TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Fuel reduction is achieved through prescribed fire, thinning, application of herbicide and grazing.  2, record 1, English, - fuel%20reduction

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La réduction des matières combustibles est accomplie par les brûlages dirigés, les éclaircies, les traitements herbicides et les pâturages.  1, record 1, French, - r%C3%A9duction%20des%20mati%C3%A8res%20combustibles

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On-site generation is the production of electricity or other forms of energy at the point of consumption. There are several technologies which can facilitate it, including solar panels, wind turbines, biomass generators and fuel cells. Many organisations look to on-site generation from renewable energy to move away from fossil fuels as part of an emission reduction strategy...  3, record 2, English, - on%2Dsite%20generation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

En raison de l'augmentation de la concurrence dans le secteur des compagnies d'électricité et de l'avènement de technologies de ressources renouvelables écologiques telles que la biomasse, il y a eu un intérêt accru dans la production décentralisée, notamment dans la production sur place.  2, record 2, French, - production%20sur%20place

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Arctic Energy Fund [provides] funding for communities to upgrade existing fossil fuel based energy systems or to supplement or replace these systems with renewable energy options, thus contributing to improved reliability, efficiency as well as pollution reduction.  2, record 3, English, - Arctic%20Energy%20Fund

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le Fonds pour l'énergie dans l'Arctique [permet] aux collectivités d'améliorer les systèmes énergétiques fonctionnant au carburant fossile, mais aussi de créer des options de complément ou de substitution d'énergies renouvelables, ce qui [aide] à améliorer la fiabilité et l'efficacité, tout en réduisant la pollution.  2, record 3, French, - Fonds%20pour%20l%27%C3%A9nergie%20dans%20l%27Arctique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In the case of combat aircraft, designed-in lack of stability can offer faster turn rates, tighter turn radii and reductions in fuel consumption during manoeuvring flight, plus the ability to fly in unconventional attitudes(such as extreme angles of attack) or perform unconventional manoeuvres. The reduction in the energy required to perform manoeuvres comes largely from the decrease in trim drag involved in initiating the manoeuvre : the movement of flight control surfaces required to alter the aircraft's attitude is much less than is needed with a positively stable aircraft, and the actual control surfaces themselves can be made smaller.  1, record 4, English, - trim%20drag

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pour un avion de combat, un manque de stabilité prévu au départ offre divers avantages: l'appareil peut effectuer des virages plus serrés et la consommation de carburant est réduite pendant les manœuvres. On peut également faire prendre à l'appareil des attitudes inhabituelles (angles d'attaque extrêmes, par exemple). L'économie d'énergie vient en grande partie du fait que la traînée d'équilibrage est moindre au moment où sont amorcées les manœuvres, ce qui permet de réduire le braquage des gouvernes et même leur surface.  1, record 4, French, - tra%C3%AEn%C3%A9e%20d%27%C3%A9quilibrage

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The products of fossil fuel combustion, vehicular traffic and other industrial processes have been linked to visibility reduction, to long-range and transboundary transport of air pollution, and to acid precipitation.  2, record 5, English, - fossil%20fuel%20combustion

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A reduction of just one per cent in specific fuel consumption can make it possible to reduce the take-off weight of an aircraft by one-third of one per cent by virtue of the reduction in the volume of fuel needed to complete a journey of a given distance. It can also reduce chock-to-chock fuel burn by 1. 1 per cent.  1, record 6, English, - chock%2Dto%2Dchock%20fuel%20burn

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

une réduction de 1% de la consommation spécifique de carburant entraîne en effet une diminution de 0,3% de la masse d'un avion (compte tenu de la possibilité d'emporter moins de carburant pour une liaison donnée) et de 1,1% de la consommation de carburant cale à cale.  1, record 6, French, - consommation%20de%20carburant%20cale%20%C3%A0%20cale

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

How can we make the engine more efficient without giving up a single horsepower of performance when we need it? These days, the answer is engine downspeeding. This is not a reduction in the size of the engine; instead, it's a reduction in the rpm [revolutions per minute] of the engine, especially at highway cruising speeds between 61 and 68 miles per hour. Downspeeding allows the engine to cruise in its sweet spot, reducing friction and increasing fuel efficiency.  1, record 7, English, - engine%20downspeeding

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Décalage des plages de fonctionnement d’un moteur vers des régimes inférieurs, visant à diminuer ses frottements internes et, partant, la consommation.  1, record 7, French, - abaissement%20du%20r%C3%A9gime%20moteur

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

abaissement du régime moteur; abaissement du régime : termes et définition publiés au Journal officiel de la République française le 28 juillet 2015.  2, record 7, French, - abaissement%20du%20r%C3%A9gime%20moteur

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A sharp reduction in the removal of the heat produced in a fuel assembly as a result of a local modification in the mode of coolant boiling.  1, record 8, English, - transition%20boiling

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transition boiling: term and definition standardized by ISO.  2, record 8, English, - transition%20boiling

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Brusque réduction de l'évacuation de la chaleur dégagée par un assemblage combustible due à une modification locale du type d'ébullition du fluide de refroidissement.  1, record 8, French, - transition%20d%27%C3%A9bullition

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

transition d'ébullition : terme et définition normalisés par l'ISO.  2, record 8, French, - transition%20d%27%C3%A9bullition

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

… in addition to the best in situ use of Plutonium(-15%) by "self-consumption"(i. e. in situ recycling) the estimated gains for this neutron design in relation to the environment are : a lower initial use(-17%) of natural uranium resources, a significant reduction of long lived radioactive waste produced by the fuel …  1, record 9, English, - self%2Dconsumption

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Recyclage in situ d’une substance atomique.  2, record 9, French, - autoconsommation

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La manière la plus économique d'utiliser le plutonium est de le brûler in situ, là où il s’est formé. Nous venons de montrer comment l’ABWR [réacteur à eau bouillante de type avancé] permet de pousser l’autoconsommation du plutonium.  1, record 9, French, - autoconsommation

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A binary compound of hydrogen and oxygen, empirical formula H₂O₂, used mostly in dilute aqueous solutions as an oxidizing agent [and of which the] most remarkable feature is its tendency to decompose readily into water and oxygen, the first instance of contact analysis.  6, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Use : Bleaching and deodorizing of textiles, wood pulp, hair, fur, etc. ;source of organic and inorganic peroxides; pulp and paper industry; plasticizers; rocket fuel; foam rubber; manufacture of glycerol; antichlor; dyeing; electroplating; antiseptic; laboratory reagent; epoxidation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and reduction; viscosity control for starch and cellulose derivatives; refining and cleaning metals; bleaching and oxidizing agent in foods; neutralizing agent in wine distillation; seed disinfectant; substitute for chlorine in water and sewage treatment.  7, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Also known under a large number of commercial designations, such as: Albone; Hioxyl; Inhibine; Interox; Kastone; Oxydol; Perhydrol (hydroxide peroxide 30%, q.v.); Perone; Peroxan; Superoxol.  8, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 OBS

hydrogen peroxide: Refers to the anhydrous form (i.e. "anhydrous hydrogen peroxide"), but the term is also commonly used for hydrogen peroxide solutions (marketed as solutions in water concentrations of 3 to 90% by weight). See also "hydrogen peroxide solution."  9, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 4 OBS

hydrogen peroxide: form recommended by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).  2, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 5 OBS

peroxide: This term is used in common usage as an abbreviation for "hydrogen peroxide" but must not be considered as a true synonym of this latter term in a systematic sense; it does not correspond to the CAS number for "hydrogen peroxide."  2, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 6 OBS

Molecular formula: H₂O₂; Structural formula: H—O—O—H  7, record 10, English, - hydrogen%20peroxide

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] espèce chimique [de] formule H₂O₂ [qui] se présente sous la forme d'un liquide bleu pâle sirupeux, qui se solidifie à -0,46 °C et qui est nettement plus dense que l'eau [...]  6, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On distingue notamment : a) l'eau oxygénée concentrée, solution aqueuse acide contenant 30 % en poids de peroxyde d'hydrogène, utilisée avec précautions contre certaines lésions de la peau; b) l'eau oxygénée officinale, contenant environ 3 % en poids (8 à 12 % en volume) de peroxyde d'hydrogène, utilisée comme hémostatique et comme désinfectant. L'eau oxygénée concentrée à 20 volumes est utilisée pour la décoloration des cheveux.  7, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 CONT

On ne peut faire bouillir l'eau oxygénée pure sous la pression atmosphérique normale, car le liquide se décompose auparavant; il est en effet thermodynamiquement instable à la température ordinaire [...]  6, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

On appelle ordinairement eau oxygénée les mélanges d'eau et de peroxyde d'hydrogène.  6, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

peroxyde d'hydrogène : forme recommandée par l'UICPA (Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée).  2, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 3 OBS

peroxyde : Ce terme est utilisé dans la vie courante comme abréviation de «peroxyde d'hydrogène», mais n'est pas un synonyme de ce dernier terme au sens strict; ce nom ne correspond pas au numéro CAS (du Chemical Abstracts Service) pour le peroxyde d'hydrogène. La prudence s'impose donc dans son emploi. Voir aussi l'autre fiche pour «peroxyde».  2, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 4 OBS

À une concentration de 30 % il est commercialisé sous le nom de «Perhydrol» (voir aussi cette fiche).  8, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 5 OBS

Formule chimique : H₂O₂  8, record 10, French, - peroxyde%20d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Líquido incoloro, insoluble en alcohol y agua. Las soluciones concentradas son tóxicas e irritantes. Riesgo de explosión. Agente oxidante.  3, record 10, Spanish, - per%C3%B3xido%20de%20hidr%C3%B3geno

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Fórmula química: H₂O₂  4, record 10, Spanish, - per%C3%B3xido%20de%20hidr%C3%B3geno

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Chemical formula: (CH₃ )₃ Al  3, record 11, English, - trimethylaluminum

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Properties : Colorless pyrophoric liquid... Derivation : By sodium reduction of dimethylaluminum chloride.... Uses : Catalyst for olefin polymerization; pyrophoric fuel; manufacture of straight-chain primary alcohols and olefins; to produce luminous trails in upper atmosphere to track rockets.  1, record 11, English, - trimethylaluminum

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Liquide pyrophorique [...] catalyseur et agent de synthèse; traits lumineux dans le ciel.  3, record 11, French, - trim%C3%A9thylaluminium

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Formule chimique : (CH₃)₃ Al  4, record 11, French, - trim%C3%A9thylaluminium

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

… the consideration of the reduction in reactivity associated with the use of the fuel in power reactors.  3, record 12, English, - burnup%20credit

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Changes in the isotopic composition during fuel burnup which result in a reduced reactivity can be conveniently characterized by the reduction of the net fissile content, the build-up of actinides, the increase of the concentration of fission products, and the reduction of burnable absorber concentration where applicable. In practice, the conservative use of burnup credit requires consideration of all fissile isotopes, and allows consideration of any neutron absorbing isotopes for which properties and quantities are known with sufficient certainty.  3, record 12, English, - burnup%20credit

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Pour des combustibles usés, différence entre la réactivité calculée comme s’ils étaient neufs et celle tenant compte de leur composition réelle.  1, record 12, French, - cr%C3%A9dit%20burnup

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Durant ces dernières années, un effort de recherche important a été consacré au «crédit burn-up» qui a pour objectif de prendre en considération l’irradiation des combustibles nucléaires dans les calculs de criticité, cette prise en considération permettant, sans risque de criticité, d’augmenter les quantités de combustibles usés dans les emballages de transport ou dans les installations de retraitement. Jusqu’au début des années 1990, de façon pénalisante, le combustible usé était considéré comme neuf pour dimensionner les emballages de transports et les installations. Aujourd’hui, ce «crédit burn-up» n’est encore que partiellement utilisé et des études se poursuivent pour en généraliser l’usage.  2, record 12, French, - cr%C3%A9dit%20burnup

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel. Spent nuclear fuel is a highly radioactive material that is a byproduct of the fission of uranium in commercial nuclear power plants. Currently, spent nuclear fuel is stored in pools of water at most nuclear power plants. By designing equipment for spent nuclear fuel dry storage, the need for maintaining high cost pools can be eliminated. Designing efficient fuel dry storage equipment using Fluent's suite of CFD software enables reduction of costs while maintaining safety. Decommissioning the spent fuel storage pools can, over time, save millions of dollars in overhead costs.  1, record 13, English, - fuel%20dry%20storage

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Un entreposage à sec du combustible sur site est envisagé avant de décider entre retraitement et/ou stockage direct.  1, record 13, French, - entreposage%20%C3%A0%20sec%20du%20combustible

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Use of LEU fuel and light water coolant has resulted in a lower xenon load following reactor power reduction compared to CANDU.  1, record 14, English, - light%20water%20coolant

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'utilisation de combustible LEU et d'un caloporteur à eau légère a permis de diminuer la charge de xénon suite à une réduction de la puissance du réacteur par rapport au CANDU.  1, record 14, French, - caloporteur%20%C3%A0%20eau%20l%C3%A9g%C3%A8re

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

During the past decade we have become increasingly aware of both the atmospheric and ecological impacts of air pollution. The products of fossil fuel combustion, vehicular traffic and other industrial processes have been linked to visibility reduction, to long-range and transboundary transport of air pollution, and to acid precipitation.  1, record 15, English, - ecological%20impact

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Ces termes sont utilisés la plupart du temps au pluriel.  4, record 15, French, - incidence%20%C3%A9cologique

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Efecto, perturbación o consecuencia de un cambio de origen natural o antropogénico sobre el sistema ecológico de un área.  1, record 15, Spanish, - impacto%20ecol%C3%B3gico

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The measure concerns public support granted by the UK [United Kingdom] authorities to a research project in the field of aero-engines called Environmentally Friendly Engine(EFE). EFE is a project conceived to contribute to the goals of improved environmental performance of aero-engines set by ACARE1, the industry's technological platform, which has defined the technological paths and objectives until 2020 in its Strategic Research Agenda. In particular, the objectives of ACARE are to reduce emissions of CO2 [carbon dioxide], NOx and noise. The project envisages carrying out industrial research in order to develop technologies that would enable meeting stricter environmental standards and reduce ownership costs. In particular, the project aims at contributing to the following ACARE's goals :-A reduction in perceived noise to a half of current average levels;-A 50% cut in carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions per passenger kilometre(which means a 50% cut in fuel consumption) ;-An 80% cut in nitrogen dioxide(NOx) emissions;-Reduction in the weight of the engine.  3, record 16, English, - environmentally%20friendly%20engine

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La nouvelle compagnie aérienne helvétique Swiss a annoncé une commande de moteurs CFM56-5C4/P d'une valeur de 300 millions de dollars pour équiper les 13 Airbus long-courriers A340-300 qu'elle vient d'acquérir. Ce moteur propre et peu gourmand en carburant contribuera à la politique de dimunition des coûts d'exploitation engagée par Swiss. Il est le dernier développement en date du CFM56-5C réalisé par CFM International, société commune à 50/50 entre Snecma Moteurs et General Electric.  6, record 16, French, - moteur%20propre

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Overspeed conditions can occur in an engine for a number of reasons, such as for example, a sudden unforeseeable reduction in the engine load, a failure in the metering valve of the engine's fuel delivery system, or an erroneous signal from an associated electronic engine control(EEC) which modulates the metering valve to an excessively high flow setting. It is known to provide an overspeed protection system that monitors a speed of the engine, such as the rotational speed of the power turbine of a gas turbine engine, and upon detection of an overspeed condition will reduce or stop the flow of fuel to the engine from the fuel delivery system.  2, record 17, English, - overspeed%20protection%20system

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Motor overspeed protection system.  3, record 17, English, - overspeed%20protection%20system

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

système de protection survitesse : terme uniformisé par le Comité d'uniformisation de la terminologie aéronautique (CUTA) - Maintenance.  3, record 17, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20protection%20survitesse

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Système de protection contre le fonctionnement du moteur en survitesse.  3, record 17, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20de%20protection%20survitesse

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

If, the plantation biomass were to be used as a fossil fuel substitute(or long-lived product), a net reduction to atmospheric CO₂ emissions would occur after a given time period.  2, record 18, English, - plantation%20biomass

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] certains acheteurs [...] restent réticents à l'idée d'investir dans de nouveaux projets de centrales susceptibles d'utiliser la biomasse de plantations qui ont peut-être été installées sur des terres déboisées.  1, record 18, French, - biomasse%20de%20plantation

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Thus with increase in altitude the reduced fuel pressure force acting on the half-ball valve is compensated by reduction in the thrust exerted by the bellows on the lever, thus compensating the governor creep.... Since the creep of the governor is compensated by the creep control device, the full speed position of the lever controls the maximum safe speeds for the engine under normal operating conditions.  1, record 19, English, - governor%20creep

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Fuel control system.  1, record 19, English, - governor%20creep

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 20,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Rolling resistance is the amount of energy a tyre absorbs as it revolves and deflects. The lower the rolling resistance the less fuel is required to propel the vehicle forward. Lowering the rolling resistance, however, has traditionally meant a reduction in wet grip performance, which of course is unacceptable.  3, record 20, English, - rolling%20resistance

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

rolling resistance: term proposed by the World Road Association.  4, record 20, English, - rolling%20resistance

Record 20,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 CONT

À chaque tour de roue, le pneumatique se déforme pour épouser la route. L'ensemble des efforts permettant d'accélérer, de freiner ou de prendre des virages s'appliquent dans l'aire de contact. En se déformant, le pneu absorbe les irrégularités de la chaussée. C'est parce qu'il est déformable que le pneu assure adhérence et confort. Toutefois, en se déformant, les matériaux constitutifs du pneu s'échauffent et dissipent une partie de l'énergie transmise par le moteur : c'est le phénomène de résistance au roulement.  2, record 20, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20au%20roulement

Record number: 20, Textual support number: 1 OBS

résistance au roulement : terme proposé par l'Association mondiale de la Route.  3, record 20, French, - r%C3%A9sistance%20au%20roulement

Record 20,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 23,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing subsector is based on the transformation of crude petroleum and coal into usable products. The dominant process is petroleum refining that involves the separation of crude petroleum into component products through such techniques as cracking and distillation. In addition, this subsector includes establishments that primarily further process refined petroleum and coal products and produce products, such as asphalt coatings and petroleum lubricating oils. However, establishments that manufacture petrochemicals from refined petroleum are classified in Industry 32511, Petrochemical Manufacturing.  3, record 23, English, - refined%20petroleum%20and%20coal%20products

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Thermal electricity is derived mainly from coal and refined petroleum products (e.g. automotive petrol) which in turn is derived from crude oil.  4, record 23, English, - refined%20petroleum%20and%20coal%20products

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 3 CONT

Greenhouse gas emissions from the pulp and paper industry decreased 19% from 1990 to 1999, while product output increased 27%. These diverging trends result from a 42% reduction in coal and heavy fuel oil use, increased use of natural gas and electricity, as well as energy efficiency improvements. For example, natural gas provides more than twice the energy supplied by coal and refined petroleum products to the sub-sector.  5, record 23, English, - refined%20petroleum%20and%20coal%20products

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

refined petroleum and coal products: term officially approved by the Subcommittee on Terminological and Linguistic Standardization of Statistics Canada, Standardization file 20, June 2003.  6, record 23, English, - refined%20petroleum%20and%20coal%20products

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Exports of coal and refined petroleum products.  7, record 23, English, - refined%20petroleum%20and%20coal%20products

Record 23,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les émissions de l'industrie des pâtes et papiers ont diminué de 19 % entre 1990 et 1999, alors que la production a augmenté de 27 %. Ces tendances divergentes s'expliquent par une réduction de 42 % dans l'utilisation du charbon et du mazout lourd, par une plus grande utilisation du gaz naturel et de l'électricité ainsi que par l'apport d'améliorations éconergétiques. Par exemple, dans l'approvisionnement énergétique du sous-secteur, la part du gaz naturel est plus de deux fois supérieure à celle du charbon et des produits pétroliers raffinés.  2, record 23, French, - produits%20du%20p%C3%A9trole%20raffin%C3%A9%20et%20du%20charbon

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 1 OBS

produits du pétrole raffiné et du charbon : terme uniformisé par le Sous-comité d'uniformisation terminologique et linguistique de Statistique Canada, juin 2003. Voir des explications supplémentaires dans la justification qui suit.  3, record 23, French, - produits%20du%20p%C3%A9trole%20raffin%C3%A9%20et%20du%20charbon

Record number: 23, Textual support number: 2 OBS

La publication 45-250-XPB, périodique annuel qui a été publié par Statistique Canada de 1988 à 1998, portait le titre de «Industries des produits raffinés du pétrole et du charbon». Il est à noter que cette publication a cessé de paraître et que le titre en était mal formé. Dans l'expression «produits raffinés du pétrole et du charbon», l'accord de l'adjectif «raffiné» avec le substantif «produit» entraîne un faux sens puisqu'il sous-entend qu'il y a deux types de produits raffinés : les produits raffinés du pétrole et les produits raffinés du charbon. Or, le charbon ne fait pas l'objet d'un raffinage, mais d'un traitement, et il n'y a donc pas de «produits raffinés du charbon». Pour rendre correctement l'expression anglaise «refined petroleum and coal products», il faut dire «produits du pétrole raffiné et du charbon». [Dossier d'uniformisation 20 du Sous-comité d'uniformisation terminologique et linguistique de Statistique Canada, juin 2003.]  3, record 23, French, - produits%20du%20p%C3%A9trole%20raffin%C3%A9%20et%20du%20charbon

Record 23,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 24,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The xenon ion propulsion system, or XIPS(pronounced "zips"), is the culmination of nearly four decades of research into the use of electric propulsion as an alternative to conventional chemical propulsion.... the increased efficiency possible with XIPS allows for a reduction in propellant mass of up to 90% for a satellite designed for 12 to 15 years operation. Less propellant results in reduced cost for launch, an increase in payload, or an increase in satellite lifetime, or any combination of the above.... The on-board XIPS system is used primarily for spacecraft stationkeeping. Small thrusts are required to correct for the tug of solar or lunar gravity and to reposition the satellite in its proper orbit and altitude. A satellite's lifetime as well as its launch weight is thus determined by the amount of fuel aboard for its thruster system. While most current satellites use a chemical bipropellant propulsion system, a XIPS-equipped satellite instead uses the impulse generated by a thruster ejecting electrically charged particles at high velocities. XIPS requires only one propellant, xenon, and does its stationkeeping job using a fraction of that required by a chemical propellant system.  3, record 24, English, - xenon%20ion%20propulsion%20system

Record 24,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 24, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le système à propulsion ionique au xénon, ou XIPS, est l'aboutissement de presque 40 ans de recherches dans l'utilisation de la propulsion électrique comme alternative à la traditionnelle propulsion chimique . [...] XIPS permet un emport de masse de propergols réduit jusqu'à 90% pour un satellite devant opérer pendant 12 à 15 ans. Le système embarqué XIPS est utilisé en premier lieu pour le maintien en orbite . De toutes petites poussées sont nécessaires pour corriger l'attraction de la gravitation solaire ou lunaire et pour repositionner le satellite sur sa propre orbite, à la bonne altitude. La durée de vie d'un satellite ainsi que sa masse à lancer sont ainsi déterminées par la quantité d'ergols à embarquer pour son système de poussée. Un satellite équipé de XIPS utilise l'impulsion générée par une tuyère éjectant des particule chargées électriquement à très grandes vitesses. Le XIPS nécessite un seul ergol, le xénon. Le court du XIPS est une tuyère ionique, mesurant moins de 30 cm. Deux autres unités clés comprennent un réservoir contenant du gaz xénon (inerte et non combustible), et un générateur de puissance.  1, record 24, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20%C3%A0%20propulsion%20ionique%20au%20x%C3%A9non

Record 24,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 25,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Sulphur-free fuels are essential in order to simultaneously exploit the potential for emissions reduction and for improved fuel economy of the innovative technologies being developed by the automotive industry for the petrol engine(direct injection), for the diesel engine and for the respective emission control systems.  3, record 25, English, - sulphur%2Dfree%20fuel

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Since sulphur in fuel impairs exhaust emission control, its content must be lowered in order to reduce emissions of nitric oxides and particulates.  3, record 25, English, - sulphur%2Dfree%20fuel

Record 25,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 25, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le soufre enrobe le convertisseur catalytique et l'empêche de faire son travail. Il faudrait presque entièrement éliminer le soufre, le réduire à moins d'une partie par million pour réduire sérieusement la pollution dans la plupart des moteurs d'aujourd'hui.  3, record 25, French, - carburant%20sans%20soufre

Record 25,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 26,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 26, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Korea Institute of Energy Research(KIER) currently undertakes research and development of energy conservation technologies for rational use of energy and for improvement of energy efficiency, of energy related environmental technologies for the reduction of environmental pollution from fossil fuel utilization, as well as clean energy, and of alternative energy technologies that are unlimited in source and a pollution-free, such as the sun and the wind. KIER plays a pivotal role in developing technologies to support national energy policy as the nations sole research institute specializing in energy.  1, record 26, English, - Korea%20Institute%20of%20Energy%20and%20Resources

Record 26,  Textual support,  French

Record 26,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 27,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An emission index (EI) specifies the number of grams of pollutant emitted per kilogram of fuel burned.  2, record 27, English, - emission%20index

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Research is aimed at a NOx Emission Index of 5, resulting in less than 1% annual ozone depletion.... From a technical standpoint, these critical emission levels depend on the engines’ injection and combustion system performance, i. e. the quality of the air/fuel mixture, its distribution in the combustor primary zone and the corresponding temperatures. The reduction of NOx emissions remains of primary concern, having the largest Emission Index(grams of emission produced per kilogram of fuel consumed) among the substances responsible for the ozone layer depletion.  4, record 27, English, - emission%20index

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 3 CONT

The average emission rate of the smelters was 4.1 in 1998 [that is, the result of the following division: 9.9 million tonnes CO₂ Eq divided by 2.4 m tonnes of shipments equals 4.1]. [In this case, the proper expression is "emission index" and not "rate", the term "index" being the numerical expression of a rate (or proportion).]  3, record 27, English, - emission%20index

Record 27,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dans l'exercice mené avec le modèle POLES, l'introduction d'une taxe-carbone fictive permet de calculer l'évolution résultante des émissions, par rapport au cas de référence présenté plus haut. Ceci est illustré, au niveau mondial, par le Graphique 1 : à partir d'un indice d'émission 145 en 2010, le niveau d'émission décroît avec l'introduction d'une taxe fictive de 25 $/tC, puis 50 ... jusqu'à 350 $/tC.  1, record 27, French, - indice%20d%27%C3%A9mission

Record number: 27, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le terme «indice» désigne une indication numérique qui sert à exprimer un rapport. Ne pas confondre avec «taux d'émission» ni avec «débit d'émission». Le terme «taux» désigne une proportion dans laquelle intervient un élément, un facteur variable, une quantité de quelque chose par rapport à une quantité d'autre chose (par exemple, on parle d'un taux d'émission de CO₂ de x nombre de grammes par kilomètre pour une voiture). Le terme «débit» se rapporte à la quantité d'un polluant émis dans l'atmosphère par unité de temps. Enfin, voir aussi «facteur d'émission».  2, record 27, French, - indice%20d%27%C3%A9mission

Record 27,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 28,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A process of extinguishing fire by the limitation or reduction of fuel.  2, record 28, English, - starving

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Starving. A fire can be starved by removing its supply of available fuel or by allowing it to burn into a natural barrier.  1, record 28, English, - starving

Record 28,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 28, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] technique [qui] vise à priver le feu des matériaux nécessaires à sa propagation [réalisable par] une séparation complète entre les combustibles intacts [et par une augmentation suffisante de] la résistance au feu des combustibles.  1, record 28, French, - neutralisation%20des%20combustibles

Record 28,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 29,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Very High Gravity Fermentation(VHGF). The VHGF process under development at the University of Saskatchewan used a balance of nutrients, temperature control, oxygen and substrate improvement to achieve ethanol concentrations in the 15-24% range. This was a considerable improvement over the 12% normally seen in the fuel ethanol industry. The advantages include a reduction in water use, increased plant capacity, fewer microbe contaminants in the fermentation, and lower energy requirements during distillation. [Source : ethanol project-Sncwork. en p. 1].  1, record 29, English, - very%20high%20gravity%20fermentation

Record 29,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 29, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Procédé de fermentation à très haute densité (FTHD). Ce procédé en cours de développement à l'Université de la Saskatchewan fait appel à un mélange équilibré de nutriments, à la régulation de la température, à l'amélioration de l'apport d'oxygène et de substrat pour obtenir des concentrations d'éthanol de l'ordre de 15 à 24 %. Il s'agit là d'une amélioration considérable par rapport à la concentration de 12 % obtenue normalement dans l'industrie de l'éthanol carburant. Les avantages comprennent une réduction de l'utilisation de l'eau, une augmentation de la capacité de l'usine, la réduction des contaminants microbiens dans la fermentation et la réduction des besoins énergétiques lors de la distillation. [Source: projet éthanol - Sncwork.fr p. 1].  1, record 29, French, - proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9%20de%20fermentation%20%C3%A0%20tr%C3%A8s%20haute%20densit%C3%A9

Record 29,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 30,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 30, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A comparison between Canadian and U. S. "unleaded" vehicles(i. e. those with a Canadian reduction catalyst vs. the U. S. three-way catalyst, showed virtually no difference in fuel consumption for 1983 models.  1, record 30, English, - reduction%20catalyst

Record 30,  Textual support,  French

Record 30,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 31,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 31, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The photoelectrochemical cell converts solar energy directly into a storable fuel or useful chemical product through direct chemical oxidation or reduction of redox couples in the electrolyte.  1, record 31, English, - photoelectrochemical%20cell

Record 31,  Textual support,  French

Record 31,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 32,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mobile or stationary logging machine equipped with a two-stage reduction mechanism for logging residue, the first stage producing chunks that are fed into the second unit to yield fuel chips.  1, record 32, English, - logging%20residue%20processor

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The English terms logging residue processor and biomass processor are general terms that could apply to different types of chunking or hogging machines.  1, record 32, English, - logging%20residue%20processor

Record 32,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 32, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Engin forestier mobile ou stationnaire qui comporte un double système de transformation des résidus d'exploitation, le premier produisant des fragments, et le second réduisant ces fragments en copeaux énergétiques.  1, record 32, French, - fragmenteuse%2Dbroyeuse%20de%20r%C3%A9sidus

Record 32,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 33,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Many of the proposals are largely concerned with human factors in air traffic control-the importance of clearing flights at the altitudes asked for, where fuel savings are being made en route, the use of established fuel conservation descent procedures and the reduction of circuitous routings.  1, record 33, English, - circuitous%20routing

Record 33,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 33, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(...) il est important d'accorder aux commandants de bord l'altitude qu'ils demandent pour des raisons de consommation optimale en croisière (...) et de réduire les détours qu'impliquent certaines procédures de cheminement ou de contournement.  1, record 33, French, - d%C3%A9tour

Record 33,  Textual support,  Spanish