité de cet élément (insuffisante pour affecter ses énergies mécanique ou thermique) par cette quantité même.  2, record 31, French, - potentiel%20chimique

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Of or pertaining to a biochemical reaction in which the end products possess less free energy than the starting materials, usually associated with catabolism.  3, record 32, English, - exergonic

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

When compounds are produced by multi-enzyme systems, reaction systems conjugated with an energy-generating system (regeneration system for ATP) and/or a redox system participate in many cases. Recently, studies on the immobilization of multi-enzyme systems combined with such conjugated systems have been carried out. Bioreactors combining these systems have been of particular interest in areas involving biochemical reactions.  2, record 32, English, - exergonic

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Se dit d'une réaction chimique qui libère de l'énergie (par opposition à endergonique).  2, record 32, French, - exergonique

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les hydrolases (protéases, lipases ou carbohydrases) sont traditionnellement considérées comme des enzymes catalysant des réactions d'hydrolyse irréversibles et exergoniques. Ces enzymes, comme tout catalyseur, obéissent à la loi d'action de masse et deviennent donc des enzymes de synthèse lorsqu'elles sont placées artificiellement dans des milieux très restreints en eau, dont la teneur doit malheureusement être contrôlée de manière "dynamique" car elle est non seulement solvant, mais aussi produit de la réaction.  3, record 32, French, - exergonique

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Dícese del] proceso que libera energía.  2, record 32, Spanish, - exerg%C3%B3nico

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrary to standard e-beams, this beam is free from spacecraft charging and plasma interaction problems; also, its energy flux is weak but varies across the cross section, which is large, making possible continuous observation from the spacecraft with high resolution of induced emissions. Line of sight sweeps would provide a brightness scan of line-integrated emission.  2, record 33, English, - brightness%20scan

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 34,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A sustained equilibrium burn of a plasma with no auxiliary heating, other than for optimizing the plasma behavior. A state where energy release by thermonuclear reactions is sufficient to balance energy losses and is free of spontaneous excursions of thermonuclear power.  2, record 34, English, - ignition

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In a thermonuclear fusion reactor ... When there are a great number of fusion reactions, the energy carried by the helium nuclei remains confined in the plasma and contributes to heating it. If this contribution becomes equal to the energy lost by the plasma, then the heating methods ... are no longer necessary. The thermonuclear plasma is thus self-maintained, and we say that it is in ignition.  1, record 34, English, - ignition

Record 34,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans un réacteur de fusion thermonucléaire [...] Lorsque les réactions de fusion sont en nombre important, l'énergie portée par les noyaux d'hélium reste confinée dans le plasma et contribue à son chauffage. Si cette contribution devient égale à l'énergie perdue par le plasma, alors les méthodes de chauffage [...] ne sont plus nécessaires. Le plasma thermonucléaire est alors autoentretenu : on dit qu'il est en ignition.  2, record 34, French, - ignition

Record number: 34, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La fusion produit, au sein du plasma, des particules énergétiques bien plus « chaudes » que le plasma lui-même; en conséquence les interactions de ces particules avec le plasma peuvent maintenir le milieu en température. Ce mécanisme d'autoentretien de la réaction est appelé l'ignition du plasma.  3, record 34, French, - ignition

Record 34,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 35,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The temperature corresponding to the mean kinetic energy of the free electrons in a plasma.  2, record 35, English, - electron%20temperature

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ionospheric temperatures. The electron temperature responds readily to the auroral precipitation with a strong increase. Ion temperatures, on the other hand, are elevated mainly by frictional heating due to strong electric fields. The electric field can increase E layer electron temperature only indirectly via instabilities it creates.  3, record 35, English, - electron%20temperature

Record 35,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 35, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La partie ionisée de l'atmosphère est appelée ionosphère. On y distingue entre autre deux régions, appelées E et F. Dans la première, entre 80 et 140 km approximativement, les ions sont principalement moléculaires et les températures des électrons et des ions sont proches l'une de l'autre. La concentration des électrons atteint quelques cent milliards par mètre cube à 110 km environ (cent millions de fois plus petite que celle du gaz neutre). La région F quant à elle est divisée en 3 parties : [la] région F1 [où] il y a transition entre les ions moléculaires et les ions atomiques. La région F2, au-dessus de 250 km, est celle du second maximum de concentration d'électrons. [...] Au-dessus de la région F2 se trouve la région F supérieure, avec une transition entre l'oxygène ionisé et les ions plus légers d'hydrogène ou d'hélium. Au-dessus de 300 km, la concentration devient si faible que les collisions entre particules sont en nombre négligeable pour décrire la dynamique de cette partie de l'atmosphère. La température des électrons est à peu près 1400 K à 400 km alors que la température des ions atteint "seulement" 1100 K à la même altitude.  2, record 35, French, - temp%C3%A9rature%20des%20%C3%A9lectrons

Record 35,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 36,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A system is usually regarded as stable(more precisely, as kinetically stable) if its rate of transformation to a state of lower free energy is negligible(by some standard) under the ambient conditions. In nanomechanical systems, a structure can commonly be regarded as stable if it has an extremely low rate of transformations when subjected to its intended operating conditions.  2, record 36, English, - stable%20system

Record 36,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 36, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Comparer à système conservatif et à système dissipatif.  2, record 36, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20stable

Record 36,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 37,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection caused by mechanical forces, such as those arising from air motion over a rough or sloping surface.  2, record 37, English, - forced%20convection

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Convection... is a principal means of energy transfer. Distinction is made between free convection(gravitational or buoyant convection), motion caused only by density differences within the fluid; and forced convection, motion induced by mechanical forces such as deflection by a large-scale surface irregularity, turbulent flow caused by friction at the boundary of a fluid, or motion caused by any applied pressure gradient. Free and forced convection are not necessarily exclusive processes. On a windy day with overcast sky, the heat exchange between ground and air is an example of forced convection. On a sunny day with a little wind where the ground temperature rises, both kinds of convection take place.  3, record 37, English, - forced%20convection

Record 37,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection d'une masse d'air causée par des forces mécaniques extérieures au système considéré.  2, record 37, French, - convection%20forc%C3%A9e

Record 37,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 37, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convección producida por fuerzas mecánicas tales como las debidas al movimiento del aire sobre una superficie rugosa o una pendiente.  1, record 37, Spanish, - convecci%C3%B3n%20forzada

Record 38,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection caused by density differences within the air.  3, record 38, English, - free%20convection

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Free convection is the rising of heated air and the sinking of cooler air without the need of external forces.  4, record 38, English, - free%20convection

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Convection... is a principal means of energy transfer. Distinction is made between free convection(gravitational or buoyant convection), motion caused only by density differences within the fluid; and forced convection, motion induced by mechanical forces such as deflection by a large-scale surface irregularity, turbulent flow caused by friction at the boundary of a fluid, or motion caused by any applied pressure gradient. Free and forced convection are not necessarily exclusive processes. On a windy day with overcast sky, the heat exchange between ground and air is an example of forced convection. On a sunny day with a little wind where the ground temperature rises, both kinds of convection take place.  5, record 38, English, - free%20convection

Record 38,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convection provoquée par des différences de densité de l'air.  1, record 38, French, - convection%20libre

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[La] convection naturelle [...] est causée par le réchauffement diurne de la surface terrestre, résultant souvent en la formation de nuages Cumulus.  2, record 38, French, - convection%20libre

Record 38,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 38, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Convección producida por diferencias de densidad dentro del aire.  1, record 38, Spanish, - convecci%C3%B3n%20libre

Record 39,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The energy for biosynthesis comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.... Throughout the cell, reactions that would otherwise be unfavorable, including all biosynthetic reactions, are driven directly or indirectly by the hydrolysis of ATP molecules. The large amount of energy released in this reaction derives from several sources, including the high stability of phosphate in its free form and the release of unfavorable charge repulsion between two adjacent phosphates in an ATP molecule.  2, record 39, English, - biosynthesis

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Metabolism refers to both biosynthesis, in which organic matter is assimilated into cell tissue, and to catabolism, in which organic matter is converted to simple compounds to obtain energy for cell synthesis and maintenance.  3, record 39, English, - biosynthesis

Record 39,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mode de formation des composés organiques qui se trouvent dans les êtres vivants, comme la photosynthèse chez les plantes vertes et certains aspects de l'anabolisme chez les animaux. Les constituants des animaux et des végétaux peuvent être apportés par le milieu extérieur ou être élaborés dans l'organisme.  2, record 39, French, - biosynth%C3%A8se

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un [...] des principes généraux des voies de biosynthèse [...] est que la voie chimique empruntée au cours de la synthèse de biomolécules est généralement différente de celle de leur dégradation. Les deux voies, anabolique et catabolique, peuvent avoir en commun une ou plusieurs étapes, mais elles diffèrent généralement par au moins une étape enzymatique, ce qui fait que les mécanismes de biosynthèse et de dégradation des constituants de la cellule ne sont pas simplement l'inverse les uns des autres.  3, record 39, French, - biosynth%C3%A8se

Record 39,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 39, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Elaboración de compuestos orgánicos en los seres vivos por ciertos métodos, como el anabolismo o la fotosíntesis.  2, record 39, Spanish, - bios%C3%ADntesis

Record 40,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

In meteorology, the condition existing in a given portion of the atmosphere (or other space) when the relative humidity is greater than 100 per cent, that is, when it contains more water vapor than is needed to produce saturation with respect to a plane surface of pure water or pure ice.  2, record 40, English, - supersaturation

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Such supersaturation does develop because frequently there is no "plane surface of pure water(or ice) "available. In the absence of water surfaces and in the absence of condensation nuclei or any wettable surfaces, phase change from vapor to liquid cannot occur due to the free energy barrier imposed by the surface free energy of the embryonic droplets which would then have to form by spontaneous nucleation... Cloud condensation occurs in our atmosphere at relative humidities near 100 per cent only because nature provides an abundance of condensation nuclei.  2, record 40, English, - supersaturation

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 OBS

A most air sample is said to be supersaturated with respect to water or to ice.  3, record 40, English, - supersaturation

Record 40,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Formation des nuages. - La condensation se produit théoriquement quand l'air qui se refroidit atteint le point de condensation mais si l'air est très pur, il peut contenir une quantité de vapeur d'eau supérieure à la saturation sans que la phase liquide apparaisse. On parle alors de sursaturation.  2, record 40, French, - sursaturation

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Il faut préciser s'il s'agit d'une sursaturation par rapport à la glace ou par rapport à l'eau.  3, record 40, French, - sursaturation

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Le terme «sursaturation» a aussi un autre sens en chimie physique.  3, record 40, French, - sursaturation

Record 40,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 40, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estado del aire que contiene más vapor del que corresponde, como máximo, a su temperatura y presión.  1, record 40, Spanish, - sobresaturaci%C3%B3n

Record 41,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Linking of an exogonic reaction and an endogonic reaction in such a way that there is only a small net change in free energy, resulting in an overall reversible reaction. In living organisms, anabolic reactions are coupled with catabolic reactions resulting in the build up of complex molecules, but with an overall loss of energy as metabolic heat.  2, record 41, English, - coupled%20reaction

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Coupling is brought about when an enzyme causes a substrate that is to be consumed ... to react with one of the cell’s small-molecule energy donors (say, ATP) to give rise to an energized activated substrate molecule. The subsequent decomposition of this activated substrate in the synthetic reaction will release significant energy, which will result in the synthetic reaction .... The need for cells to carry on simultaneously many different coupled reactions requires cells to devote a significant part of their total metabolic activity to the constant replenishment of their ATP supply. In animal cells and in most bacteria, the formation of ATP is coupled with the breakdown of food molecules that are even more rich in energy. In cells that carry out photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight is used directly to make ATP.  3, record 41, English, - coupled%20reaction

Record 41,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 41, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les cellules vivantes doivent effectuer un certain nombre de réactions endergoniques; ce sont non seulement des réactions anaboliques [...], mais encore certaines réactions de transports, de transmissions, des travaux mécaniques, fonctionnement du système nerveux, réactions cataboliques, en particulier lorsque les substrats doivent être activés avant de pouvoir être dégradés. [...] L'énergie nécessaire est fournie par les réactions exergoniques grâce au couplage énergétique. Ce couplage énergétique est une des grandes caractéristiques des êtres vivants. D'une part, il implique que la réaction exergonique qui fournit l'énergie ait un [delta]G' négatif plus élevé en valeur absolue que le [delta]G' positif de la réaction endergonique qui lui est couplée. D'autre part, les deux réactions couplées doivent avoir un intermédiaire commun.  2, record 41, French, - r%C3%A9action%20coupl%C3%A9e

Record 41,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 42,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

One of the frequencies of free oscillations of a system.  3, record 42, English, - natural%20frequency

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A vibrating system when displaced from its neutral position oscillates about this position with a frequency characteristic of the system-the natural frequency of the system. The amplitude decays gradually... until the energy supplied by the initial displacement has been expended into the medium. These vibrations are called free vibrations.  4, record 42, English, - natural%20frequency

Record 42,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fréquence à laquelle peut se produire une oscillation libre dans un dispositif donné.  5, record 42, French, - fr%C3%A9quence%20propre

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Tout milieu a sa fréquence propre, dite encore fréquence naturelle, fréquence à laquelle il vibre si on le laisse libre d'osciller à sa guise, en absence de toute force extérieure [...]  6, record 42, French, - fr%C3%A9quence%20propre

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Si les effets d'amplification de la résonance sont très souvent utiles, il est bien des cas où l'on doit chercher à les réduire au minimum : dans les haut-parleurs par exemple, dont la membrane a ses fréquences propres d'oscillation [...]; dans les machines tournantes, où toute résonance d'une partie des appareils se traduit par une fatigue de cette partie [...]  2, record 42, French, - fr%C3%A9quence%20propre

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 OBS

fréquence propre : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  7, record 42, French, - fr%C3%A9quence%20propre

Record 42,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 42, Textual support number: 1 DEF

La frecuencia de oscilación libre; por ejemplo, la frecuencia de resonancia de cualquier dispositivo o circuito.  3, record 42, Spanish, - frecuencia%20propia

Record 43,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The chemical potential of water is a quantitative expression of the free energy associated with the water. It is important to note that the chemical potential is a relative quantity. It is always expressed as the difference between the potential of a substance in a given state and the potential of the same substance in a standard state. The unit of chemical potential is energy per mole of substance(joules per mole).  2, record 43, English, - water%20potential

Record 43,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 43, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Travail à exercer sur l'unité de masse d'eau pour la faire passer d'un état de référence (eau libre) à l'état de liaison qu'elle a dans un système considéré (sol plus ou moins sec, organe vivant ou mort, solution plus ou moins concentrée).  1, record 43, French, - potentiel%20hydrique

Record 43,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 44,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The number of free neutrons per unit volume. Partial densities may be defined for neutrons characterized by such parameters as energy and direction.  1, record 44, English, - neutron%20number%20density

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

neutron (number) density  1, record 44, English, - neutron%20number%20density

Record 44,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 44, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nombre de neutrons libres par unité de volume. Des nombres partiels peuvent être définis pour des neutrons caractérisés par des paramètres tels que l'énergie et la direction.  1, record 44, French, - nombre%20volumique%20de%20neutrons

Record 44,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 45,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Living organisms carry out various forms of work at the expense of free energy from the environment. They return to their surroundings an equal amount of heat and other forms of energy that become randomized and useless. Such dissipated energy is called entropy.  2, record 45, English, - entropy

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 2 CONT

As living beings, we represent complex, organized systems - an eddy in the random entropy of the universe.  3, record 45, English, - entropy

Record 45,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 45, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les organismes vivants effectuent différentes formes de travail aux dépens d'énergie libre puisée dans leur environnement auquel ils renvoient une quantité égale de chaleur et d'autres formes d'énergie qui se dispersent de façon désordonnée et deviennent inutilisables. Cette énergie dissipée est appelée entropie.  2, record 45, French, - entropie

Record 45,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 46,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

American Style Fridge Freezer. Energy Efficiency Class B. 100% CFC and HFC free.  1, record 46, English, - energy%20efficiency%20class

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... the procurement of products in the top 25% of their class in energy efficiency where cost-effective ...  2, record 46, English, - energy%20efficiency%20class

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Accelerate the development of Product Energy Efficiency Recommendations [which] cover products that are in the top 25 percent of their class for energy efficiency or have Energy Star ratings ...  3, record 46, English, - energy%20efficiency%20class

Record 46,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Répartition des appareils électriques en fonction de leur consommation d'électricité, sur une échelle allant de A (se rapportant aux appareils les plus performants) à G (se rapportant aux appareils les plus énergivores).  2, record 46, French, - classe%20d%27efficacit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

Record number: 46, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On peut réduire de 45 % la consommation d'électricité d'un logement par quatre mesures simples [comme] remplacer tous les appareils de froid par des appareils de classe énergétique A [les plus économes en électricité].  1, record 46, French, - classe%20d%27efficacit%C3%A9%20%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique

Record 46,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 47,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A thermodynamic potential that is a function of temperature and volume.  1, record 47, English, - Helmboltz%20free%20energy

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It is one of the commonly used functions describing free energy, and is useful in determining the course of constant-volume isothermal processes.  1, record 47, English, - Helmboltz%20free%20energy

Record 47,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 47, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'énergie libre de Helmholtz, notée F (autrefois A), est le potentiel thermodynamique à volume constant ou énergie utilisable [...]  1, record 47, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre%20de%20Helmholtz

Record 47,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 48,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term negative chemical ionization is usually intended to include all ionization processes yielding negative ions under source pressure conditions characteristic of chemical ionization. In some cases ions may be formed by a true chemical ionization process like proton transfer.... In others the reagent gas only mediates the energy of free electrons to low value compatible with capture by neutral molecules to yield negative molecular ions.  4, record 48, English, - negative%20chemical%20ionization

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

negative chemical ionization: term(s) extracted from the "Disarmament and Peace Keeping" glossary with the permission of the United Nations Office at Geneva.  5, record 48, English, - negative%20chemical%20ionization

Record 48,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Un spectromètre de masse est un appareil qui produit des ions à partir d'une substance étudiée [...]  3, record 48, French, - ionisation%20chimique%20n%C3%A9gative

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 2 OBS

[...] la source à bombardement électronique et la source à ionisation chimique [...] la source à désorption de champ et la source à bombardement d'atomes rapides [...] donnent des ions positifs et des ions négatifs dont la proportion est fonction des conditions opératoires et de la nature des échantillons.  3, record 48, French, - ionisation%20chimique%20n%C3%A9gative

Record number: 48, Textual support number: 3 OBS

ionisation chimique négative : terme(s) tiré(s) du lexique «Désarmement et Maintien de la Paix» avec l'autorisation de l'Office des Nations Unies à Genève.  4, record 48, French, - ionisation%20chimique%20n%C3%A9gative

Record 48,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 49,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Scale free system : Eliminates deposits in condensers by picking up electrical energy from water, allowing deposits to be carried through the system and disposed.  2, record 49, English, - scale%20free%20system

Record 49,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 49, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Scale inhibitor/Anti-incrustant, anti-tartre : Substance ajoutée à l'eau utilisée dans un condenseur ou une tour de refroidissement pour éviter ou réduire la formation d'une croûte dure.  2, record 49, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20anti%2Dtartre

Record 49,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 50,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In this groundwork for a biospheric systems ethics, human beings as well as historical communities qualify for the attribution of intrinsic value. That does not mean, however, that all things in the biospheric environment so qualify. Significantly, natural systems are not the only kind of entities we find in our world. There is a multitude of atoms and molecules that are not integrated in the functional structure of living systems and of the biosphere : they make up the atmosphere and the oceans, the rivers, lakes, soils, mountains and deserts of the globe. Together with the Sun-which provides the free energy that drives the planet's life processes-they constitute the physical environment of the biosphere and its subsystems.  1, record 50, English, - biospheric%20environment

Record 50,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 50, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture.  2, record 50, French, - environnement%20biosph%C3%A9rique

Record 50,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 51,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The work obtained when a surface is wetted in an isothermal, isobaric and reversible manner without changing the size of the free liquid surface, is reflected in a diminution in the free energy of the system. It is expressed in ergs. [Definition standardized by ISO. ]  1, record 51, English, - free%20energy%20of%20wetting

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 OBS

free energy of wetting : term standardized by ISO. ]  2, record 51, English, - free%20energy%20of%20wetting

Record 51,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Le travail obtenu lorsqu'on mouille une surface d'une façon isotherme, isobare et réversible, sans modification simultanée de la grandeur de la surface liquide libre, se traduit par une diminution de l'énergie libre du système. [...] elle s'exprime en ergs. [Définition normalisée par l'ISO.]  1, record 51, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre%20de%20mouillage

Record number: 51, Textual support number: 1 OBS

énergie libre de mouillage : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  2, record 51, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20libre%20de%20mouillage

Record 51,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 52,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 OBS

differential free surface energy : term standardized by AFNOR.  2, record 52, English, - differential%20free%20surface%20energy

Record 52,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] travail à fournir pour augmenter ou former la surface d'un liquide de façon isotherme, isobare et réversible, se traduit par un apport d'énergie libre au système. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  1, record 52, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20superficielle%20libre%20diff%C3%A9rentielle

Record number: 52, Textual support number: 1 OBS

énergie superficielle libre différentielle : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  2, record 52, French, - %C3%A9nergie%20superficielle%20libre%20diff%C3%A9rentielle

Record 52,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 53,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 53, Textual support number: 1 OBS

differential free interfacial energy : term standardized by AFNOR.  2, record 53, English, - differential%20free%20interfacial%20energy