TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

GLP-1(glucagon-like peptide-1) is a gut hormone which is released into the blood stream after feeding. Its main action is to stimulate insulin secretion through potentiating the insulinotropic action of glucose. The peptide is encoded in the glucagon gene and expressed mainly in the gut L cells.  3, record 1, English, - glucagon%2Dlike%20peptide%2D1

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The manifestation via gene action of a particular gene present in effective dosage in a individual' s genotype.  2, record 2, English, - phenotypic%20expression

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Gene expression results in the production of a particular phenotypic character. Organisms with the same genotype may have different phenotypes in different environments. For example, two plants may be genotypically short, but if one is grown under conditions of poor light, it will become etiolated and hence taller than the other. Organisms with the same genotype may also show different phenotypes if the penetrance of the gene differs. On the other hand, organisms with different genotypes may have the same phenotype if each contains a dominant gene: in the same environment the homozygous organism AA is phenotypically identical to the heterozygous Aa in respect of gene A.  2, record 2, English, - phenotypic%20expression

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Parmi les caractères étudiés, EE,DFGG, TPN, EDB, BDE, GLPFE, GL et PR sont non fluctuants; il s'agit de variables communes aux cinq populations qui ne subissent aucune influence du milieu. Les vingt autres caractères sont fluctuants : à chaque site, une série de gènes adaptés à l'expression phénotypique d'un caractère donné est mise en œuvre. Nous concluons que les blés durs étudiés sont distincts, non homogènes et constituent toujours des populations.  2, record 2, French, - expression%20ph%C3%A9notypique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In 1950 E. and E Stedman proposed... that the histone constituents of chromosomes in higher organisms play a role in the controlling of gene action.  1, record 3, English, - controlling%20of%20gene%20action

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il faut [...] souligner que les «histones», constituants normaux des chromosomes, pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de l'activité des gènes.  1, record 3, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20de%20l%27activit%C3%A9%20des%20g%C3%A8nes

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The quantitative differential action of the alleles of a gene on the phenotypic expression of the corresponding characters. Its extent is correlated with the frequency of the particular allele in the genotype.  2, record 4, English, - gene%20dosage%20effect

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La quantité de produit des gènes liés au chromosome X est à peu près égale dans les deux sexes. Pendant de nombreuses années on ne parvint pas à trouver d'explication satisfaisante de la compensation de l'effet de dosage des deux chromosomes X de la femme par rapport au chromosome X unique de l'homme. L'inactivation du chromosome X explique correctement ce phénomène.  1, record 4, French, - effet%20de%20dosage

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any gene that by interaction affects the phenotypic expression of genes at other loci. According to the type of modifying action such genes may be classified into : enhancers or reducers.  3, record 5, English, - modifier%20gene

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gène qui, par intéraction avec les gènes d'autres locus, modifie leur expression phénotypique.  2, record 5, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20modificateur

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An increase in the synthesis of the product of a regulated gene by interference with the action of the repressor.  3, record 6, English, - derepression

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Phénomène de levée des mécanismes d'inhibition qui répriment la transcription d'une gène ou d'un groupe de gènes. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  2, record 6, French, - d%C3%A9r%C3%A9pression

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Résulte de l'intervention d'un inducteur qui, en s'unissant au répresseur, le détache du gène opérateur, permettant au(x) gène(s) de s'exprimer. C'est un cas particulier des mécanismes de régulation.  3, record 6, French, - d%C3%A9r%C3%A9pression

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

dérépression : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR.  4, record 6, French, - d%C3%A9r%C3%A9pression

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proceso que pone en marcha la expresión de un gen o conjunto de genes que anteriormente había estado reprimida.  2, record 6, Spanish, - derrepresi%C3%B3n

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Generalmente se inicia al separarse la molécula represora del promotor, ya que, cuando el represor está unido al ADN, la transcripción está detenida.  2, record 6, Spanish, - derrepresi%C3%B3n

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Proteins are degraded on a time scale that ranges from minutes to days. Maintenance of memories that may last a lifetime requires more stable alterations, such as those associated with persistent changes in gene expression. A recently discovered family of genes called immediate early genes(IEGs), which are activated rapidly by brief bursts of action potentials, may provide a crucial link. As expected of master switches that initiate long-term changes in the brain, IEGs encode transcription factors, proteins that regulate the expression of other genes.  1, record 7, English, - immediate%20early%20gene

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Comme les protéines sont rapidement dégradées (en quelques jours, parfois même en quelques minutes), la conservation de souvenirs qui perdurent la vie entière requiert des modifications plus stables, comme celles qui sont associées à des changements de l'expression des gènes. La récente découverte d'une famille de gènes, nommés gènes précoces immédiats, qui sont activés rapidement par de brèves rafales de potentiels d'action, pourrait être fondamentale; fonctionnant comme des commutateurs principaux qui déclenchent des changements à long terme dans le cerveau, les gènes précoces immédiats codent des facteurs de transcription des protéines qui régulent l'expression d'autres gènes.  1, record 7, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20pr%C3%A9coce%20imm%C3%A9diat

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Gen viral que se expresa inmediatamente después de la infección.  1, record 7, Spanish, - gen%20temprano%20inmediato

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Genetic disorders resulting from the combined action of alleles of more than one gene(e. g., heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers).  1, record 8, English, - polygenic%20disorder

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although such disorders are inherited, they depend on the simultaneous presence of several alleles; thus the hereditary patterns are usually more complex than those of single- gene disorders.  1, record 8, English, - polygenic%20disorder

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le diabète insulinodépendant est une maladie polygénique à composante environnementale. Les progrès de la biologie moléculaire ont permis de mieux cerner le poids de la génétique dans cette affection. En pratique, ces connaissances posent deux questions importantes. D'une part, pourra-t-on prédire, grâce à l'utilisation de marqueurs génétiques, un risque majeur pour la maladie dans des familles ou dans la population général  1, record 8, French, - maladie%20polyg%C3%A9nique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A 32 kD anticarcinogenic lymphokine, a cytokine with a modulatory action, the ability to permeabilize tumor cells, upregulate sensitivity of tumor cells to lymphocyte killing, increase the uptake of pharmacologically active molecules and downregulate viral gene expression and multidrug resistance in tumor cells.  2, record 9, English, - leukoregulin

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une hormone humaine ayant des propriétés anticancéreuses vient d'être isolée par des chercheurs de l'Institut National du Cancer de Béthesda (États-Unis). Fabriquée par les lymphocytes, cette hormone, la leukoréguline, n'a rien à voir avec l'interféron ou les interleukines, autres substances anticancéreuses potentielles déjà connues. Les premiers résultats obtenus chez la souris sont encourageants : la leukoréguline réduit de moitié la croissance cellulaire au niveau des tumeurs induites expérimentalement.  1, record 9, French, - leukor%C3%A9guline

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A protein produced by the nef gene.  3, record 10, English, - nef%20protein

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A regulatory gene expressed in the early phase [of HIV infection] is called nef. Until quite recently, it was believed that nef's role was to suppress transcription, but new experiments have cast doubt on that interpretation. Nef protein may somehow modify the cell to make it more suitable for manufacturing HIV virions later. In any event, it now appears that production of nef protein is required for the development of AIDS, a finding that could be important if a way can be found to block its action.  4, record 10, English, - nef%20protein

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

nef: negative factor.  5, record 10, English, - nef%20protein

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La protéine nef ou p27, anciennement désignée par p27-3'orf, produite par le gène nef, n'est pas retrouvée dans le virus mais dans les cellules infectées, exerce un effet inhibiteur (régulateur négatif) mais couplée à d'autres systèmes de régulation; elle agirait au niveau de la LTR sur une zone de régulation négative (NRE ou negative regulatory element); nef jouerait plus un rôle d'anti-activateur que de répression du V.I.H. L'absence de production de protéine nef serait corrélée avec l'augmentation de la cythogénécité in vitro.  3, record 10, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20nef

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In chronogenetic theory different genes have a different stability("ergon") which determines the duration("chronon") of their action. The ergon/chronon of each gene is considered to be inherited.  2, record 11, English, - chronon

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Durée de l'information du gène.  1, record 11, French, - chronon

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Any of the strong, solluble basic proteins of cell nuclei that are precipated by ammonium hydroxide.  2, record 12, English, - histone

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In 1950 E. and E. Stedman proposed... that the histones constituents of chromosomes in higher organisms play a role in controlling gene action.  3, record 12, English, - histone

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine basique, constituant majeur du nucléosome.  2, record 12, French, - histone

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il faut souligner que les histones, constituants normaux des chromosomes, pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de l'activité des gènes.  3, record 12, French, - histone

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A gene mutation which fails to completely prevent the action of a gene and permits some residual expression of the function in question.  1, record 13, English, - leaky%20mutation

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Mutation permettant une expression résiduelle du gène.  1, record 13, French, - mutation%20fuyante

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... additive variance does not imply additive gene action.  2, record 14, English, - additive%20variance

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... une variance additive ne signifie pas une action génique additive.  2, record 14, French, - variance%20additive

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The expression of genes by genetic transcription into complementary RNA sequences and, in the case of structural genes, the subsequent translation of messenger RNA into polypeptide chains which form the ultimate protein products of gene action(primary gene action).  1, record 15, English, - gene%20action

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gene action is called "cell-specific" if the expression of a particular gene is limited to a definite cell system, and "phase-specific" if the manifestation is limited to a definite developmental period. Both phenomena are consequences of differential gene activation. The action of a particular gene is "sex-limited" if the corresponding phenotypic character is realized in only one of the sexes. "Sex-controlled" gene action is a type of action characterized by the different expression of a gene in male and female organisms. Genes showing either sex-limited or sex-controlled manifestation may be localized either in sex-chromosomes or autosomes.  1, record 15, English, - gene%20action

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A gene whose presence suppresses the effect of another(nonallelic) gene. This suppressing action is known as epistasis. For example, a mutation causing lack of wings in Drosophila is epistatic to any mutation causing a change in wing morphology(such as curled or short wings).  1, record 16, English, - epistatic%20gene

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'épistatis est une forme d'interaction génique dans laquelle un gène influence l'expression phénotypique d'un autre gène phénotypique d'un autre gène non allélique de telle sorte que le phénotype dépende effectivement du premier et non du deuxième gène lorsqu'ils sont tous deux présents dans la génotype. Des gènes dont l'expression est modifiée par un gène non allélique sont dits hypostatiques; les gènes modificateurs sont dits épistatiques. L'épistatis existe sous deux formes : épistatis de gènes dominants et épistatis de gènes récessifs.  1, record 16, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A9pistatique

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The differential expression of gene action at the chromosome level brought about via mechanisms of repression and derepression.  1, record 17, English, - gene%20activation

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Specific products of the cell determine which genes of the genome will function. The cell, in turn, is modified by the action of these genes with the result that particular genes are then derepressed in succession(operon). In higher organisms, differential gene action is a fundamental component of the processes of differentiation and development and follows a definite pattern in time and space.  1, record 17, English, - gene%20activation

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish