TERMIUM Plus^®

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... the suprachoroidal injection approach delivers the gene therapy payload via the potential space between the sclera and the choroid(suprachoroidal space, or SCS). This is a potentially favored injection site for gene therapy because it may reduce the likelihood of eliciting an immunologic response due to its unique location with respect to the blood-retina barrier while simultaneously permitting adequate gene expression to control the nAMD [neovascular age-related macular degeneration] disease process. Surgical access to the SCS can be facilitated by creation of a sclerotomy, followed by introduction of a catheter or cannula. Separately, and potentially of greater interest, is for suprachoroidal gene therapy to be delivered in the clinic setting by utilizing hypodermic needles or hollow microneedles.  1, record 1, English, - suprachoroidal%20gene%20therapy

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gene therapy: The treatment of certain medical disorders, especially those caused by genetic anomalies or deficiencies, by introducing specific engineered genes into a patient’s cells.  3, record 1, English, - suprachoroidal%20gene%20therapy

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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Thérapie qui consiste en l'injection de gènes dans la couche de la choroïde adhérant à la sclère dans le but de traiter une maladie rétinienne.  1, record 1, French, - th%C3%A9rapie%20g%C3%A9nique%20suprachoro%C3%AFdienne

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Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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Systems based on baculoviruses demonstrate transient gene expression, in which the protein of interest is synthesised as part of the infection cycle of the viral-based vector system.  2, record 2, English, - viral%2Dbased%20vector%20system

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Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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An anti-sense gene is a copy of the gene of interest, but with a back-to-front genetic sequence. RNA [ribonucleic acid] produced from this gene binds to RNA produced from the original gene, and this RNA hybrid is degraded by the plant cell, effectively preventing the original gene from functioning.  2, record 3, English, - anti%2Dsense%20gene

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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In contrasts to protoplast fusion which is particularly useful for combining large parts of the genome in a mixed cytoplasm, especially where the characteristics of interest are controlled in a complex manner by a large number of genes, the power of recombinant DNA technology is greatest when small numbers of individual genes controlling known gene products are involved.  1, record 4, English, - mixed%20cytoplasm

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

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Contrairement à la fusion de protoplastes qui est particulièrement utile pour combiner de grandes parties d'un génome dans un cytoplasme mixte, surtout lorsque les caractéristiques qui présentent de l'intérêt sont contrôlées de manière complexe par un grand nombre de gènes, la technologie de l'ADN recombinant offre les possibilités les plus grandes lorsque l'on met en œuvre un petit nombre de gènes bien déterminés qui régissent des produits connus.  1, record 4, French, - cytoplasme%20mixte

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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Nanogel is a term used to describe any mixture of nano-sized particles or fibers with a gel, usually protein-based. They have the ability to cross into the cells of living organisms.  2, record 5, English, - nanogel

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There has been interest in applying nanogels to drug delivery systems, such as protein delivery and gene delivery. In general, chemically cross-linked nanogels are synthesized by microemulsion polymerization or a crosslinking reaction of intra-associated polymer molecules. We develop tailor-made functional nanogels to create novel nanobiomaterials(nanogel engineering) by the self-assembly of functional associating polymers as building blocks. In particular, nanogels of cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan(CHP) selectively interact with proteins as a host and are useful as artificial molecular chaperone and drug carriers such as cancer immune therapy.  3, record 5, English, - nanogel

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Nanogels pour la délivrance auto-régulée d'insuline destinés au traitement du diabète.  2, record 5, French, - nanogel

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Los nanogeles [...] son partículas de dimensiones coloidales constituidas por una estructura polimérica entrecruzada física o químicamente que puede hincharse por absorción de grandes cantidades de disolvente, pero que no se disuelven debido a la estructura de la red que los constituye.  1, record 5, Spanish, - nanogel

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La sensibilidad a las condiciones del medio de los nanogeles es una propiedad muy ventajosa si se trata de aplicaciones relacionadas con la dosificación de fármacos ya que permite obtener una respuesta bajo condiciones de pH y temperatura biológicas.  1, record 5, Spanish, - nanogel

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Positional cloning of disease gene loci assigned to 8q24 can be assisted by a high resolution map of this genomic area. In an effort to improve the resolution of the 8q24 map, we have undertaken radiation hybrid(RH) mapping. This method compliments the existing mapping strategies of meiotic mapping(Gyapay et al., 1994) and somatic cell hybrid panels(Wagner et al., 1991; Parrish et al., 1994), but at a higher resolution and with particular emphasis on defining the order and intermarker distance of loci in regions of interest.  1, record 6, English, - positional%20cloning

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

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Clonage d'un gène inconnu par des procédés de cartographie génétique, puis physique.  2, record 6, French, - clonage%20positionnel

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Estrategia de clonación de genes basada en la identificación de marcadores estrechamente ligados al carácter diana, y que utiliza el paseo cromosómico para identificar, aislar y caracterizar el gen o los genes responsables del carácter.  1, record 6, Spanish, - clonaci%C3%B3n%20posicional

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Since transgenic mice are being used to analyse somatic and germinal mutation rates in vivo, it is of interest to know to what extent these mice are normal or abnormal in any way. During experiments designed to compare the mutational response of the trasgene and an endogenous gene, Big Blue mice hemizygous for the transgene were bred to create a hybrid mouse in which the comparisons could be made. The fraction of these mice that inherited the transgene was 37% rather than the Mendelian expectation of 50%.  1, record 7, English, - germinal%20mutation

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Typiquement les gènes BRCA2, BRCA2, 53 ou MMR (mismatch repair) sont de type caretaker, leur altération conduisant à une instabilité génétique. Nous nous trouvons alors devant un paradoxe apparent, où les gènes de PHC n'induisent pas directement l'imitation tumorale. En revanche, ils créent une instabilité génétique avec hypermutation somatique dans les cellules, touchant plusieurs gènes dont des gatekeepers qui initieront alors le processus tumoral (mutation du deuxième allèle du caretaker, et mutation des deux allèles du gatekeeper).  2, record 7, French, - mutation%20germinale

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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A gene that is transferred alongside a gene of interest and that carries a characteristic used to identify and select organisms that have received and integrated both genes.  2, record 8, English, - marker%20gene

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Gène qui est associé à un gène d'intérêt et qui porte une caractéristique utilisée pour identifier et sélectionner les organismes ayant reçu et intégré ces deux gènes.  2, record 8, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20marqueur

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Un gène marqueur peut être, par exemple, un gène de résistance aux antibiotiques ou aux herbicides.  2, record 8, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20marqueur

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Their semiautomated LMM(laser microbeam microdissection) technique uses a pulsed nitrogen laser to circumscribe single cells or cell clusters of interest located in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Increasing the intensity of the focused beam results in the physical ejection or "catapulting" of the circumscribed cells away from the surrounding tissue onto a cap of a microfuge tube-a phenomenon known as laser pressure catapulting(LPC). Contamination by surrounding cell(s) can be processed using reverse transcriptase(RT)-PCR to examine patterns of gene expression.  1, record 9, English, - laser%20pressure%20catapulting

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Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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Short tandem repeat polymorphisms, also referred to as variable number of tandem repeats(VNTRs), are very important to scientists, because they can be used to identify individuals genetically. Marker systems are used to detect loci that respond to restriction enzyme cleavage by producing a fragment that can have many different lengths. This polymorphism is due to variation in the number of tandem repeats. VNTRs can be identified in various ways. Probes can be developed which will hybridize to complementary sequences after RFLP has been performed on a sample of genomic DNA(Southern blots). A second method involves the use of PCR. If the sequence surrounding the VNTR is known, PCR primers(oligonucleotides) can be designed to amplify the repeat region(s). The information obtained from these experiments is useful in the fields of forensics, population characterization, human gene mapping, identification of genes involved in disease, relationship testing, and identifying genes of interest such as those that encode proteins containing zinc finge.  3, record 10, English, - variable%20number%20of%20tandem%20repeats

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Ces expertises sont actuellement effectuées par l'analyse de l'ADN (Acide DésoxyriboNucléique) au moyen de l'examen du polymorphisme VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) qui est un polymorphisme de restriction (RFLP = Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism). Un VNTR est un polymorphisme de répétition ou de longueur. Il s'agit d'une séquence répétée qui constitue un allèle, dont le nombre de répétitions varie d'un individu à l'autre, et qui se transmet selon les lois de Mendel. Chez un hétérozygote les deux allèles sont visibles; il s'agit donc de marqueurs génétiques co-dominants.  2, record 10, French, - nombre%20variable%20de%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9titions%20en%20tandem

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Secuencias repetidas de ADN, organizadas en tándem, cuyo número de copias es muy variable según el genotipo.  3, record 10, Spanish, - repeticiones%20en%20t%C3%A1ndem%20de%20n%C3%BAmero%20variable

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Dr. Robson's laboratory is studying some of the important house-keeping genes of P. falciparum which cause severe malaria in man. Her team has recently isolated and sequenced the parasite's calmodulin gene; discovered a new gene encoding a protein called thrombospondin-related anonymous protein which has many sequence motifs of particular interest, particularly those homologous to human properdin and thrombospondin; and has defined a family of ATPase-like genes in P. falciparum.  3, record 11, English, - thrombospondin%20related%20anonymous%20protein

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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[...] les LTC (lymphocytes T cytotoxiques) pourraient intervenir dans la résistance au paludisme en détruisant les cellules infectées avant que les manifestations cliniques apparaissent. Pour tester cette hypothèse, les chercheurs ont synthétisé 70 peptides longs de 8 à 10 acides aminés et correspondant à des fragments de quatre antigènes plasmodiaux: LSA-1 (liver stage antigen 1), TRAP (thrombospondin related anonymous protein) et STARP (sporozoite threonine and asparagine rich protein).  1, record 11, French, - TRAP

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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Individual primary recombinant clones(hosted in phage, cosmid, YAC, or other vector) that are placed in two-dimensional arrays in microtiter dishes. Each primary clone can be identified by the identity of the plate and the clone location(row and column) on that plate. Arrayed libraries of clones can be used for many applications, including screening for a specific gene or genomic region of interest as well as for physical.  1, record 12, English, - arrayed%20library

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Glossary in molecular biology (Portions of the glossary text were taken directly or modified from definitions in the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment document.  2, record 12, English, - arrayed%20library

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Les clones sont disposés en rangs et en colonnes (grilles) dans une boîte de Pétri. Ce type de banque est différent des banques génomiques où les clones sont dispersés sans ordre dans la boîte de Pétri.  1, record 12, French, - banque%20de%20clones%20dispos%C3%A9s%20en%20grille

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Proposition faite par un spécialiste en biologie moléculaire à la GRC.  1, record 12, French, - banque%20de%20clones%20dispos%C3%A9s%20en%20grille

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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Adeno-associated virus(AAV) is unique in the viral world because it has never been shown to have any pathogenic effects in humans, and most of the population has been exposed to AAV early in life. This recommends it as a vehicle for gene therapy. And, during the past five years or so, interest has widened in the development of AAV vectors for gene delivery.  3, record 13, English, - adeno%2Dassociated%20virus

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Virus icosaédrique [20 faces] d'un diamètre de 21,8 nm, dont la multiplication est dépendante de la présence d'adénovirus.  4, record 13, French, - virus%20associ%C3%A9%20aux%20ad%C3%A9novirus

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Seul un groupe a rapporté l'utilisation des AAV (adeno-associated virus) : cela reflète le peu de travaux effectivement réalisés avec ces virus dont les possibilités d'intégration cellulaire et les propriétés ne sont pas encore bien connues.  1, record 13, French, - virus%20associ%C3%A9%20aux%20ad%C3%A9novirus

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AAV : Bien que cette abréviation soit largement utilisée en français, on recommande l'abréviation «VAA» qui correspond au terme français «virus adéno-associé».  5, record 13, French, - virus%20associ%C3%A9%20aux%20ad%C3%A9novirus

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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Removing this gene also creates space to allow the insertion of the gene desired for expression("gene of interest").  1, record 14, English, - gene%20of%20interest

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After finding a gene of interest in a DNA array however, labor-intensive gene-targeting experiments sometimes must be performed for the in vivo analysis of the gene function.  2, record 14, English, - gene%20of%20interest

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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Le transfert de gène (ou transgenèse) comporte plusieurs étapes : l'identification et la localisation du «gène d'intérêt», responsable de la caractéristique jugée intéressante à transférer (par exemple la résistance à la pyrale est portée par le gène Bt dans le maïs Bt) [...]  1, record 14, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt

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Concrètement, on découpe dans le génome d'une plante le brin d'ADN correspondant au gène recherché (dit «gène d'intérêt»), grâce à une enzyme particulière, véritable ciseau biologique.  2, record 14, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20d%27int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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A cloning vehicle which has a single cleavage site for one or more restriction endonucleases, thus allowing the insertion of a fragment of foreign DNA.  2, record 15, English, - insertion%20vector

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Avipoxviruses, including Fowlpoxvirus(FPV) have been shown previously to infect mammalian cells but are unable to complete their replication cycle. Avipoxvirus based rabies and HIV vaccines have shown promise in preclinical studies. We have begun work to develop the FPV system for application to HPV CTL. We first constructed a new FPV insertion vector(Fig. 3) which facilitates production of recombinant viruses by co-insertion of the gpt marker gene under the control of a vaccinia virus 19K promoter. The gene of interest is inserted into a polylinker downstream of the vaccinia virus 7. 5K promoter.  3, record 15, English, - insertion%20vector

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

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Vecteur de clonage ne comportant qu'un seul site de coupure pour une enzyme de restriction donnée, permettant ainsi l'insertion d'un fragment d'ADN étranger.  2, record 15, French, - vecteur%20d%27insertion

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Record 16,  Textual support,  English

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There is some interest in adenoviruses as gene cloning vectors for expressing large amounts of recombinant proteins in animal cells. Like many viruses, adenoviruses have the ability to "turn on" their genes at a very high level. Adenoviral vectors seek to use this property by replacing a viral gene with another one, one that codes for a protein we want.  1, record 16, English, - adenoviral%20vector

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

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Vecteur de transfert construit à partir d'un adénovirus (virus à ADN).  2, record 16, French, - vecteur%20ad%C3%A9noviral

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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Chromosome walking, one strategy for filling in gaps, involves hybridizing a primer known sequence to a clone from an unordered genomic library and synthezing a short complementary strand(called walking along a chromosome). The complementary strand is then sequenced and its end used as the next primer for further walking; in this way the adjacent, previously unknown region is identified and sequenced. Chromosome walking is also used to locate specific genes by sequencing the chromosomal segments between markers that flank the gene of interest.  1, record 17, English, - walking%20along%20a%20chromosome

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

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Isolement séquentiel des clones dont les extrémités se chevauchent. Permet de progresser de proche en proche sur le DNA génomique à partir d'une séquence clonée initiale, dans un sens ou dans l'autre.  1, record 17, French, - marche%20sur%20le%20g%C3%A9nome

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Record 18,  Textual support,  English

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The degree of difficulty in finding a disease gene of interest depends largely on what information is already known about the gene and, especially, on what kind of DNA alterations cause the disease. Spotting the disease gene is very difficult when disease results from a single altered DNA base; sickle cell anemia is an example of such a case, as are probably most major human inherited diseases.  1, record 18, English, - disease%20gene

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