TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Gene expression microarrays provide a snapshot of all the transcriptional activity in a biological sample. Unlike most traditional molecular biology tools, which generally allow the study of a single gene or a small set of genes, microarrays facilitate the discovery of totally novel and unexpected functional roles of genes. The power of these tools has been applied to a range of applications, including discovering novel disease subtypes, developing new diagnostic tools, and identifying underlying mechanisms of disease or drug response.  2, record 1, English, - gene%20expression%20microarray

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The replacement of a normal gene with a mutated form of the gene by using homologous recombination.  6, record 2, English, - gene%20knockout%20technology

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We use proprietary gene knockout technology to systematically discover the physiological functions of genes in mice and to identify which corresponding human genes encode potential targets for therapeutic intervention, or drug targets.  1, record 2, English, - gene%20knockout%20technology

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Méthode expérimentale de recherche du rôle d'un gène par l'observation des effets de son inactivation.  3, record 2, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27inactivation%20de%20g%C3%A8ne

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le gène considéré est muté par recombinaison homologue dans des cellules souches embryonnaires de souris. Ces cellules au génome modifié sont alors réinjectées dans un embryon de souris aux premiers stades de développement. Elles s'intègrent à l'embryon et participent à la composition des différents tissus. La fonction du gène rendu inactif peut être alors étudiée tout au long du développement de l'animal.  3, record 2, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27inactivation%20de%20g%C3%A8ne

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

technique knockout; méthode knockout : Bien que ces termes soient largement utilisés en français, on recommande de remplacer «knockout» par «inactivation de gène».  5, record 2, French, - m%C3%A9thode%20d%27inactivation%20de%20g%C3%A8ne

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inactivación de un gen mediante una mutación espontánea o por la integración de un fragmento de DNA modificado especialmente.  4, record 2, Spanish, - gen%20desactivado

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

El término gen noqueado, del término inglés "knock-out gene", hace referencia al proceso de anulación de la expresión de un gen específico en un animal con el fin de estudiar las consecuencias a que da lugar la falta de la proteína correspondiente a ese gen. [...] Referirnos a esta técnica como del 'gen noqueado', traducción literal de la expresión inglesa, no es adecuado en español. Noquear, que curiosamente es una castellanización del término inglés knock out, es un término perteneciente al ámbito popular y pugilístico y que significa vencer a un adversario haciéndole perder el conocimiento; noquear tiene además un sentido de transitoriedad (la pérdida de conocimiento es temporal), lo que podría inducir la falsa idea de que los genes anulados lo son sólo transitoriamente. Cuando queramos referirnos a ratones manipulados mediante esta técnica es mejor escribir "ratones con un gen desactivado", "ratones con un gen no funcional", "ratones con un gen anulado", "ratón con los dos alelos silenciados", etcétera.  1, record 2, Spanish, - gen%20desactivado

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nanogel is a term used to describe any mixture of nano-sized particles or fibers with a gel, usually protein-based. They have the ability to cross into the cells of living organisms.  2, record 3, English, - nanogel

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

There has been interest in applying nanogels to drug delivery systems, such as protein delivery and gene delivery. In general, chemically cross-linked nanogels are synthesized by microemulsion polymerization or a crosslinking reaction of intra-associated polymer molecules. We develop tailor-made functional nanogels to create novel nanobiomaterials(nanogel engineering) by the self-assembly of functional associating polymers as building blocks. In particular, nanogels of cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan(CHP) selectively interact with proteins as a host and are useful as artificial molecular chaperone and drug carriers such as cancer immune therapy.  3, record 3, English, - nanogel

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Nanogels pour la délivrance auto-régulée d'insuline destinés au traitement du diabète.  2, record 3, French, - nanogel

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Los nanogeles [...] son partículas de dimensiones coloidales constituidas por una estructura polimérica entrecruzada física o químicamente que puede hincharse por absorción de grandes cantidades de disolvente, pero que no se disuelven debido a la estructura de la red que los constituye.  1, record 3, Spanish, - nanogel

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La sensibilidad a las condiciones del medio de los nanogeles es una propiedad muy ventajosa si se trata de aplicaciones relacionadas con la dosificación de fármacos ya que permite obtener una respuesta bajo condiciones de pH y temperatura biológicas.  1, record 3, Spanish, - nanogel

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In another application of gene therapy we have used an adenoviral vector that carries the gene for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase(HSV-tk). Cells expressing HSV-tk will convert the anti-viral drug ganciclovir(GCV) to a form that is toxic to rapidly dividing cells. Using this adenoviral vector we have repeatedly shown robust tumoricidal effects in a variety of animal models of CNS tumor and will soon take this treatment to phase I clinical trials. We are extending this work to the manipulation of the CNSs immune response to tumors using adenoviral vectors that carry several cytokine genes.  1, record 4, English, - herpes%20simplex%20virus%20thymidine%20kinase

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Traitement du glioblastome multiforme - une tumeur létale du cerveau - par transduction tumorale in vivo du gène codant la thymidine kinase du virus herpès simplex (HSV-TK), suivie par l'administration de ganciclovir, tel est l'intitulé des essais cliniques de phase II qui ont débuté en juin dernier en Belgique.  1, record 4, French, - thimidine%20kinase%20du%20virus%20herp%C3%A8s%20simplex

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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A gene which is not toxic itself but which is used to kill cells. A group of these genes, which are inserted into a cell, would program the cell to react, when treated with a drug, to generate its own toxin and thereby killing itself.  2, record 5, English, - suicide%20gene

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In another approach, researchers inject cancer cells with genes that can be used to destroy the cells. In this technique, "suicide genes" are introduced into cancer cells. Later, a pro-drug (an inactive form of a toxic drug) is given to the patient. The pro-drug is activated in cancer cells containing these "suicide genes," which leads to the destruction of those cancer cells.  3, record 5, English, - suicide%20gene

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

suicide gene: This expression is often used in its plural form "suicide genes".  2, record 5, English, - suicide%20gene

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les gènes cytotoxiques, aussi appelés «gènes suicides», codent pour des enzymes qui convertissent un agent chimiothérapeutique non toxique (la «prodrogue») en une molécule toxique.  2, record 5, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20suicide

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L'utilisation de gènes suicides vise à détruire les cellules tumorales par l'expression au sein de ces cellules d'une protéine toxique. La stratégie utilisée consiste à faire exprimer par les cellules tumorales une enzyme qui métabolise localement une prodrogue en une molécule très toxique pour la cellule.  3, record 5, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20suicide

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Ces expressions sont souvent utilisées au pluriel.  4, record 5, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20suicide

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Suicde gene therapy consists of the transfer into tumor cells of a "suicide" gene that can convert a non-toxic compound into a lethal drug. Injectable suicide gene therapy may be a highly effective way of preventing colon cancer from metastasizing, finds research...  2, record 6, English, - suicide%20gene%20therapy

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Type de thérapie qui consiste à insérer dans des cellules tumorales un ou plusieurs gènes des protéines qui provoqueront chez ces cellules une réaction d'autodestruction.  3, record 6, French, - th%C3%A9rapie%20par%20g%C3%A8ne%20suicide

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We have received one issued U. S. patent covering our shotgun antisense technology for identifying essential genes and two additional U. S. patents covering certain essential gene drug targets and research tools in fungi. In addition, we have filed another 25 patent applications including claims to over 4, 000 essential gene drug targets, four gene discovery methods, and four drug screening technologies.  1, record 7, English, - gene%20drug

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On distingue actuellement trois approches majeures : le gène-médicament, la protéine-médicament et le ligand-médicament. Le gène-médicament permet d'envisager de «réparer» un gène défectueux ou d'adjoindre dans les cellules un gène codant pour une protéine potentiellement thérapeutique : c'est l'approche par thérapie génique.  1, record 7, French, - g%C3%A8ne%2Dm%C3%A9dicament

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For gene therapy to realize its clinical potential, there must be efficient and safe strategies of delivering therapeutic genes to somatic cells in vivo. Perhaps this problem simply represents a special case of drug delivery in which the therapeutic gene constitutes the drug. But the relevance of traditional drug development to technological developments in gene therapy is questionable. Recombinant genes that can independently express a therapeutic RNA or protein are extraordinarily large and polar molecules--10, 000 times larger than traditional pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the administration of genes as therapy requires vehicles--so-called vectors--that encapsulate the gene and guide it to the target cell. The binding of the gene to the cell, its internalization, the transport of the administered genome to the nucleus, and the expression of the gene all constitute potential limitations of this process.  1, record 8, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'un des aspect essentiels du transfert de gènes à visée thérapeutique est la vectorisation de l'ADN par un transporteur jusqu'à la cellule cible [...] dans la plupart des cas, l'ADN doit être introduit dans la cellule, soit à l'aide d'une technique physique ou chimique fragilisant les membranes cellulaires, soit combiné à un vecteur.  1, record 8, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20%C3%A0%20vis%C3%A9e%20th%C3%A9rapeutique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

For gene therapy to realize its clinical potential, there must be efficient and safe strategies of delivering therapeutic genes to somatic cells in vivo. Perhaps this problem simply represents a special case of drug delivery in which the therapeutic gene constitutes the drug. But the relevance of traditional drug development to technological developments in gene therapy is questionable. Recombinant genes that can independently express a therapeutic RNA or protein are extraordinarily large and polar molecules--10, 000 times larger than traditional pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, the administration of genes as therapy requires vehicles--so-called vectors--that encapsulate the gene and guide it to the target cell. The binding of the gene to the cell, its internalization, the transport of the administered genome to the nucleus, and the expression of the gene all constitute potential limitations of this process.  1, record 9, English, - therapeutic%20gene

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Mais surtout, à côté de la pathologie, un fantastique domaine s'ouvre au transfert et à la thérapie génique, c'est celui du gène considéré comme médicament. La médecine utilise en effet toute une série de molécules d'origine protéique, comme les facteurs antihémophilliques, l'insuline, l'hormone de croissance, pour ne citer que les plus importantes. Le futur pourrait être la fabrication directe par l'organisme des molécules actives après transfert de gènes dans les cellules permissives. Mieux encore, on pourra vraisemblablement dams l'avenir injecter directement par voie intramusculaire par exemple, l'ADN génique, les cellules de l'organisme se comportant ensuite comme de mini-usines de fabrication et de mini-unités de distribution.  1, record 9, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20comme%20m%C3%A9dicament

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Ceci ne saurait s'effectuer en dehors d'un contexte réglementaire adapté à la complexité des différents niveaux d'intervention que nécessite le transfert de gènes à visée thérapeutique.  1, record 9, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9%20comme%20m%C3%A9dicament

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish