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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Synthetic gene drives are a new form of genetic engineering that overcomes the normal rules of inheritance, and which may allow the deliberate eradication or modification of species and populations in the wild. Gene drives distort the process of inheritance so that the probability of particular genes—and thus specific traits—being passed on is increased substantially above the usual 50%(known as the Mendelian rule of inheritance). Over the course of several generations, genes with higher inheritance rates will rapidly spread through a breeding population... Thus, in theory at least, a gene drive can be employed to force genetic changes into an entire population.  4, record 1, English, - synthetic%20gene%20drive

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

gene drive: In English, a differentiation is sometimes made between a synthetic gene drive, a bioengineered process, and a natural gene drive, a natural process of inheritance. Consequently, it may be preferable to use the designations "synthetic gene drive" and "engineered gene drive" when referring to the bioengineered process.  5, record 1, English, - synthetic%20gene%20drive

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Procédé qui consiste à modifier la transmission héréditaire de certains gènes par génie génétique afin d'agir, au cours des générations, sur la composition de populations.  3, record 1, French, - for%C3%A7age%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Il s'agit en effet de violer les fameuses lois de Mendel pour répandre un caractère donné dans l'ensemble d'une population. Lors de la reproduction sexuée, un caractère porté sur un chromosome d'un des deux parents n'a qu'une chance sur deux d'être transmis à la génération suivante. Le forçage génétique ­consiste à dépasser ce seuil et transmettre ce caractère à 100 % de la descendance.  4, record 1, French, - for%C3%A7age%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

guidage génétique : désignation et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 28 mars 2018.  5, record 1, French, - for%C3%A7age%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction... In the latter part of the 20th century, however, the term came to refer more specifically to methods of recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] technology(or gene cloning)...  2, record 2, English, - genetic%20engineering

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble de concepts, méthodes et techniques permettant de modifier le patrimoine héréditaire d'une cellule par la manipulation de gènes et leur transposition.  3, record 2, French, - g%C3%A9nie%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

génie génétique : désignation et définition normalisées par l'AFNOR; définition reproduite avec son autorisation.  4, record 2, French, - g%C3%A9nie%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Nuevas técnicas de investigación que manipulan el ADN de las células. La técnica de combinar genes, la cual produce ADN recombinante, es un sistema que consiste en insertar genes de un organismo en otro.  2, record 2, Spanish, - ingenier%C3%ADa%20gen%C3%A9tica

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The molecular mechanisms that control gene expression. These include controls that operate at every stage of protein determination : transcription of DNA, posttranscriptional processing of mRNA, translation of mRNA, and posttranslational modification of proteins.  1, record 3, English, - genetic%20regulation

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The genome of an organism contains DNA sequences of several different types, including structural genes, which specify the amino acid sequences of enzymes and structural proteins or the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNAs or transfer RNAs; and regulatory genes and signals, which code for regulatory proteins, and control the initiation and termination of transcription or provide binding sites for regulatory molecules.  1, record 3, English, - genetic%20regulation

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des mécanismes capables de moduler l'expression du potentiel héréditaire dans une cellule vivante en fonction des signaux qu'elle reçoit, en provenance d'autres cellules ou de l'environnement.  2, record 3, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Cette régulation peut s'exercer à 3 niveaux : celui de la transcription, celui de la traduction des messagers et celui du transport et de l'assemblage des polypeptides aboutissant à la production de molécules enzymiques actives.  2, record 3, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proceso que controla la síntesis o supresión de los productos génicos en células o tejidos específicos.  1, record 3, Spanish, - regulaci%C3%B3n%20g%C3%A9nica

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A nonhereditary, phenotypic modification(caused by special environmental conditions) that mimics a similar phenotype caused by a gene mutation(genocopy).  2, record 4, English, - phenocopy

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

État d'un individu dont le phénotype évoque celui d'une affection génétique qui pourrait être imputable à l'action du milieu.  2, record 4, French, - ph%C3%A9nocopie

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Fenotipo que no corresponde a su genotipo, sino a otro, a causa de algún factor medioambiental anormal, como puede ser la presencia de metales pesados.  2, record 4, Spanish, - fenocopia

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Since alleles derived from different parental origins that are identical in nucleotide sequence may exhibit imprinting, the differences between the paternal and maternal genetic material are due to differential programming during spermatogenesis or oogenesis. The different packaging constraints of the sperm cell compared with the ovum also may be important. The regulatory mechanisms superimpose on the nucleotide sequence of a gene to determine the location, timing and degree of expression, and are termed epigenetic effects. Epigenetic modification(rather than genetic divergence of the gametes) of the DNA is likely to be the signal that marks the sperm and egg alleles as different. Imprinting is a special type of epigenetic inheritance that is passed through the gene line into somatic tissues of the progeny and is parent-specific.  1, record 5, English, - epigenetic%20modification

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

epigenetic: The absence of factors in the genotype that exerts an effect upon the phenotype.  2, record 5, English, - epigenetic%20modification

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Altération chromosomique pouvant être héritée et réversible, qui se surimpose à la séquence nucléotidique.  1, record 5, French, - modification%20%C3%A9pig%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Le niveau supplémentaire d'information ainsi créé permettrait, par exemple, de distinguer l'origine parentale des chromosomes.  1, record 5, French, - modification%20%C3%A9pig%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The field of genetic research is seeing dramatic growth in the understanding of the links between genetics and disease, both in terms of predisposition for and actual incidence of disease. Such understanding is paving the way for gene replacement, gene modification and cloning.  1, record 6, English, - gene%20modification

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

On peut utiliser d'autres virus comme vecteurs de gènes, les herpèsvirus par exemple ou certains rétrovirus, ou encore le virus de la vaccine qui reste capable de se multiplier après modification génique et reste un cas particulier parmi les vecteurs viraux.  1, record 6, French, - modification%20g%C3%A9nique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Cambio químico, adición, eliminación, sustitución, reorganización o recombinación del material genético hereditario ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico).  4, record 6, Spanish, - modificaci%C3%B3n%20de%20genes

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La modificación genética mediante la transferencia de genes individuales de una especie a otra fue lograda por primera vez en 1973. [...] La capacidad de utilizar microbios para "hacer que se desarrollen" genes de cualquier organismo, condujo a una capacidad nunca antes soñada para analizar los genes. [...] La modificación genética en animales, la clonación de mamíferos, se anunció en 1997. [...] Así, en teoría, sería posible remover el material genético de un óvulo y reemplazarlo con el material genético de una célula adulta, permitiendo, de esa manera, que los genes de la célula adulta dirijan el desarrollo del animal.  5, record 6, Spanish, - modificaci%C3%B3n%20de%20genes

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The field of genetic research is seeing dramatic growth in the understanding of the links between genetics and disease, both in terms of predisposition for and actual incidence of disease. Such understanding is paving the way for gene replacement, gene modification and cloning.  1, record 7, English, - gene%20replacement

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Théoriquement, la thérapie génique peut revêtir plusieurs formes dont l'addition génique, la modification génique in situ et le remplacement génique. Cependant, dans les applications médicales actuelles du génie génétique, seule l'addition de gènes est praticable.  2, record 7, French, - remplacement%20de%20g%C3%A8nes

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Técnica que consiste en reemplazar un gen determinado con una versión clónica del mismo, que es similar aunque inactiva.  6, record 7, Spanish, - reemplazo%20de%20genes

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Reemplazo de genes supresores de tumores. Dado que el gen supresor de tumores denominado p53 es el gen que se ha encontrado alterado con más frecuencia en tumores humanos [...] es el candidato ideal para el empleo de técnicas de reemplazamiento genético que pretenden transferir una copia del gen normal a las células tumorales y así restablecer la función perdida.  1, record 7, Spanish, - reemplazo%20de%20genes

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La Sustitución Génica puede usarse para incorporar nuevos genes en las células de destino, sustituyendo los genes mutados/disfuncionales y de esta manera prolongar la vida de las células.  7, record 7, Spanish, - reemplazo%20de%20genes