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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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... the suprachoroidal injection approach delivers the gene therapy payload via the potential space between the sclera and the choroid(suprachoroidal space, or SCS). This is a potentially favored injection site for gene therapy because it may reduce the likelihood of eliciting an immunologic response due to its unique location with respect to the blood-retina barrier while simultaneously permitting adequate gene expression to control the nAMD [neovascular age-related macular degeneration] disease process. Surgical access to the SCS can be facilitated by creation of a sclerotomy, followed by introduction of a catheter or cannula. Separately, and potentially of greater interest, is for suprachoroidal gene therapy to be delivered in the clinic setting by utilizing hypodermic needles or hollow microneedles.  1, record 1, English, - suprachoroidal%20gene%20therapy

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gene therapy: The treatment of certain medical disorders, especially those caused by genetic anomalies or deficiencies, by introducing specific engineered genes into a patient’s cells.  3, record 1, English, - suprachoroidal%20gene%20therapy

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Thérapie qui consiste en l'injection de gènes dans la couche de la choroïde adhérant à la sclère dans le but de traiter une maladie rétinienne.  1, record 1, French, - th%C3%A9rapie%20g%C3%A9nique%20suprachoro%C3%AFdienne

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pronuclear injection is used to generate animals that express gene sequences under the control of a heterologous promoter.  2, record 2, English, - heterologous%20promoter

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Heterologous (meaning ’derived from a different organism’) refers to the fact that often the transferred protein was initially cloned from or derived from a different cell type or a different species from the recipient.  3, record 2, English, - heterologous%20promoter

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

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L'injection pronucléaire est utilisée pour produire des animaux qui expriment les séquences de gènes sous le contrôle d'un promoteur hétérologue.  1, record 2, French, - promoteur%20h%C3%A9t%C3%A9rologue

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Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Natural promoters have evolved to control a specific gene in a certain cell, subject to pre-defined environmental conditions. Thus, they are not suited to industrial settings which do not always mimic the natural environment of the cell.  1, record 3, English, - natural%20promoter

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Pour les levures de boulangerie, en remplaçant les promoteurs naturels des gènes des enzymes responsables de la fermentation du maltose (maltase et maltose-perméase) par des promoteurs constitutifs forts, provenant de la même souche, une sécrétion accrue de ces enzymes est obtenue.  2, record 3, French, - promoteur%20naturel

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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Non-viral episomal vectors are regarded as attractive alternatives to currently used virus-based vectors in gene therapy. In addition, they represent a minimal model system to study the epigenetic control of basic nuclear processes, such as transcription, replication and nuclear retention.  2, record 4, English, - nonviral%20episomal%20vector

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another.  2, record 5, English, - transgenesis

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We determined the expression pattern of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase(TIMP) in the development of the mouse embryo using in situ hybridization and transgenesis. To define the sequences regulating TIMP expression, we generated transgenic mice that expressed the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene under control of a 5’ region of the mouse TIMP gene containing-2158 to-58 by upstream of the initiator ATG.  3, record 5, English, - transgenesis

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Transfert de matériel génétique d'un organisme à un autre.  2, record 5, French, - transg%C3%A9n%C3%A8se

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L'introduction d'un gène étranger dans le patrimoine héréditaire d'un individu définit la transgénèse. Différentes techniques sont utilisées chez les mammifères pour y parvenir. Les deux premières ne permettent pas, à elles seules, de choisir l'endroit où le transgène s'intégrera. Il s'agit : (1) de la micro-injection dans l'œuf, qui permet d'introduire de grands fragments d'ADN exogène; (2) des rétrovirus recombinants défectifs qui permettent d'intégrer avec une fréquence élevée des fragments d'ADN dont la taille est cependant limitée par la place disponible dans la capside du rétrovirus.  3, record 5, French, - transg%C3%A9n%C3%A8se

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Transferencia de un gen (que se convierte en transgén) a un organismo receptor (llamado transgénico), que generalmente puede transmitirlo a su descendencia.  2, record 5, Spanish, - transg%C3%A9nesis

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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The molecular mechanisms that control gene expression. These include controls that operate at every stage of protein determination : transcription of DNA, posttranscriptional processing of mRNA, translation of mRNA, and posttranslational modification of proteins.  1, record 6, English, - genetic%20regulation

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The genome of an organism contains DNA sequences of several different types, including structural genes, which specify the amino acid sequences of enzymes and structural proteins or the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNAs or transfer RNAs; and regulatory genes and signals, which code for regulatory proteins, and control the initiation and termination of transcription or provide binding sites for regulatory molecules.  1, record 6, English, - genetic%20regulation

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Ensemble des mécanismes capables de moduler l'expression du potentiel héréditaire dans une cellule vivante en fonction des signaux qu'elle reçoit, en provenance d'autres cellules ou de l'environnement.  2, record 6, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

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Cette régulation peut s'exercer à 3 niveaux : celui de la transcription, celui de la traduction des messagers et celui du transport et de l'assemblage des polypeptides aboutissant à la production de molécules enzymiques actives.  2, record 6, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Proceso que controla la síntesis o supresión de los productos génicos en células o tejidos específicos.  1, record 6, Spanish, - regulaci%C3%B3n%20g%C3%A9nica

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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The restoration of a lost function by a second mutation either in a gene other than that involved in the primary mutation, ...  3, record 7, English, - intergenic%20suppression

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... i. e., in a gene coding for some component of the translation apparatus, such as transfer RNA or ribosomal proteins, which exert control over the fidelity of translation.  3, record 7, English, - intergenic%20suppression

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Récupération d'une fonction perdue, grâce à une seconde mutation localisée sur un autre gène que la mutation initiale. [Définition normalisée par l'AFNOR et reproduite avec son autorisation.]  3, record 7, French, - suppression%20extrag%C3%A9nique

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suppression extragénique : terme normalisé par l'AFNOR et publié au Journal officiel de la République française le 22 septembre 2000.  4, record 7, French, - suppression%20extrag%C3%A9nique

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins.  2, record 8, English, - nucleo%2Dprotein

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Sequence-specific binding of DNA by proteins is often the first step in the assembly of regulatory complexes that control cellular processes such as the initiation of gene transcription. The second assembly step is the cooperative interaction of these DNA-bound proteins resulting in the formation of nucleo-protein complexes with highly specific biological activity.  3, record 8, English, - nucleo%2Dprotein

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Hétéroprotéine résultant d'une association non covalente entre un acide nucléique et une protéine basique [...]  2, record 8, French, - nucl%C3%A9oprot%C3%A9ine

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Les chromosomes sont constitués surtout de protéines et d'acides nucléiques [...] associés en complexes appelés nucléoprotéines.  3, record 8, French, - nucl%C3%A9oprot%C3%A9ine

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Proteína asociada con los ácidos nucleicos [ADN o ARN].  1, record 8, Spanish, - nucleoprote%C3%ADna

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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Conversely, a mother cell-specific pattern of fluorescence was observed in sporangia bearing a transcriptional fusion of gfp to a spore coat protein gene(cotE) under the control of sigma E and an in-frame fusion to a regulatory gene(gerE) under the control of sigma K.  1, record 9, English, - transcriptional%20fusion

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Fusion de gènes intervenant dans la région transcrite mais non traduite.  1, record 9, French, - fusion%20transcriptionnelle

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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[A gene that] control[ s] the polarity of body segments in animals.  1, record 10, English, - segmentation%20gene

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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La combinaison du produit d'un gène homéotique avec le produit d'un gène de segmentation définit une adresse unique vis-à-vis d'un segment déterminé de l'embryon.  1, record 10, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20de%20segmentation

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cloning vehicle designed to promote the expression of gene inserts.  2, record 11, English, - expression%20vector

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Typically, a restriction fragment carrying the regulatory sequences of a gene is ligated to a plasmid containing a restriction fragment possessing the gene but lacking its regulatory sequences. The plasmid with this new combination of DNA sequences is then cloned under circumstances that promote the expression of the gene under the control of the regulatory sequences.  2, record 11, English, - expression%20vector

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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Vecteur de clonage portant une cassette qui permet d'obtenir une expression forte et stable d'une gène cloné à son niveau.  2, record 11, French, - vecteur%20d%27expression

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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A cloning vehicle which has a single cleavage site for one or more restriction endonucleases, thus allowing the insertion of a fragment of foreign DNA.  2, record 12, English, - insertion%20vector

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Avipoxviruses, including Fowlpoxvirus(FPV) have been shown previously to infect mammalian cells but are unable to complete their replication cycle. Avipoxvirus based rabies and HIV vaccines have shown promise in preclinical studies. We have begun work to develop the FPV system for application to HPV CTL. We first constructed a new FPV insertion vector(Fig. 3) which facilitates production of recombinant viruses by co-insertion of the gpt marker gene under the control of a vaccinia virus 19K promoter. The gene of interest is inserted into a polylinker downstream of the vaccinia virus 7. 5K promoter.  3, record 12, English, - insertion%20vector

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Vecteur de clonage ne comportant qu'un seul site de coupure pour une enzyme de restriction donnée, permettant ainsi l'insertion d'un fragment d'ADN étranger.  2, record 12, French, - vecteur%20d%27insertion

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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Control by regulating proteins whose presence in the correct conformation is required for gene expression.  2, record 13, English, - positive%20control

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Résultat de l'intervention nécessaire d'une protéine spécifique pour l'expression de certains gènes.  1, record 13, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20positive

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... pN acts as an antitermination factor at transcription terminators. Evidence now exists for the presence of antitermination sequences within the E. coli chromosome; for example, just past the promoter for rrnG which encodes a rRNA. Nothing is known about how antitermination works in E. coli at this point. However, this suggests that even in the absence of bacteriophage lambda, antitermination is believed to control the level of the transcripts for genes critical to cell growth. This suggests a way that lambda can commandeer the cell by using its pN to increase the levels of primase and sigma 70 for its own replication and gene expression.  2, record 14, English, - antitermination%20factor

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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Signal moléculaire spécifique qui permet à l'ARN polymérase de poursuivre la transcription au-delà des sites normaux de terminaison.  2, record 14, French, - facteur%20d%27antiterminaison

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The successful transfer of a toxin-producing gene from a bacterium(Bacillus thuringiensis) to tobacco(Goodman et al., 1987) may auger a new era in pest control technologies.  1, record 15, English, - toxin%2Dproducing%20gene

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

En lutte biologique progrès accomplis par la création de gènes synthétiques de résistance aux virus et la création de cultivars produisant une toxine insecticide.  2, record 15, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20produisant%20une%20toxine%20insecticide

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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Lines of mice selectively bred to produce low or high antibody response to a variety of antigens (originally sheep erythrocytes).  2, record 16, English, - Biozzi%20mice

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 DEF

Strains genetically inbred to give high or low antibody responses to an antigen(originally sheep red blood cells). At least 10 separate Ir gene loci control responsiveness in these animals. The high and low responder strains differ in the way their macrophages handle antigens.  3, record 16, English, - Biozzi%20mice

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Lignées de souris sélectionnées pour produire des hautes et des basses quantités d'anticorps en réponse à différents antigènes (originellement des érythrocytes de mouton).  2, record 16, French, - souris%20de%20Biozzi

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Les souris de Biozzi [...] Le principe de la sélection réalisée par Biozzi consistait à accoupler des souris bonnes ou mauvaises productrices d'agglutinines anti-GRM. La Sélection fut réalisée sur un groupe de 62 souris Swiss ordinaires sans parenté génétique, des deux sexes.  1, record 16, French, - souris%20de%20Biozzi

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Most mutant genes are recessive with respect to wild-type genes. This fact, puzzling to early geneticists, is now partially understood in terms of the gene-enzyme relation. The recessive phenotype often results from the failure of mutant genes to produce any functional protein(enzyme). In heterozygotes, however, there is always present one "good" gene, and correspondingly, a number of good gene products. Control mechanisms cause the wild-type gene in a heterozygote to produce more gene products than does each wild-type gene in a homozygote.  1, record 17, English, - gene%20product

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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Il est très vraisemblable que le fonctionnement de telles horloges biologiques dépend aussi de l'apparition de facteurs de spécificité de fonctionner. De tels facteurs fournissent le moyen le plus direct pour limiter la synthèse de protéines spécifiques à une période particulière du cycle de la vie. L'intervention d'un tel facteur est déjà connue pour le bactériophage T4 chez qui il existe au moins un gène produisant une substance inhibant le fonctionnement d'un facteur sigma d'E. coli.  1, record 17, French, - produit%20g%C3%A9nique

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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Processes whereby industrial enzymes are manufactured. Some enzymes are formed at all times (constitutive enzymes), whereas others are only formed when needed (inducible enzymes). Few enzymes are produced by wild-type organisms in the quantities required for a viable commercial operation. Enzymes may be produced by extraction of very small amounts from very large quantities of cells or tissues, making them suitable for medical, diagnostic, analytical or research purposes.  1, record 18, English, - enzyme%20production

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Methods are available to overcome the control mechanisms that exert an inhibitory effect on the production of large amounts of enzymes by microorganisms. These techniques are divided into two categories :(1) manipulation of the genetics(use of mutagens and selection, or more recently gene manipulation) in order to alter the regulation mechanisms or produce more copies of the gene responsible;(2) manipulation of the environment(addition of inducers, or removal or avoidance of end product repressors). This can be done using a mixed culture, the second organism removing the end product that represses the first.  1, record 18, English, - enzyme%20production

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dès que le développement de la microbiologie a permis de mieux comprendre les systèmes qui président à la synthèse des enzymes chez les microorganismes, la production industrielle d'enzymes s'est orientée vers les processus fermentaires. (...) Le principe de la production des enzymes microbiennes exocellulaires est très simple : un microorganisme est cultivé dans un milieu approprié à partir duquel l'enzyme est ensuite extraite (pour les enzymes endocellulaires, un traitement de la biomasse est nécessaire).  1, record 18, French, - production%20d%27enzymes

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 19,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

regulator gene : a gene whose primary function is to control the rate of synthesis of the products of other distant genes.  1, record 19, English, - control

Record 19,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 19, Textual support number: 1 CONT

il existe des protéines qui régulent la transcription des gènes  1, record 19, French, - r%C3%A9guler

Record 19,  Textual support,  Spanish