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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Various computational tools are deployed in functional bioinformatics to decipher complex biological information in diverse datasets to generate precise biological understanding and hypotheses about gene functions, protein expression, interactions and regulations in both health and disease.  1, record 1, English, - functional%20bioinformatics

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[His] innovation tethers a drug-like molecule--one engineered to bind precisely and selectively to a specific RNA [ribonucleic acid]--to a common RNA-degrading enzyme. The small-molecule/enzyme complex is designed to latch onto the undesirable gene product and destroy it. [He] named the technology RIBOTAC, short for "ribonuclease-targeting chimeras. "  1, record 2, English, - ribonuclease%2Dtargeting%20chimera

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'innovation américaine tient donc dans l'attachement d'une molécule semblable à un médicament (une molécule conçue pour se lier précisément et sélectivement à un ARN [acide ribonucléique] spécifique) à une enzyme commune de dégradation de l'ARN. Cette petite molécule/enzyme, appelée RIBOTAC (pour ribonucléase ciblant les chimères) est ainsi conçue pour s'accrocher aux séquences génétiques défectueuses et les détruire.  1, record 2, French, - ribonucl%C3%A9ase%20ciblant%20les%20chim%C3%A8res

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Two decades of culture-independent studies have confirmed that microbial communities represent the most complex and concentrated pool of phylogenetic diversity on the planet. There remains a need for innovative molecular tools that can further our knowledge of microbial diversity and its functional implications. We present the method and application of serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags(SARST) as a novel tool for elucidating complex microbial communities, such as those found in soils and sediments. Serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags uses a series of enzymatic reactions to amplify and ligate ribosomal sequence tags(RSTs) from bacterial small subunit rRNA gene(SSU rDNA) V1-regions into concatemers that are cloned and sequenced.  2, record 3, English, - serial%20analysis%20of%20ribosomal%20sequence%20tags

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les techniques faisant partie du séquençage à haut débit comprennent l'analyse sériée d'étiquettes de séquences ribosomiques (SARST) et les plateformes de séquençage de la prochaine génération comme le pyroséquençage 454, l'Illumina et le séquençage par ligation (SOLiD). Ces méthodes génèrent des milliers de séquences, permettant une grosse couverture de la diversité bactérienne.  3, record 3, French, - analyse%20s%C3%A9ri%C3%A9e%20d%27%C3%A9tiquettes%20de%20s%C3%A9quences%20ribosomiques

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In contrasts to protoplast fusion which is particularly useful for combining large parts of the genome in a mixed cytoplasm, especially where the characteristics of interest are controlled in a complex manner by a large number of genes, the power of recombinant DNA technology is greatest when small numbers of individual genes controlling known gene products are involved.  1, record 4, English, - mixed%20cytoplasm

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement à la fusion de protoplastes qui est particulièrement utile pour combiner de grandes parties d'un génome dans un cytoplasme mixte, surtout lorsque les caractéristiques qui présentent de l'intérêt sont contrôlées de manière complexe par un grand nombre de gènes, la technologie de l'ADN recombinant offre les possibilités les plus grandes lorsque l'on met en œuvre un petit nombre de gènes bien déterminés qui régissent des produits connus.  1, record 4, French, - cytoplasme%20mixte

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Study on ] the complex hormonal regulation of casein and thrombospondine(TSP) genes in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells and ultimately in breast cancer cells... a 5’ noncoding sequence element involved in the mammary specificity of casein gene transcription is shared with TSP gene... The more difficult but conclusive tests of promoter function and trans acting factors are not proposed. The effects of hormone treatments on TSP MRNA stability will be evaluated by pulse chase experiments....  1, record 5, English, - trans%20acting%20factor

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A novel transforming growth factor - beta SUB 1 responsive cytoplasmic trans-acting factor binds selectively to the 3’-untranslated region of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase R2 mRNA ... mRNA destabilization triggered by premature translational termination depends on at least three cis-acting sequence elements and one trans-acting factor ... In vitro analysis of bovine growth hormone pre-mRNA alternative splicing involvement of exon sequences and trans-acting factor(s) ... [Source: PASCAL database].  2, record 5, English, - trans%20acting%20factor

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine auxiliaire liant l’ADN et interagit avec les séquences cis-régulatrices d’ADN pour contrôler l’expression d’un gène.  3, record 5, French, - facteur%20trans%2Dactivateur

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Facteur diffusible capable de moduler l'activité (en + ou en -) d'un ou de plusieurs gènes en interagissant avec leur(s) séquence(s) régulatrice(s).  1, record 5, French, - facteur%20trans%2Dactivateur

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proteína auxiliar de unión con el ADN, que interacciona con las secuencias de ADN reguladas en cis para el control de la expresión génica.  1, record 5, Spanish, - factor%20de%20actuaci%C3%B3n%20en%20trans

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Genetic disorders resulting from the combined action of alleles of more than one gene (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers).  1, record 6, English, - polygenic%20disorder

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Although such disorders are inherited, they depend on the simultaneous presence of several alleles; thus the hereditary patterns are usually more complex than those of single-gene disorders.  1, record 6, English, - polygenic%20disorder

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le diabète insulinodépendant est une maladie polygénique à composante environnementale. Les progrès de la biologie moléculaire ont permis de mieux cerner le poids de la génétique dans cette affection. En pratique, ces connaissances posent deux questions importantes. D'une part, pourra-t-on prédire, grâce à l'utilisation de marqueurs génétiques, un risque majeur pour la maladie dans des familles ou dans la population général  1, record 6, French, - maladie%20polyg%C3%A9nique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Animal and human (normal and osteoarthritic) chondrocytes can now be cultivated under various physical and chemical conditions in the presence of active exogenous factors, such as growth factors, vitamins, and anti-osteoarthritis preparations, owing to the development of culture models including organotypic, high density and three-dimensional models. The molecular biology approach to this research ... has resulted in stable lines of chondrocytes (e.g. MC 615 from mice) and a comparison of the genetic expression of these cells at different stages of differentiation by substractive hybridization or differential PCR screening.  3, record 7, English, - substractive%20hybridization

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Differential gene expression occurs in the process of development, maintenance, injury, and death of unicellular as well as complex organisms. Differentially expressed genes are usually identified by comparing steady-state mRNA concentrations. Electronic substraction(ES), substractive hybridization(SH), and differential display(DD) are methods commonly used for this purpose.  4, record 7, English, - substractive%20hybridization

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

À ce jour, les études comparatives de l'expression génique reposent essentiellement sur l'hybridation soustractive (ou technique de banques soustractives). Cette technique permet de détecter les espèces d'ARNm présentes dans une cellule particulière par différence avec les ARNm d'une cellule prise comme référence. Le séquençage des ADNc complémentaires obtenus, puis leur comparaison avec les banques de gènes permet l'identification des ARNm surexprimés dans la cellule étudiée.  1, record 7, French, - hybridation%20soustractive

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Outil d'expression génique.  2, record 7, French, - hybridation%20soustractive

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Distinct polypeptide chain in which lies the domain accommodating the catalytic site of complex enzymes. It is completely separated from the domain building up the binding site for the regulatory effector(s). From an evolutionary viewpoint, it is probable that gene fusion did occur in most cases rather than that originally continuous polypeptide chains have separated. In some oligomeric enzymes the allosteric site may have appeared as a result of gene duplication, e. g. in glutamate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, whereas in others by acquisition of a foreign structural gene, e. g. the NAD-binding domain in glycogen phosphorylase. However, in present day complex enzymes the catalytic and regulatory protein units remained separate, but associable, entities.  2, record 8, English, - catalytic%20subunit

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The ATCase of E. coli has ... a molecular weight of about 310,000 but can be dissociated by treatment with mercurial reagents to yield two identical catalytic subunits and three identical regulatory subunits. Each of the two catalytic subunits has a molecular weight of about 100,000 and contains three polypeptide chains of molecular weight 34,000 called C chains. Each catalytic subunit contains three binding sites for the substrate aspartate, one on each of the three C chains. The catalytic subunits have enzymatic activity but are not sensitive to the modulator CTP.  3, record 8, English, - catalytic%20subunit

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsque la molécule native d'ATCase est dissociée en un mélange de ses sous-unités catalytiques et régulatrices, ce mélange fait toujours montre d'activité catalytique, mais la réaction n'est pas inhibée par le CTP tant que les sous-unités catalytiques et régulatrices sont séparées les unes des autres. Pour que l'inhibition par le CTP puisse avoir lieu, il faut que les sous-unités catalytiques et régulatrices soient physiquement associées dans la molécule oligomérique d'ATCase intacte.  1, record 8, French, - sous%2Dunit%C3%A9%20catalytique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pseudogenes are diverse, easy to miss, and complex to annotate. They fall into two rough classes : those that arose from genomic duplication and those that arose from retrotranscription of mRNA. The first class is important for understanding chromosomal evolution; the second for a snapshot in time of a gene's evolution. Pseudogenes are part of the extended superfamily of a gene.  2, record 9, English, - retrotranscription

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reposant sur le même principe que les cartes physiques, elles [les cartes de gènes] utilisent des marqueurs d'ADN complémentaire (ADNc) obtenus par rétrotranscription de banques d'ARN messagers (ARNm), et correspondant donc chacun à un gène.  1, record 9, French, - r%C3%A9trotranscription

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Tiré du Technoscope.  2, record 9, French, - r%C3%A9trotranscription

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

What is Post-Genomics Biology? In this era of whole-genome sequencing, the questions are changing-the driving force is no longer to clone and sequence genes in the random fashion that was available before, but rather to use the wealth of information available from the sequencing projects to understand gene function and gene product interactions at the physiological level. Do homologous proteins have homologous functions in different organisms? How do we use information from a 'simple’ organism to focus research in more complex ones? What do all these genes do that have not been seen using traditional methods? How can we understand the different roles of members of gene families which are only now appearing as a result of the genome sequencing projects?  1, record 10, English, - post%2Dgenomics%20biology

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le gouvernement français s'apprête à lancer une action de grande envergure en génomique fonctionnelle et post-génomique.  1, record 10, French, - post%2Dg%C3%A9nomique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Differential Display is a powerful technique for identifying and isolating genes that display modulation under a given stimulus or environmental perturbation. The DDRT-PCR Kit from Display Systems Biotech provides a comprehensive protocol and complete set of reagents to perform this process in your own lab. Despite the widespread acceptance of the DDRT-PCR Kit as a gene discovery tool, the protocols remain labor-intensive and can take several weeks to obtain the desired results. Because Display Systems Biotech performs DDRT-PCR on a routine basis you can save time and avoid pitfalls inherent in the complex procedure(that often lead to a high level of false positives) by allowing us to perform the procedure for you; we guarantee results.  3, record 11, English, - differential%20display%20reverse%20transcriptase%2DPCR

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Nous cherchons à identifier et à caractériser des gènes de suppression tumorale impliqués dans la progression du cancer de la prostate. Nous avons utilisé la fusion de microcellules pour transférer une portion du chromosome 12 (nommé del(12)(q13) dans une lignée cellulaire cancéreuse humaine (DU145). Les hybrides cellulaires obtenus ne sont plus tumorigéniques lorsqu'injectés chez la souris nue. Ceci suggère la présence de gènes de suppression tumorale sur ce chromosome. Les protéines traduites de ces gènes auraient donc un effet inhibiteur sur l'établissement de tumeurs prostatiques. Nous avons utilisé une méthode de criblage différentiel (DDRT-PCR) pour identifier les ADN complémentaires exprimés préférentiellement dans les hybrides non tumorigéniques qui contiennent del(12)(q13). Ces ADN complémentaires furent isolés, réamplifiés, clonés et séquencés. Des analyses de types Northern démontrent une hausse d'expression de certains ARNm dans les hybrides non tumorigéniques. Nous concluons que certains de ces gènes peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la progression des adénocarcinomes prostatiques.  1, record 11, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20de%20criblage%20diff%C3%A9rentiel%20par%20PCR

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Leptin was identified in 1994 as the product of a gene that is defective in an obese strain of mice, ob/ob. Injection of leptin into the obese mice led to a return to normal weight, a result that made news headlines way beyond the scientific press. Further studies have shown that weight loss is a complex process, involving impaired response to leptin or the leptin receptor.  1, record 12, English, - leptin

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The Cytokine Bulletin, Summer 1996. Leptin, an Obesity Factor. Leptin was identified in 1994 as the product of a gene that is defective in an obese strain in INTERNET at the address mentioned in c.  2, record 12, English, - leptin

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Depuis l'isolement du gène ob en 1994, on a montré que son produit, baptisé leptine, peut corriger plusieurs types d'obésité chez la souris, liés ou non à une mutation de ce gène.  2, record 12, French, - leptine

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le gène de la leptine serait bien associé aux formes extrêmes d'obésité humaine. Ce résultat est publié par les équipes du CNRS EP10 (Lille) et du service de nutrition de l'Hôtel-Dieu (Paris), alors que certaines observations commençaient à faire douter que ce gène, mis en cause dans un modèle murin d'obésité, ait un rôle dans l'affection chez l'homme. Comme la démonstration qui vient d'être apportée ne concerne que les obésités extrêmes, la question du déterminisme génétique reste toutefois ouverte pour les obésités " tout venant ".  3, record 12, French, - leptine

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The overlap between gene pathways controlling embryonic development and those involved in regulating cell proliferation are becoming very compelling. A new celebrity that performs in both of these is the human patched gene, which plays many roles during development and now makes an entrance as a tumor suppressor. The evidence exposing this latest alias of «patched», a faulty version of which is associated with a complex of cancers kwown as nevoid basal cell-carcinoma(NBCC) syndrome was described last month in Cell and Science.  1, record 13, English, - patched%20gene

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nous avons déjà vu que des mutations du gène «patched» (PTC), codant pour un récepteur de Sonic Hedgehog, étaient à l'origine de la naevomatose basocellulaire de Gorlin.  1, record 13, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20patched

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The principle factor responsible for the transcriptional state of the c-fos proto-oncogene is the serum response factor(SRF) which binds a conserved DNA sequence called serum response element(SRE) present in the promoter region of the c-fos gene. In order to elucidate the molecular basis of this interaction, we have solved the crystal structure of a recombinant SRF-SRE complex(Nature, 376 : 490-298, 1995).  3, record 14, English, - serum%20response%20factor

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La MAP kinase activée phosphoryle des protéines kinases activées sur la protéine ribosomique S6, la p90rsk., l'activant à son tour. Ces deux kinases sont alors transférées dans le noyau. La MAP kinase phosphoryle le facteur TCF/Elk-1, un partenaire de SRF (serum response factor) qui intervient dans la stimulation de gènes appelés «à réponse ultraprécoce» dont le prototype est le gène c-fos.  1, record 14, French, - facteur%20SRF

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sequence found within the structural genes of HIV-1 and of other complex retroviruses. Multiple INS elements exist within the genome and can act independently; one of the best characterized elements spans nucleotides 414 to 631 in the gag region of HIV-1. The INS elements have been defined by functional assays as elements that inhibit expression posttranscriptionally. Mutation of the RNA elements was shown to lead to INS inactivation and up regulation of gene expression.  1, record 15, English, - inhibitory%20RNA%20sequence

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In plural in the text.  2, record 15, English, - inhibitory%20RNA%20sequence

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Glossary in molecular biology (Portions of the glossary text were taken directly or modified from definitions in the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment document).  2, record 15, English, - inhibitory%20RNA%20sequence

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A complex system(MNSs) consisting principally of two pairs of antigens determined by closely linked genes(cross-overs have been observed, but rarely). M and N, determined by allelic genes, depend on sialic(neuraminic) acid residues. S and s are also determined by allelic genes, and an amorphic gene is common in blacks when another antigen(U) is missing. The system also include numerous low frequency antigens.  1, record 16, English, - MN%20blood%20group

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les autres groupes sanguins actuellement identifiés ont moins d'importance pratique et sont moins étudiés; il s'agit des systèmes Duffy, Kidd, Lutheran L, comprenant chacun deux allèles (respectivement Fy a, Fy b, JK a, JK b, Lu a, Lu b), Diego (d'intérêt anthropologique car particulier à certaines races), Xg (lié au sexe), MNS et P.  1, record 16, French, - syst%C3%A8me%20MNS

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish