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Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

... adaptor proteins are proteins that have domains which associate multiple proteins and often also cytoskeletal scaffolding components. This association places proteins in proximity that allows direct interaction of the effector signals, which are often kinases but also may include proteins such as trafs that transmit signals by other mechanisms, including regulation of degradation of targets.  4, record 1, English, - adaptor%20protein

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Adaptor proteins that play key roles in cellular signaling such as phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, signal transduction, organization of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, [and] regulation of gene expression(all distinct yet interacting systems).  5, record 1, English, - adaptor%20protein

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine dont la fonction est de relier deux ou plusieurs protéines différentes dans un complexe moléculaire.  4, record 1, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20adaptatrice

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les protéines adaptatrices, bien que dépourvues d'activité enzymatique intrinsèque, jouent un rôle essentiel dans la biologie des cellules en régulant l'assemblage de complexes multimoléculaires de signalisation essentiels à la transmission intracellulaire des signaux extracellulaires reçus par la cellule.  5, record 1, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20adaptatrice

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 OBS

protéine adaptatrice; PA : désignations et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 4 février 2021.  6, record 1, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20adaptatrice

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The mechanism of autogenous regulation, whereby a protein directly controls the expression of its own structural gene, is compared on the basis of function with the classical mechanism, in which the structural gene of the regulator is itself unregulated.  2, record 2, English, - autogenous%20regulation

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Tout mécanisme par lequel le produit d'un gène contrôle l'expression de ce même gène.  2, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20autog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 OBS

régulation autogène; autorégulation : désignations normalisées par l'AFNOR.  4, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20autog%C3%A8ne

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 2 OBS

régulation autogène; autorégulation génique : désignations et définition publiées au Journal officiel de la République française le 9 avril 2022.  5, record 2, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20autog%C3%A8ne

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Developmental regulation of human fetal-to-adult globin gene switching in transgenic mice.  1, record 3, English, - gene%20switching

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Extrait du périodique "Nature", 1990, numero 344, pp 309-13.  1, record 3, English, - gene%20switching

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les mécanismes contrôlant les régulations de la synthèse de l'hémoglobine in vivo ne sont encore que partiellement compris. Leur intérêt est cependant évident, puisque leur contrôle, celui en particulier qui commande la commutation «hémoglobine fœtale - hémoglobine adulte» dans la période périnatale ou les mois qui suivent, permettrait un abord thérapeutique des maladies monogéniques actuellement les plus fréquentes au monde, c'est-à-dire les thalassémies.  1, record 3, French, - commutation

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density.  3, record 4, English, - quorum%20sensing

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The discovery that bacteria are able to communicate with each other changed our general perception of many single, simple organisms inhabiting our world. Instead of language, bacteria use signalling molecules which are released into the environment. As well as releasing the signalling molecules, bacteria are also able to measure the number (concentration) of the molecules within a population. Nowadays we use the term ’Quorum Sensing’ (QS) to describe the phenomenon whereby the accumulation of signalling molecules enable a single cell to sense the number of bacteria (cell density). In the natural environment, there are many different bacteria living together which use various classes of signalling molecules. As they employ different languages they cannot necessarily talk to all other bacteria.  2, record 4, English, - quorum%20sensing

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble de mécanismes régulateurs qui contrôlent l'expression coordonnée de certains gènes bactériens au sein d'une même population bactérienne.  2, record 4, French, - d%C3%A9tection%20du%20quorum

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Research is on hairpin catalytic RNA, a catalytic RNA discovered and characterized here in my laboratory at Northern Illinois University. Hairpin catalytic RNA is a molecule which can be engineered to very efficiently cleave target RNA sequences in a unique and efficient reaction. The catalytic RNA can thus be used for the specific down regulation of gene expression since it can be designed to destroy mRNA. Current applications being developed are down regulation of selected genes, including those in the virus HIV-1. Thus it has potential as an AIDS therapeutic.  1, record 5, English, - catalytic%20RNA

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Macromolécule biologique d'acide ribonucléique susceptible d'agir comme une enzyme et de catalyser des réactions chimiques.  1, record 5, French, - ARN%20catalytique

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Molécula de ARN [ácido ribonucleico] que puede catalizar la ruptura química de sí misma o de otras moléculas de ARN.  1, record 5, Spanish, - ARN%20catal%C3%ADtico

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Study on ] the complex hormonal regulation of casein and thrombospondine(TSP) genes in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells and ultimately in breast cancer cells... a 5’ noncoding sequence element involved in the mammary specificity of casein gene transcription is shared with TSP gene... The more difficult but conclusive tests of promoter function and trans acting factors are not proposed. The effects of hormone treatments on TSP MRNA stability will be evaluated by pulse chase experiments....  1, record 6, English, - trans%20acting%20factor

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 CONT

A novel transforming growth factor - beta SUB 1 responsive cytoplasmic trans-acting factor binds selectively to the 3’-untranslated region of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase R2 mRNA ... mRNA destabilization triggered by premature translational termination depends on at least three cis-acting sequence elements and one trans-acting factor ... In vitro analysis of bovine growth hormone pre-mRNA alternative splicing involvement of exon sequences and trans-acting factor(s) ... [Source: PASCAL database].  2, record 6, English, - trans%20acting%20factor

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Protéine auxiliaire liant l’ADN et interagit avec les séquences cis-régulatrices d’ADN pour contrôler l’expression d’un gène.  3, record 6, French, - facteur%20trans%2Dactivateur

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Facteur diffusible capable de moduler l'activité (en + ou en -) d'un ou de plusieurs gènes en interagissant avec leur(s) séquence(s) régulatrice(s).  1, record 6, French, - facteur%20trans%2Dactivateur

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proteína auxiliar de unión con el ADN, que interacciona con las secuencias de ADN reguladas en cis para el control de la expresión génica.  1, record 6, Spanish, - factor%20de%20actuaci%C3%B3n%20en%20trans

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

We now report the discovery of a gene tightened regulation of cancer that codes for a novel uncoupling protein, designated UCP2, which has 59% for physicians and patients amino-acid identity to UCP1, and describe properties consistent with a role in diabetes and obesity. In comparison with UCP1, UCP2 has a greater effect on mitochondrial membrane potential when expressed in yeast. Compared to UCP1, the gene is widely expressed in adult human tissues, including tissues rich in macrophages, and it is upregulated in white fat in response to fat feeding. Finally, UCP2 maps to regions of human chromosome 11 and mouse chromosome 7 that have been linked to hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. Our findings suggest that UCP2 has a unique role in energy balance, body weight regulation and thermoregulation and their responses to inflammatory stimuli.  1, record 7, English, - Uncoupling%20Protein%202

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le nouveau gène baptisé «Uncoupling Protein 2» (UCP2), sert à fabriquer une protéine qui permet de brûler les aliments en excès  2, record 7, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20br%C3%BBleuse%20de%20graisses%20exc%C3%A9dentaires

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Prélude à la mise au point de médicaments coupe-faim véritablement efficaces, une équipe franco-américaine vient de découvrir une protéine chargée de brûler les graisses absorbées par l'organisme.  2, record 7, French, - prot%C3%A9ine%20br%C3%BBleuse%20de%20graisses%20exc%C3%A9dentaires

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An enzyme that is formed only in the presence of a specific inducer, usually its substrate or a chemical analogue thereof.  3, record 8, English, - adaptive%20enzyme

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Enzyme induction is now recognized as a special example of gene regulation.  3, record 8, English, - adaptive%20enzyme

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Enzyme n'apparaissant qu'en présence d'un substrat, et sous l'impulsion d'un inducteur qui peut être, ou non, le substrat lui-même.  3, record 8, French, - enzyme%20inductible

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tradicionalmente, la Real Academia Española (RAE) admitía únicamente el género femenino para el sustantivo enzima; así fue hasta 1984, fecha en que pasó a considerarlo de género ambiguo, que puede funcionar por igual como masculino y como femenino. El uso, no obstante, parece haberse decantado claramente en español por el femenino, que hoy se emplea en el 90% de los casos [...]  2, record 8, Spanish, - enzima%20inducible

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The process of explanting animal cells from living organisms into chemically defined basal media that contain all major ions, sugars, amino acids, etc., needed for cellular survival or growth.  3, record 9, English, - cell%20culture

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Development of culture methods has been essential to the analysis of gene function, metabolic regulation, and cell physiology in animal cells.  3, record 9, English, - cell%20culture

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Multiplication des cellules eucaryotes animales ou végétales en milieu défini.  3, record 9, French, - culture%20cellulaire

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 OBS

culture cellulaire : terme et définition normalisés par l'AFNOR.  4, record 9, French, - culture%20cellulaire

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Proceso mediante el que células, ya sean células procariotas, eucariotas o vegetales, pueden cultivarse en condiciones controladas.  2, record 9, Spanish, - cultivo%20celular

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Regulation of enzyme activity. Enzymes may be regulated at two levels :(1) at the level of gene expression and protein synthesis through induction and repression;(2) at the enzyme level through enzyme inhibition or activation as a result of the binding of effector molecules at allosteric sites on the enzyme.  2, record 10, English, - enzyme%20regulation

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Deux mécanismes majeurs sont à la base de la régulation de l'activité enzymatique : le contrôle génétique et le contrôle de la catalyse. Le contrôle génétique fait intervenir un changement dans la quantité totale de molécules enzymatiques. Les exemples les plus connus de cette forme de régulation sont l'induction enzymatique et la répression chez les micro-organismes [...]. Le contrôle de la catalyse fait intervenir un changement dans l'activité enzymatique sans que change la quantité totale de l'enzyme synthétisée.  1, record 10, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20de%20l%27activit%C3%A9%20enzymatique

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Molecular Neuroscience includes the Neurobiotechnology faculty as well as other individual investigators from the Colleges of Biological Sciences, Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacy, and Social and Behavioral Sciences. The projects in molecular neuroscience range from studies aimed at understanding the regulation of gene expression in nervous tissue to elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate nervous system function which are illustrated in the following areas : cell signaling mechanisms, neural degeneration, neuronal adhesion, nervous system development, aging, tumorigenesis, synapse formation, the developmental regulation of neurotransmitter peptides and receptor gene expression, genetics of neurological diseases and developmental biology of limb formation and regeneration.  1, record 11, English, - neurobiotechnology

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Empêcher la mort des neurones, ou les remplacer par d'autres cellules. Telles sont les deux grandes voies de recherche proposées par des neurobiotechnologies encore balbutiantes, mais dont on attend beaucoup pour lutter contre les maladies neurodégénératives et mentales.  1, record 11, French, - neurobiotechnologie

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The regulation(of gene expression at the level of genetic translation, i. e. by controlling the rate at which specific mRNA molecules are translated into polypeptides.  1, record 12, English, - translation%20control

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] le contrôle de la traduction a été invoqué pour rendre compte du fait que les produits des différents gènes de certains opérons, c'est-à-dire les divers enzymes codés par un opéron, ne sont pas nécessairement synthétisés en quantité équimolaires [même s'ils sont codés par le] même mRNA polycistronique.  1, record 12, French, - contr%C3%B4le%20de%20la%20traduction

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The generation of two or more different mature mRNA's from the same primary transcript through variation in the sites of splicing. It is a method of producing structurally and functionally distinct proteins from the same gene and a method of developmental regulation.  1, record 13, English, - alternative%20splicing

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Expression décrivant la possibilité pour un même ARN pré-messager de subir divers épissages, conduisant à des protéines différentes selon la différenciation de la cellule (ou son état physiologique) où cet épissage est effectué. Les protéines produites à partir d'un même gène présenteront ainsi des domaines protéiques en commun.  2, record 13, French, - %C3%A9pissage%20alternatif

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] un même gène peut coder pour plusieurs protéines. En particulier, le phénomène d'épissage alternatif qui est omniprésent chez tous les eucaryotes pluricellulaires, permet de générer différentes protéines. Dans un cas au moins, il a été montré que l'épissage alternatif conduit à l'expression de protéines complètement distinctes [Alphonso et al. J. Mol. Biol. sous presse, cités dans Fields et al. 1994].  3, record 13, French, - %C3%A9pissage%20alternatif

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Sequence found within the structural genes of HIV-1 and of other complex retroviruses. Multiple INS elements exist within the genome and can act independently; one of the best characterized elements spans nucleotides 414 to 631 in the gag region of HIV-1. The INS elements have been defined by functional assays as elements that inhibit expression posttranscriptionally. Mutation of the RNA elements was shown to lead to INS inactivation and up regulation of gene expression.  1, record 14, English, - inhibitory%20RNA%20sequence

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In plural in the text.  2, record 14, English, - inhibitory%20RNA%20sequence

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Glossary in molecular biology (Portions of the glossary text were taken directly or modified from definitions in the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment document).  2, record 14, English, - inhibitory%20RNA%20sequence

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Processes whereby industrial enzymes are manufactured. Some enzymes are formed at all times (constitutive enzymes), whereas others are only formed when needed (inducible enzymes). Few enzymes are produced by wild-type organisms in the quantities required for a viable commercial operation. Enzymes may be produced by extraction of very small amounts from very large quantities of cells or tissues, making them suitable for medical, diagnostic, analytical or research purposes.  1, record 15, English, - enzyme%20production

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Methods are available to overcome the control mechanisms that exert an inhibitory effect on the production of large amounts of enzymes by microorganisms. These techniques are divided into two categories :(1) manipulation of the genetics(use of mutagens and selection, or more recently gene manipulation) in order to alter the regulation mechanisms or produce more copies of the gene responsible;(2) manipulation of the environment(addition of inducers, or removal or avoidance of end product repressors). This can be done using a mixed culture, the second organism removing the end product that represses the first.  1, record 15, English, - enzyme%20production

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Dès que le développement de la microbiologie a permis de mieux comprendre les systèmes qui président à la synthèse des enzymes chez les microorganismes, la production industrielle d'enzymes s'est orientée vers les processus fermentaires. (...) Le principe de la production des enzymes microbiennes exocellulaires est très simple : un microorganisme est cultivé dans un milieu approprié à partir duquel l'enzyme est ensuite extraite (pour les enzymes endocellulaires, un traitement de la biomasse est nécessaire).  1, record 15, French, - production%20d%27enzymes

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[Molecular cloning] is likely to offer unique possibilities for investigating mechanisms of gene regulation in higher organisms. For example, a bacterial culture with incorporated eukariotic DNA could be incubated with components to be tested for regulatory effects such as enzymes or repressors. Their influence on gene expression could be investigated.  1, record 16, English, - gene%20regulation

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 DEF

[...] ensemble des phénomènes par lesquels certains gènes ainsi que la constitution chimique du milieu ambiant, régularisent le taux de synthèse d'une protéine. [Elle] détermine l'essentiel des processus aussi fondamentaux que la différenciation, le développement embryonnaire et l'action des hormones.  1, record 16, French, - r%C3%A9gulation%20du%20g%C3%A8ne

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish