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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A set of genes, coding for the same or related proteins, descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Its members may be clustered together or dispersed on different chromosomes(or a combination of both).  2, record 1, English, - gene%20family

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Série de gènes issus par duplication et mutations d'un gène ancestral.  2, record 1, French, - famille%20multig%C3%A9nique

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In contrast, nonprocessed pseudogenes were once functional genes that now have their coding sequences interrupted. However, many nonprocessed pseudogenes are formed soon after gene duplication due to genetic redundancy. In such cases, pseudogenizations are unlikely to have functional consequences either.  2, record 2, English, - pseudogenization

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Une analyse des chromosomes 21 et 22 montre un pseudogène pour deux gènes fonctionnels. On parle de pseudogénisation pour qualifier le processus par lequel un gène fonctionnel devient un pseudogène.  2, record 2, French, - pseudog%C3%A9nisation

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The pattern transverse bands seen on eukaryotic metaphase chromosome after treatment with fluorescent stains.  1, record 3, English, - chromosome%20banding

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The banding pattern of a particular chromosome is highly specific and constant and is used to distinguish similar sized chromosomes in the karyotype. Banding patterns are used in gene mapping, and to detect chromosome aberrations such as partial duplication. Typical stains used are Giemsa(G-banding) and Quinacrine(Q-banding). The bands on each chromosome are numbered according to a standard nomenclature.  1, record 3, English, - chromosome%20banding

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tinción diferencial que permite observar zonas claras y oscuras a lo largo de los cromosomas en esquemas repetitivos; un patrón de bandas idéntico implica homología cromosómica.  1, record 3, Spanish, - bandeo%20cromos%C3%B3mico

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Distinct polypeptide chain in which lies the domain accommodating the catalytic site of complex enzymes. It is completely separated from the domain building up the binding site for the regulatory effector(s). From an evolutionary viewpoint, it is probable that gene fusion did occur in most cases rather than that originally continuous polypeptide chains have separated. In some oligomeric enzymes the allosteric site may have appeared as a result of gene duplication, e. g. in glutamate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, whereas in others by acquisition of a foreign structural gene, e. g. the NAD-binding domain in glycogen phosphorylase. However, in present day complex enzymes the catalytic and regulatory protein units remained separate, but associable, entities.  2, record 4, English, - catalytic%20subunit

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The ATCase of E. coli has ... a molecular weight of about 310,000 but can be dissociated by treatment with mercurial reagents to yield two identical catalytic subunits and three identical regulatory subunits. Each of the two catalytic subunits has a molecular weight of about 100,000 and contains three polypeptide chains of molecular weight 34,000 called C chains. Each catalytic subunit contains three binding sites for the substrate aspartate, one on each of the three C chains. The catalytic subunits have enzymatic activity but are not sensitive to the modulator CTP.  3, record 4, English, - catalytic%20subunit

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lorsque la molécule native d'ATCase est dissociée en un mélange de ses sous-unités catalytiques et régulatrices, ce mélange fait toujours montre d'activité catalytique, mais la réaction n'est pas inhibée par le CTP tant que les sous-unités catalytiques et régulatrices sont séparées les unes des autres. Pour que l'inhibition par le CTP puisse avoir lieu, il faut que les sous-unités catalytiques et régulatrices soient physiquement associées dans la molécule oligomérique d'ATCase intacte.  1, record 4, French, - sous%2Dunit%C3%A9%20catalytique

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Pseudogenes are diverse, easy to miss, and complex to annotate. They fall into two rough classes : those that arose from genomic duplication and those that arose from retrotranscription of mRNA. The first class is important for understanding chromosomal evolution; the second for a snapshot in time of a gene's evolution. Pseudogenes are part of the extended superfamily of a gene.  2, record 5, English, - retrotranscription

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Reposant sur le même principe que les cartes physiques, elles [les cartes de gènes] utilisent des marqueurs d'ADN complémentaire (ADNc) obtenus par rétrotranscription de banques d'ARN messagers (ARNm), et correspondant donc chacun à un gène.  1, record 5, French, - r%C3%A9trotranscription

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Tiré du Technoscope.  2, record 5, French, - r%C3%A9trotranscription

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The pattern transverse bands seen on eukaryotic methaphase chromosome after treatment with fluorescent stains. The banding pattern of a particular chromosome after treatment with certain fluorescent stains. The banding pattern of a particular chromosome is highly specific and constant and is used to distinguish similar sized chromosomes in the karyotype. Banding patterns are used in gene mapping, and to detect chromosome aberrations such as partial duplication. Typical stains used are Giemsa(G-banding) and Quinacrine(Q-banding). The bands on each chromosome are numbered according to a standard nomenclature.  2, record 6, English, - Q%2Dband

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les bandes Q (Q pour quinacrine) obtenues en utilisant des fluorochromes tels la quinacrine, le DAP1 et le Hoechst 33258 permettent l'obtention d'une coloration intense de l'hétérochromatine centrométrique, du chromosome Y et génèrent des bandes fluorescentes de même topographie que les bandes G.  1, record 6, French, - bande%20Q

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le technoscope.  2, record 6, French, - bande%20Q

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Préparation chromosomique utilisée en cytogénétique moléculaire.  2, record 6, French, - bande%20Q

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The alpha and beta chains have essentially the same structure, are about the same length and show roughly the same rate of evolutionary amino acid substitution. They arose through gene duplication some 450 million years ago and became differentiated as they accumulated mutations independently.  1, record 7, English, - beta%20chain

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les chaînes alpha et bêta ont approximativement la même structure, sont de longueur à peu près identique et présentent des taux de substitution d'acide aminé voisins. Elles se sont formées, il y a quelque 450 millions d'années, par duplication génique, puis se sont différenciées indépendamment par accumulation de mutations.  1, record 7, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20b%C3%AAta

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The alpha and beta chains have essentially the same structure, are about the same length and show roughly the same rate of evolutionary amino acid substitution. They arose through gene duplication some 450 million years ago and became differentiated as they accumulated mutations independently.  1, record 8, English, - alpha%20chain

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les chaînes alpha et bêta ont approximativement la même structure, sont de longueur à peu près identique et présentent des taux de substitution d'acide aminé voisins. Elles se sont formées, il y a quelque 450 millions d'années, par duplication génique, puis se sont différenciées indépendamment par accumulation de mutations.  1, record 8, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20alpha

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish