TERMIUM Plus®
From: Translation Bureau
On social media
Consult the Government of Canada’s terminology data bank.
FUNDAMENTAL POSITION [6 records]
Record 1 - internal organization data 2026-04-29
Record 1, English
Record 1, Subject field(s)
- Combat Sports
Record 1, Main entry term, English
- defensive ground position
1, record 1, English, defensive%20ground%20position
correct, noun
Record 1, Abbreviations, English
Record 1, Synonyms, English
Record 1, Textual support, English
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The guard in MMA [mixed martial arts] is a ground position where one fighter lies on their back and uses their legs, hips, and strategic body positioning to control an opponent who is positioned above and between them. It is the fundamental defensive ground position... 2, record 1, English, - defensive%20ground%20position
Record 1, French
Record 1, Domaine(s)
- Sports de combat
Record 1, Main entry term, French
- position de défense au sol
1, record 1, French, position%20de%20d%C3%A9fense%20au%20sol
correct, feminine noun
Record 1, Abbreviations, French
Record 1, Synonyms, French
- position défensive au sol 2, record 1, French, position%20d%C3%A9fensive%20au%20sol
correct, feminine noun
Record 1, Textual support, French
Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT
La garde [est une] position défensive au sol où l'un des combattants cherche à contrôler ou soumettre son adversaire avec ses jambes. 2, record 1, French, - position%20de%20d%C3%A9fense%20au%20sol
Record 1, Spanish
Record 1, Textual support, Spanish
Record 2 - internal organization data 2024-04-02
Record 2, English
Record 2, Subject field(s)
- Astrophysics and Cosmography
- The Sun (Astronomy)
- The Moon (Astronomy)
- The Earth (Astronomy)
Record 2, Main entry term, English
- Besselian element
1, record 2, English, Besselian%20element
correct
Record 2, Abbreviations, English
Record 2, Synonyms, English
Record 2, Textual support, English
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT
The Besselian elements are a series of time-dependent variables used to calculate various aspects of a solar eclipse. They describe the movement of the Moon's shadow with respect to the fundamental plane. This plane passes through the center of Earth and is oriented perpendicular to the Moon's shadow axis. Next, the shadow cone is projected onto Earth's surface including the effects of Earth's rotation, the flattening of Earth and the latitude, longitude and elevation of the observer. The local circumstances at the observer's position can then be calculated including the eclipse contact times, eclipse magnitude and the duration of totality(or annularity). 2, record 2, English, - Besselian%20element
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Besselian element: designation usually used in the plural. 3, record 2, English, - Besselian%20element
Record 2, Key term(s)
- Besselian elements
Record 2, French
Record 2, Domaine(s)
- Astrophysique et cosmographie
- Soleil (Astronomie)
- Lune (Astronomie)
- Terre (Astronomie)
Record 2, Main entry term, French
- élément de Bessel
1, record 2, French, %C3%A9l%C3%A9ment%20de%20Bessel
correct, masculine noun
Record 2, Abbreviations, French
Record 2, Synonyms, French
Record 2, Textual support, French
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Les circonstances d'une éclipse de Soleil ne se déterminent pas aussi facilement que celles d'une éclipse de Lune. Les astronomes publient des quantités, appelées éléments de Bessel [...], qui permettent aux observateurs de calculer les circonstances de l'éclipse en un lieu donné dont on connaît les coordonnées à la surface de la Terre. 1, record 2, French, - %C3%A9l%C3%A9ment%20de%20Bessel
Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS
élément de Bessel : désignation habituellement utilisée au pluriel. 2, record 2, French, - %C3%A9l%C3%A9ment%20de%20Bessel
Record 2, Key term(s)
- éléments de Bessel
Record 2, Spanish
Record 2, Textual support, Spanish
Record 3 - internal organization data 2022-04-20
Record 3, English
Record 3, Subject field(s)
- Military Titles
- Military Organization
Record 3, Main entry term, English
- Inter-allied Confederation of Reserve Non-commissioned Officers
1, record 3, English, Inter%2Dallied%20Confederation%20of%20Reserve%20Non%2Dcommissioned%20Officers
correct
Record 3, Abbreviations, English
- CISOR 1, record 3, English, CISOR
correct, see observation
Record 3, Synonyms, English
- Association Européenne des Sous-Officiers de Réserve 2, record 3, English, Association%20Europ%C3%A9enne%20des%20Sous%2DOfficiers%20de%20R%C3%A9serve
former designation, correct
- AESOR 3, record 3, English, AESOR
former designation, correct
- AESOR 3, record 3, English, AESOR
Record 3, Textual support, English
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS
In concert with the civil and military authorities, CISOR participates in the construction of a system of defense that will safeguard freedom. The fundamental aim of CISOR is to guarantee NCO's [non-commissioned officers’] position while gratifying their merits. 1, record 3, English, - Inter%2Dallied%20Confederation%20of%20Reserve%20Non%2Dcommissioned%20Officers
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS
CISOR: This acronym, standing for the French "Confédération Interalliée des Sous-Officiers de Réserve" is used as the international abbreviation. 4, record 3, English, - Inter%2Dallied%20Confederation%20of%20Reserve%20Non%2Dcommissioned%20Officers
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 3 OBS
Association Européenne des Sous-Officiers de Réserve; AESOR: Founded in 1963, it changed name on February 22, 2013. 4, record 3, English, - Inter%2Dallied%20Confederation%20of%20Reserve%20Non%2Dcommissioned%20Officers
Record 3, Key term(s)
- Interallied Confederation of Reserve Non Commissioned Officers
Record 3, French
Record 3, Domaine(s)
- Appellations militaires
- Organisation militaire
Record 3, Main entry term, French
- Confédération Interalliée des Sous-Officiers de Réserve
1, record 3, French, Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration%20Interalli%C3%A9e%20des%20Sous%2DOfficiers%20de%20R%C3%A9serve
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Abbreviations, French
- CISOR 1, record 3, French, CISOR
correct, feminine noun
Record 3, Synonyms, French
- Association Européenne des Sous-Officiers de Réserve 1, record 3, French, Association%20Europ%C3%A9enne%20des%20Sous%2DOfficiers%20de%20R%C3%A9serve
former designation, correct, feminine noun
- AESOR 2, record 3, French, AESOR
former designation, correct, feminine noun
- AESOR 2, record 3, French, AESOR
Record 3, Textual support, French
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS
De concert avec les autorités civiles et militaires, la CISOR participe à la construction d'un système de défense qui assurera la sauvegarde des libertés. Le but fondamental de la CISOR est de garantir la position des sous-officiers en valorisant leurs mérites. 3, record 3, French, - Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration%20Interalli%C3%A9e%20des%20Sous%2DOfficiers%20de%20R%C3%A9serve
Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 OBS
Association Européenne des Sous-Officiers de Réserve; AESOR : Fondée en 1963, elle a changé de nom le 22 février 2013. 4, record 3, French, - Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration%20Interalli%C3%A9e%20des%20Sous%2DOfficiers%20de%20R%C3%A9serve
Record 3, Spanish
Record 3, Textual support, Spanish
Record 4 - internal organization data 2016-05-16
Record 4, English
Record 4, Subject field(s)
- Colloquium Titles
- Meetings and Assemblies (Administration)
- Language
Record 4, Main entry term, English
- Forum on French-Language Culture in Canada
1, record 4, English, Forum%20on%20French%2DLanguage%20Culture%20in%20Canada
correct
Record 4, Abbreviations, English
Record 4, Synonyms, English
Record 4, Textual support, English
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS
The first Forum on French-Language Culture in Canada was held in Montréal in April 2000. The Forum aimed to promote greater distribution of French culture in Canada and abroad and to strengthen its position as a fundamental aspect of Canada's cultural diversity. 1, record 4, English, - Forum%20on%20French%2DLanguage%20Culture%20in%20Canada
Record 4, French
Record 4, Domaine(s)
- Titres de colloques
- Réunions et assemblées (Administration)
- Linguistique
Record 4, Main entry term, French
- Forum sur l'espace culturel francophone au Canada
1, record 4, French, Forum%20sur%20l%27espace%20culturel%20francophone%20au%20Canada
correct, masculine noun
Record 4, Abbreviations, French
Record 4, Synonyms, French
Record 4, Textual support, French
Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS
Le premier Forum sur l'espace culturel francophone au Canada s'est tenu à Montréal en avril 2000. Il avait pour objectifs de promouvoir une présence plus importante de la culture française au Canada et ailleurs, et de renforcer la place essentielle qu'elle occupe dans la diversité culturelle du Canada. 1, record 4, French, - Forum%20sur%20l%27espace%20culturel%20francophone%20au%20Canada
Record 4, Spanish
Record 4, Textual support, Spanish
Record 5 - internal organization data 2010-10-06
Record 5, English
Record 5, Subject field(s)
- Keyboard Instruments
- String Instruments
Record 5, Main entry term, English
- action
1, record 5, English, action
correct, noun
Record 5, Abbreviations, English
Record 5, Synonyms, English
Record 5, Textual support, English
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF
The mechanism of a piano, organ, or similar instrument. 2, record 5, English, - action
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
A piano has four essential elements: strings, action, soundboard and framework. 3, record 5, English, - action
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT
Cristofori's great success was in solving, without any prior example, the fundamental mechanical problem of piano design : the hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it(as a tangent remains in contact with a clavichord string) because this would dampen the sound. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently, and it must be possible to repeat a note rapidly. Cristofori's piano action served as a model for the many different approaches to piano actions that followed. … In 1821, Sébastien Érard invented the double escapement action, which incorporated a repetition lever(also called the balancier) that permitted a note to be repeated even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, and this musical device was pioneered by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by Henri Herz, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced. … In grand pianos, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings, and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest. 4, record 5, English, - action
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 PHR
Broadwood square action, double escapement action, drop action, Erard square action, simple action, vertical piano action. 5, record 5, English, - action
Record 5, French
Record 5, Domaine(s)
- Instruments de musique à clavier
- Instruments de musique à cordes
Record 5, Main entry term, French
- mécanisme
1, record 5, French, m%C3%A9canisme
correct, masculine noun
Record 5, Abbreviations, French
Record 5, Synonyms, French
Record 5, Textual support, French
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Le piano est un instrument de musique polyphonique à clavier et à cordes frappées, il est donc classé parmi les percussions et les cordes. Le son est produit par les cordes, tendues sur un cadre rigide, au-dessus de la table d'harmonie. Elles sont frappées par des marteaux, couverts de feutre, actionnés par l'enfoncement des touches du clavier. La vibration des cordes est stoppée par un étouffoir lorsque la touche du clavier est relâchée. Un dispositif mécanique, appelé «échappement», permet à la corde de vibrer librement, puis au cours de son évolution, une répétition plus rapide de la note. […] L'un des mécanismes primordiaux du piano est le mécanisme d'échappement : si la touche et le marteau étaient directement liés, lors de la propulsion du marteau vers la corde, ce dernier resterait bloqué sur la corde, entraînant un étouffement du son produit. Afin d'éviter cet assourdissement, le marteau est propulsé par l'intermédiaire d'une pièce en forme d'équerre, le bâton d'échappement, qui bascule en arrière lorsque sa partie horizontale atteint une butée (réglable). Ainsi le marteau est libre de repartir en arrière dès qu'il a percuté la corde, qui peut alors vibrer sans être étouffée par le marteau. 2, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9canisme
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT
Différentes parties d’un piano. Le clavier. […] Le mécanisme. Le fait de produire les sons par percussion oblige à utiliser une mécanique complexe. Contrairement aux instruments à corde pincée (clavecin, etc.), le piano nécessite un mécanisme d'échappement. En effet, lorsque le marteau est propulsé vers la corde par l'action de la touche, s'il y avait liaison directe entre le clavier et le marteau, ce dernier resterait bloqué sur la corde, entraînant un étouffement de la note aussitôt le son produit. Pour éviter ceci, le marteau est propulsé par l'intermédiaire d'une pièce en forme d'équerre, le bâton d'échappement, qui bascule en arrière lorsque sa partie horizontale atteint une butée (réglable). Grâce à ceci, le marteau est libre de repartir en arrière lorsqu'il a percuté la corde, lui permettant de produire son son. […] Le pédalier. [La] partie acoustique. [La] structure. 3, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9canisme
Record number: 5, Textual support number: 3 CONT
En 1821, Sébastien Érard inventa pour sa part le système à répétition, communément et improprement appelé double échappement, qui permet à une note d'être rejouée même si la touche n'est pas encore revenue à sa position initiale ; une innovation que les grands virtuoses sauront utiliser dans des compositions toujours plus difficiles et toujours plus rapides. Amélioré par Henri Herz vers 1840, le principe du double échappement devint finalement le mécanisme standard des pianos à queue, utilisé par tous les facteurs. Le déclin de la firme Erard fut en partie dû a sa volonté de conserver et de produire un instrument à cordes parallèles (ou obliques) dans lequel l'homogénéité du son est meilleure entre les basses et les médiums. […] L'appellation « double échappement » est à éviter car il n'existe bel et bien qu'un seul mécanisme d'échappement dans les pianos, on préférera ainsi le terme de mécanisme de répétition. 4, record 5, French, - m%C3%A9canisme
Record 5, Spanish
Record 5, Textual support, Spanish
Record 6 - internal organization data 1998-09-03
Record 6, English
Record 6, Subject field(s)
- Applications of Automation
Record 6, Main entry term, English
- robot positioning
1, record 6, English, robot%20positioning
correct
Record 6, Abbreviations, English
Record 6, Synonyms, English
Record 6, Textual support, English
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Exact knowledge of the position of a vehicle is a fundamental problem in mobile robot applications. In search of a solution, researchers and engineers have developed a variety of systems, sensors, and techniques for mobile robot positioning. This article provides a review of relevant mobile robot positioning technologies. The article defines seven categories for positioning systems :(1) Odometry,(2) Inertial Navigation,(3) Magnetic Compasses,(4) Active Beacons,(5) Global Positioning Systems,(6) Landmark Naviagtion, and(7) Model Matching. 2, record 6, English, - robot%20positioning
Record 6, French
Record 6, Domaine(s)
- Automatisation et applications
Record 6, Main entry term, French
- positionnement du robot
1, record 6, French, positionnement%20du%20robot
correct, masculine noun
Record 6, Abbreviations, French
Record 6, Synonyms, French
Record 6, Textual support, French
Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT
Positionnement du robot en azimut. 1, record 6, French, - positionnement%20du%20robot
Record 6, Spanish
Record 6, Textual support, Spanish
Copyright notice for the TERMIUM Plus® data bank
© Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2026
TERMIUM Plus®, the Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank
A product of the Translation Bureau
Features
GCtranslate (available on the Government of Canada network only)
Use this artificial intelligence prototype to translate Government of Canada content up to and including Protected B. Available to employees of selected departments and agencies only.
Writing tools
The Language Portal’s writing tools have a new look! Easy to consult, they give you access to a wealth of information that will help you write better in English and French.
Glossaries and vocabularies
Access Translation Bureau glossaries and vocabularies.
- Date Modified:


