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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The moisture content of the top layer of coniferous needles and twigs covering the forest floor is one of the factors of forest fire danger which must be determined accurately if fire danger in such timber types is to be measured.... For daily use at numerous field stations, where duff is a forest fire fuel of material significance, some instrumental method giving an immediate indication of duff moisture is necessary. To meet this need [a member] of the U. S. [United States] Forest Products Laboratory, in 1923, invented an instrument called a duff hygrometer.  2, record 1, English, - duff%20hygrometer

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Instrument servant à mesurer la teneur en humidité de la couverture morte et de l'humus brut, notamment en vue de la défense contre les incendies.  1, record 1, French, - hygrom%C3%A8tre%20%C3%A0%20humus%20brut

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A description of the fuel properties that are important for assessing potential fire behaviour(e. g. fuel arrangement, fuel load, fuel moisture content).  2, record 2, English, - fuel%20description

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Description des propriétés déterminantes d'un combustible [qui permet] d'évaluer le comportement potentiel d'un incendie (ex. : disposition, quantité, teneur en humidité).  1, record 2, French, - description%20du%20combustible

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index(FWI) System consists of six components that account for the effects of fuel moisture and weather conditions on fire behavior. The first three components are fuel moisture codes, which are numeric ratings of the moisture content of the forest floor and other dead organic matter. Their values rise as the moisture content decreases. There is one fuel moisture code for each of three layers of fuel : litter and other fine fuels; loosely compacted organic layers of moderate depth; and deep, compact organic layers. The remaining three components are fire behavior indices, which represent the rate of fire spread, the fuel available for combustion, and the frontal fire intensity; these three values rise as the fire danger increases.  1, record 3, English, - Canadian%20Forest%20Fire%20Weather%20Index%20System

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

La Méthode canadienne de l'indice forêt météo (IFM) est formée de six composantes qui tiennent compte des effets de la teneur en eau des combustibles et des conditions météorologiques sur le comportement du feu. Les trois premières composantes sont des indices d'humidité des combustibles; ce sont des valeurs numériques de la teneur en eau de la litière et d'autres matières organiques mortes. Leur valeur augmente à mesure que la teneur en eau diminue. Il existe un indice d’humidité des combustibles pour chacune des trois couches de combustibles : litière et autres combustibles légers, couches organiques peu tassées de moyenne épaisseur, et épaisses couches organiques compactes. Les trois autres composantes sont des indices de comportement du feu qui représentent la vitesse de propagation du feu, les quantités de combustibles disponibles et l'intensité du feu sur le front de l'incendie; la valeur de ces trois indices est directement proportionnelle au danger d'incendie.  1, record 3, French, - M%C3%A9thode%20canadienne%20de%20l%27indice%20for%C3%AAt%2Dm%C3%A9t%C3%A9o

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fluidized bed combustion systems use a heated bed of sand-like material suspended(fluidized) within a rising column of air to burn many types and classes of fuel. This technique results in a vast improvement in combustion efficiency of high moisture content fuels, and is adaptable to a variety of "waste type" fuels. The scrubbing action of the bed material on the fuel particle enhances the combustion process by stripping away the carbon dioxide and char layers that normally form around the fuel particle. This allows oxygen to reach the combustible material much more readily and increases the rate and efficiency of the combustion process.  3, record 4, English, - fluidized%20bed%20system

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 2 CONT

... the Degrémont-ECI (Continuous Ion Exchange) process ... uses two types of apparatus generally combined in a single installation: The compacted bed system ... The fluidized bed system in which the resin is held in suspension in an upward flow of liquid.  4, record 4, English, - fluidized%20bed%20system

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Le] procédé d'Échange Continu d'Ions (E.C.I.) Degrémont [...] met en œuvre deux sortes de dispositifs qui sont le plus souvent associés dans une même installation : Le système à lit compacté [...] Le système à lit fluidisé dans lequel la résine est maintenue en suspension dans le courant ascendant de liquide.  2, record 4, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20%C3%A0%20lit%20fluidis%C3%A9

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If the sludge cake from vacuum filter is of sufficiently low moisture content and the sludge has a sufficiently high B. T. U. value, then the heat given off by the burning sludge will be generously sufficient to evaporate all the moisture from the incoming sludge cake and result in completely dry sludge going to the burning compartment in which case the system is self-supporting and no auxiliary fuel required.  1, record 5, English, - self%2Dsupporting%20system

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans l'incinération, une quantité de chaleur importante est fournie par la combustion des matières organiques des boues. Elle peut, dans certains cas, être suffisante pour apporter toutes les calories nécessaires à l'intention de la combustion; les boues sont dites alors autocombustibles.  1, record 5, French, - boue%20autocombustible

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A number in an arithmetical scale, determined from fuel moisture content, wind speed, and other selected factors that affect burning conditions, and from which ease of ignition of fires and their probable behaviour may be estimated.  2, record 6, English, - burning%20index

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Estimation numérique, généralement sur une échelle de 1 à 10, de la combustibilité des produits forestiers dans un contexte de risque d'incendie. Pour établir ce calcul, certains paramètres, tels que le vent, la température, l'humidité relative sont pris en compte.  3, record 6, French, - indice%20de%20br%C3%BBlage

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Wood, used for fuel, that has been air dried so that it contains 15 to 20 percent moisture content(wet basis).  3, record 7, English, - seasoned%20wood

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Wood that has been dried to a certain moisture content to improve its serviceability.  4, record 7, English, - seasoned%20wood

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

According to the grading standards of the Western Wood Products Association, seasoned softwood lumber is defined as having a moisture content of 19 percent (ovendry basis) or less (17).  4, record 7, English, - seasoned%20wood

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Bois qui a été soumis au séchage naturel ou artificiel.  2, record 7, French, - bois%20dess%C3%A9ch%C3%A9

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A type of biomass combustion burner in which a pile of fuel burns on the grates.  2, record 8, English, - pile%20burner

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Primary combustion air comes from above the grates, not below.  2, record 8, English, - pile%20burner

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The boilers are fed wood fuel from the main fuel bin located adjacent to the boiler house. The boilers are the "pile burner" type, which burn wood in a large pile on the floor of a refractory lined furnace box. Combustion efficiency with this type of boiler is generally low but pile burners are simple and therefore relatively inexpensive. Low combustion efficiency also means that emissions such as particulates and carbon monoxide are relatively high. One notable advantage to these systems is that high moisture content fuels can be burned as well as "dirty" fuels containing debris.  3, record 8, English, - pile%20burner

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Pile burner : Boilers incorporating a pile burning design find applications where the anticipated wood fuel has a high(up to 65%) relative moisture content, as is found in whole green tree chips, bark, and green mill residue. Grates serve to support the fuel, and underfire air flowing up through the grates provides oxygen for combustion, cools the grates, promotes turbulence in the fuel bed, and dries the fuel. The most common form of pile burning is the Dutch oven, which was used almost exclusively during the early part of the century(Guinn and Turner 1990).  4, record 8, English, - pile%20burner

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le combustible de bois sec est mélangé à de la sciure de bois vert afin de produire un mélange de combustible qui convienne aux brûleurs de biomasse [...]  1, record 8, French, - br%C3%BBleur%20de%20biomasse

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The time necessary for a wildland fuel particle, under specified conditions, to lose 63 percent of the difference between its current moisture content and its equilibrium moisture content.  4, record 9, English, - timelag

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Temps requis, dans des conditions définies de température du thermomètre sec, d'humidité relative, de vitesse du vent et du moment de l'année, pour que des combustibles morts perdent environ les deux tiers de la différence entre leur degré d'humidité initial et leur degré d'humidité à l'équilibre.  2, record 9, French, - temps%20de%20s%C3%A9chage

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A shallow tray with sides and bottom of open-mesh material, on which are put samples of fuel whose moisture content is to be determined, generally by weighing.  2, record 10, English, - fuel%20tray

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Plateau à claire-voie sur lequel sont posés les échantillons de combustibles dont il s'agit de connaître la teneur en humidité (généralement par pesée).  1, record 10, French, - plateau%20%C3%A0%20combustibles

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The response of fuel moisture content to a cyclically varying temperature/relative humidity combination.  1, record 11, English, - drying%20regime

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Façon dont la teneur en humidité d'un combustible réagit vis-à-vis des variations cycliques de la température et de l'humidité relative.  1, record 11, French, - r%C3%A9gime%20de%20d%C3%A9shydratation

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gasification is a thermal process to convert solid fuel into gasified fuel by non-stoichiometric, partial combustion.... The most established gasifier system is the down-draught gasifier. It produces an almost tar-free gas and can be constructed on a relatively large scale compared to other systems. Its disadvantage is the requirement for fuel preparation, which must be well cut, uniform wood or charcoal, with a moisture content not greater than 20%.  2, record 12, English, - downdraft%20gasifier

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The "downdraft" (or coflow) gasifiers ... used widely during World War II produce very little tar and oil and are much more practical in small sizes for producing clean gas. Air (oxygen) is introduced at nozzles or tuyères which form a complex reaction zone not amenable to scale-up or simple analysis.  3, record 12, English, - downdraft%20gasifier

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] gazogènes [...] dans lesquels l'air est introduit sous la zone de combustion. La chaleur dégagée par la combustion produit la pyrolyse ou la distillation du bois placé au dessus, mais les pyroligneux et les goudrons produits sont contraints à descendre, à passer à travers la zone de charbon de bois en ignition; ils sont donc craqués, réduits à l'état de CO + H₂ essentiellement. Il n'y a pratiquement plus de pyroligneux, ni de goudron.  2, record 12, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20tirage%20invers%C3%A9

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

C'est ce type de gazéifeur (ou gazogène) qui a été utilisé sur les camions et les voitures durant la dernière guerre (type Imbert).  2, record 12, French, - gazog%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20tirage%20invers%C3%A9

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

biomass materials with low moisture content, generally 8% to 10%.  2, record 13, English, - dry%20fuel

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The allowable moisture content for dry fuel varies with requirements of the combustion or gasification system.  2, record 13, English, - dry%20fuel

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The residue fired thermal oil heater ... utilizes a factory pre-fabricated system, consisting of the burner and thermal oil heater, minimizing the amount of field direction required. These units are offered in two configurations, one for burning dry fuel, and the other suitable for wet hogged fuel.  3, record 13, English, - dry%20fuel

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The principal coastal lumber mills consume most of their own wood residues to generate steam and power.  4, record 13, English, - dry%20fuel

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La figure 3 permet de comparer une chaudière pour combustible humide (cas 1) avec une chaudière pour combustible sec (cas 2) [...] Quand on utilise un combustible sec, on peut réduire le volume d'air, de sorte que la teneur en [gaz carbonique] des gaz de combustion dans le cas 2 est de 14 % et que la température des gaz brûlés à la sortie du sécheur est supposé [sic] être de 95 °C.  1, record 13, French, - combustible%20sec

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les déchets de bois, en particulier l'écorce, sont des combustibles très importants dans l'industrie scandinave du bois.  1, record 13, French, - combustible%20sec

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fuel quantity.... it should be obvious that the quantity of fuel is very important but also highly variable...(The) quantity of fuel available for combustion in a given situation may depend not only on the amount of exposed fuel surface but also on the vegetative stage of all living plant material and the moisture content of all dead plant materials.  1, record 14, English, - fuel%20quantity

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les combustibles végétaux. (...) Ainsi, la distribution du combustible est un facteur primordial agissant sur le comportement du feu. La quantité de combustible joue aussi un rôle. Un accroissement de la quantité du matériel inflammable entraîne un accroissement de la quantité d'énergie émise par le feu (...) Les feux les plus violents, et par conséquent les plus difficiles à combattre, apparaissent dans les zones contenant de grandes accumulations de combustibles.  1, record 14, French, - quantit%C3%A9%20de%20combustible

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nonliving natural fuel in which the moisture content is governed primarily by atmospheric humidity and precipitation.  2, record 15, English, - dead%20fuel

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les combustibles morts. L'approvisionnement du sol en eau n'influe que pendant peu de temps sur l'humidification de la matière organique morte dont l'hygroscopicité obéit exclusivement à des lois physiques. Une caractéristique du taux d'humidité des matériaux morts est qu'il tend constamment vers un état d'équilibre avec l'humidité relative de l'air qui l'enveloppe, et que toutes les variations subies par ce dernier se trouvent par conséquent répercutées au sein du combustible.  1, record 15, French, - combustibles%20morts

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The dutch oven is essentially a refractory lined combustion furnace which is attached to the package boiler. The dutch oven, up until a short time ago, was one of the most common methods of burning bark. The dutch oven is still used in certain cases when large quantities of bark are to be burned, when the moisture content is very high, and when the fuel has not been hogged to the normal size required for a grate. In the dutch oven configuration, fuel is introduced through the roof of the dutch oven and forms a conical pile which burns on the surface and around the edges.  1, record 16, English, - dutch%20oven

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Chaudière hollandaise. Ce type de foyer se compose d'une chambre rectangulaire à grille horizontale, d'une voûte assez élevée, d'un ou plusieurs orifices d'alimentation, d'une porte de foyer et d'un dispositif permettant un courant d'air supplémentaire (...) Il peut convenir à la combustion de copeaux, de déchets et de sciure. D'ordinaire le combustible est brûlé en piles coniques au-dessus des orifices dans le toit. Durant la combustion il se produit un certain déplacement de combustible et de cendres par effet de pesanteur le long de la surface des cônes en combustion jusqu'à la base.  1, record 16, French, - chaudi%C3%A8re%20hollandaise

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish