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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The volume of gas obtained in the carbonisation process or gasification process expressed as m³/te(or ft³/ton) of the fuel feed. Reference conditions should be stated.  2, record 1, English, - gas%20yield

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Methane Production Potential. ... In the anaerobic process, a certain amount of gas is produced per pound of volatile solids broken down or destroyed by the bacteria. This is referred to as "gas yield". ... Table 1. Potential gas production of swine, dairy, poultry and beef. ... Gas yield, cu. ft. per lb. volatile solids destroyed.  3, record 1, English, - gas%20yield

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Comparison between the pyrolysis of two types of polyethylenes in a fluidized bed reactor. ... Methane, benzene and toluene formation was favored at high residence time. Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butene, and pentane cracked to different extents with increasing residence time and/or temperature. Maximum total gas yield obtained at 800°C from branched polyethylene and less branched polyethylene in continuous operation is 91.8 and 97.5%, respectively.  4, record 1, English, - gas%20yield

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Volume de gaz obtenu par la carbonisation ou par la gazéification, rapporté à la masse de combustibles mis en œuvre et exprimé en m³/t. Les conditions de référence doivent être indiquées dans chaque cas.  1, record 1, French, - rendement%20en%20gaz

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Volumen de gas obtenido en la carbonización o en la gasificación expresado en m³/T del combustible introducido. Debe indicarse las condiciones en que se mide el gas.  1, record 1, Spanish, - rendimiento%20en%20gas

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen.  2, record 2, English, - pyrolysis

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

When the primary products of the oxygen-deficient decomposition are non-condensible fuel or synthesis gases, the process is known as gasification.  3, record 2, English, - pyrolysis

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

The distinction between "pyrolysis" and "incineration" is that in a "pyrolysis unit" the organic material or carbon is not fully oxidised and the residue still has a heating value.  4, record 2, English, - pyrolysis

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 3 OBS

pyrolysis: term standardized by ISO.  5, record 2, English, - pyrolysis

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Décomposition thermique de matières organiques en l'absence d'oxygène ou en atmosphère pauvre en oxygène.  2, record 2, French, - pyrolyse

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les principaux procédés de combustion sont : - l'incinération : combustion en présence d'un excès d'oxygène, - la pyrolyse : combustion en atmosphère déficitaire en oxygène, qui entraîne la gazéification d'une partie des matières organiques, - la pyrohydrolyse : réaction avec la vapeur d'eau vers 800 °C, - la combustion en milieu sels fondus, - la digestion acide : oxydation en milieu acide H₂SO₄ + HNO₃.  3, record 2, French, - pyrolyse

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

pyrolyse : terme normalisé par l'ISO.  4, record 2, French, - pyrolyse

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Degradación térmica de la materia orgánica en ausencia de oxígeno.  2, record 2, Spanish, - pir%C3%B3lisis

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pirólisis. Descomposición físico-química del material degradable de los desechos sólidos, debido a la acción de la temperatura en una atmósfera deficiente de oxígeno; no produce contaminación atmosférica apreciable y la cantidad de residuos resultante es mayor que en la incineración. La tecnología de pirólisis está en fase de experimentación.  3, record 2, Spanish, - pir%C3%B3lisis

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Biobutanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass by the A.B.E. [acetone, butanol and ethanol] process. The process uses the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism.  2, record 3, English, - biobutanol

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Biobutanol is a renewable, biodegradable, alternative fuel, which can be used neat or blended with gasoline. Properties... are similar to gasoline; hence current vehicles can use biobutanol without any engine modifications. Biobutanol can be produced from biomass by the fermentation of sugars and starches or by thermochemical routes using gasification.  3, record 3, English, - biobutanol

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Butanol: a 4-carbon alcohol (butyl alcohol).  4, record 3, English, - biobutanol

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[Biocarburant] fabriqué par fermentation des ressources lignocellulosiques telles que le bois, le blé et la canne à sucre.  2, record 3, French, - biobutanol

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Comme l’éthanol, le biobutanol est un produit issu de la fermentation [...] Cet alcool, qui a une plus longue chaîne d’atomes de carbone, présente un meilleur contenu énergétique, proche de celui de l’essence [...] De ce fait, il peut être plus facilement mélangé avec l’essence et plus aisément transporté par pipeline que l’éthanol.  3, record 3, French, - biobutanol

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Basically, the gasification of solid fuels takes place at elevated temperatures. The heat required for the heating and conversion, is either provided through partial combustion(autothermic process) or through supply of external heat(allothermic process). Compared to the autothermic gasification, the allothermic gasification has the advantage that the fuel does not have to be partially burned in the gasification zone, in order to provide the necessary heat. In the allothermic gasification, the heat can be provided from any external sources, such as for instance high-temperature core reactors, but also from combustion chambers, wherein a fraction of the gas product is burned.  3, record 4, English, - allothermal%20gasification

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Allothermal gasification requires the supply of externally generated heat since the reaction of biological raw material with steam into combustible gas is altogether endothermal.  4, record 4, English, - allothermal%20gasification

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il existe [...] la solution de la gazéification allothermique : on apporte de l'extérieur la chaleur nécessaire à la réaction endothermique de l'eau sur le charbon. On obtient ainsi un gaz à pouvoir calorifique élevé qui convient bien à l'alimentation des turbines à gaz commerciales.  2, record 4, French, - gaz%C3%A9ification%20allothermique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Thermochemical conversion denotes technologies that use elevated temperatures to convert the biomass materials by(a) direct combustion to produce heat;(b) pyrolysis to produce gas, pyrolytic liquids, chemicals and char;(c) gasification to produce low or intermediate joule value gas... and(d) liquefaction to produce heavy fuel oil or, with upgrading, lighter boiling liquid products used as distillates, light fuel oil or gasoline...  4, record 5, English, - thermochemical%20conversion

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processus thermique et chimique par lesquels des substances riches en carbone sont transformées en produits chimiques intermédiaires pour produire de l'énergie, des carburants, des produits chimiques et des matériaux.  5, record 5, French, - conversion%20thermochimique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel through a synthesis-gas intermediate step.  2, record 6, English, - indirect%20liquefaction

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The principal focus of research and development in the areas of gasification and indirect liquefaction has been the production of medium joule value gas, high joule value gas or substitute natural gas, and the conversion of the gas to a liquid fuel by indirect liquefaction to produce methanol or synthetic fuel(gasoline)...  3, record 6, English, - indirect%20liquefaction

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Théoriquement il suffit d'hydrogéner du charbon pour obtenir des produits pétroliers. Cet apport d'hydrogène peut être fait directement sur le charbon (liquéfaction directe) ou sur les gaz issus d'un gazéificateur (liquéfaction indirecte).  2, record 6, French, - liqu%C3%A9faction%20indirecte

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gasification with air instead of oxygen is the main objective of the CO-Acceptor, U-Gas, Combustion Engineering, and Westinghouse processes. The purpose of these four processes is to produce low-calorific value fuel gas for use in combined cycle power plants based on coal.  1, record 7, English, - Combustion%20Engineering%20process

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Procédés d'oxyvapogazéification autothermique orientés vers les gaz industriels. [...] Combustion Engineering. Le gaz à l'air produit à pression atmosphérique est à bas pouvoir calorifique [...] et est destiné à l'alimentation de chaudières de centrales électriques.  2, record 7, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20Combustion%20Engineering

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... in a fluidized-bed gasifier... the fuel is kept in suspension and experiences high temperatures which are produced by partial combustion. The advantage of fluidized-bed gasification is seen in the high heat transfer which enables the system to produce high power in a small volume.  2, record 8, English, - fluidized%20bed%20gasifier

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] gazogène [qui] comprend essentiellement un lit fluidisé dans lequel des particules sont mises en suspension [...]  1, record 8, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20en%20lit%20fluidis%C3%A9

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Dans le lit fluidisé le combustible est maintenu en suspension, il est successivement pyrolysé puis gazéifié à une température d'au moins 850 °C afin de craquer les goudrons formés. La température est maintenue très uniforme [...]  1, record 8, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20en%20lit%20fluidis%C3%A9

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In fluidized beds and suspension gasification, there is continuous relative motion of the discrete solid particles, while in fixed bed gasifiers there is much slower stratified motion of the solid bed as a whole, generally downward by gravity. The gas can then pass either in the opposite direction to the fuel(updraft or counterflow gasifiers)... or in the same direction(downdraft or coflow gasifiers).... While fixed bed coal gasifiers are updraft, biomass gasifiers can be either updraft or downdraft, depending on the purpose for which the gas is to be used. Updraft gasifiers can use very wet wood, but because the pyrolysis products are immediately cooled, the gas contains up to 30% of tar and oil.  1, record 9, English, - updraft%20gasifier

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Le plus simple appareil de gazéification, à l'air (...), où les gaz montent à travers une couche de bois fixe disposée sur une grille (...) La combustion partielle et la gazéification du charbon de bois se produisent au point le plus chaud, c'est-à-dire sur la grille; les gaz dégagés traversent la couche de bois en cours de pyrolyse puis de séchage en emmenant de l'eau, des matières pyroligneuses et des goudrons. Il faut que ces gaz sortent à température assez élevée pour empêcher les condensations. Il faut également que ces gaz soient utilisés, brûlés immédiatement. Mais la difficulté due à la présence de goudrons subsiste.  1, record 9, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20classique

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gasification is a thermal process to convert solid fuel into gasified fuel by non-stoichiometric, partial combustion.... The most established gasifier system is the down-draught gasifier. It produces an almost tar-free gas and can be constructed on a relatively large scale compared to other systems. Its disadvantage is the requirement for fuel preparation, which must be well cut, uniform wood or charcoal, with a moisture content not greater than 20%.  2, record 10, English, - downdraft%20gasifier

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The "downdraft" (or coflow) gasifiers ... used widely during World War II produce very little tar and oil and are much more practical in small sizes for producing clean gas. Air (oxygen) is introduced at nozzles or tuyères which form a complex reaction zone not amenable to scale-up or simple analysis.  3, record 10, English, - downdraft%20gasifier

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] gazogènes [...] dans lesquels l'air est introduit sous la zone de combustion. La chaleur dégagée par la combustion produit la pyrolyse ou la distillation du bois placé au dessus, mais les pyroligneux et les goudrons produits sont contraints à descendre, à passer à travers la zone de charbon de bois en ignition; ils sont donc craqués, réduits à l'état de CO + H₂ essentiellement. Il n'y a pratiquement plus de pyroligneux, ni de goudron.  2, record 10, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20tirage%20invers%C3%A9

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

C'est ce type de gazéifeur (ou gazogène) qui a été utilisé sur les camions et les voitures durant la dernière guerre (type Imbert).  2, record 10, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20tirage%20invers%C3%A9

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

biomass materials with low moisture content, generally 8% to 10%.  2, record 11, English, - dry%20fuel

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The allowable moisture content for dry fuel varies with requirements of the combustion or gasification system.  2, record 11, English, - dry%20fuel

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The residue fired thermal oil heater ... utilizes a factory pre-fabricated system, consisting of the burner and thermal oil heater, minimizing the amount of field direction required. These units are offered in two configurations, one for burning dry fuel, and the other suitable for wet hogged fuel.  3, record 11, English, - dry%20fuel

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The principal coastal lumber mills consume most of their own wood residues to generate steam and power.  4, record 11, English, - dry%20fuel

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La figure 3 permet de comparer une chaudière pour combustible humide (cas 1) avec une chaudière pour combustible sec (cas 2) [...] Quand on utilise un combustible sec, on peut réduire le volume d'air, de sorte que la teneur en [gaz carbonique] des gaz de combustion dans le cas 2 est de 14 % et que la température des gaz brûlés à la sortie du sécheur est supposé [sic] être de 95 °C.  1, record 11, French, - combustible%20sec

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les déchets de bois, en particulier l'écorce, sont des combustibles très importants dans l'industrie scandinave du bois.  1, record 11, French, - combustible%20sec

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The exothermic oxygen-consuming reactions occur very rapidly to supply the heat for endothermic reactions of carbon with steam and, to a lesser extent, CO₂. The rate of the CO₂-C reaction is relatively low. The approach of the water-gas shift reaction is dependent upon the gasification process, gasification temperature, residence time, nature of the fuel, and catalytic activity of the ash.  1, record 12, English, - water%2Dgas%20shift%20reaction

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The restoration of coking properties and upgrading of poor coal for different industrial utilization using the water-gas shift reaction (CO + H₂O) continued.  3, record 12, English, - water%2Dgas%20shift%20reaction

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

1.2. Gazéification par l'oxygène et la vapeur d'eau (oxyvapogazéification). 1.2.1. Les principales réactions. En pratique, les réactions de l'oxygène et de la vapeur d'eau sur le charbon n'interviennent de façon notable qu'après que le charbon ait été décomposé par pyrolyse. Il suffit donc de considérer les réactions de O₂ et H₂O sur le carbone. (...) Au total, le carbone en présence d'oxygène et vapeur d'eau est transformé en un mélange de CO, CO₂, H₂, H₂O. Ces quatre constituants peuvent réagir entre eux en phase gazeuse suivant, dite réaction de conversion ou réaction d'équilibre du gaz à l'eau.  1, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9action%20de%20conversion

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La réaction de conversion est une réaction homogène en phase gazeuse très faiblement endothermique; la constante d'équilibre K croît donc faiblement avec la température et elle reste basse dans tout le domaine des températures considérées en pratique. La réaction est donc franchement réversible. Si elle n'intervient pas sur le taux de gazéification, elle joue un rôle déterminant sur la composition du gaz et notamment le rapport CO/H₂.  1, record 12, French, - r%C3%A9action%20de%20conversion

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process for converting coal into a gaseous fuel. Pulverized coal and steam are introduced... directly into a column of hydrogen-rich gas... which is produced in the bottom of the gasifier by the slagging gasification of char with oxygen and steam...  1, record 13, English, - bi%2Dgas%20process

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Procédé Bigas de Bituminous Coal Research. Il s'agit d'un procédé du type à lit entraîné, d'oxyvapogazéification avec injection de charbon broyé finement [...]  1, record 13, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20Bigas

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gasification with air instead of oxygen is the main objective of the CO-Acceptor, U-Gas, Combustion Engineering, and Westinghouse processes. The purpose of these four processes is to produce low-calorific value fuel gas for use in combined cycle power plants based on coal.  1, record 14, English, - Westinghouse%20process

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Procédé Westinghouse. Westinghouse (...) a trouvé comme but de désulfurer le charbon et d'utiliser les gaz de combustion propres dans une turbine.  1, record 14, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20Westinghouse

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish