TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

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Zoology is the branch of natural science that deals with the integrative study of animal biology. It is concerned with every level of biological organization from the gene to the biosphere, and with the structure, physiology, behavior, genetics, development, distribution, ecology and evolution of animals in all taxonomic groups.  2, record 1, English, - animal%20biology

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animal biology: term extracted from the “Glossaire de l’agriculture” and reproduced with permission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.  3, record 1, English, - animal%20biology

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

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La biologie animale regroupe la zoologie (science qui traite des animaux) et l'éthologie (étude du comportement animal) [...]  2, record 1, French, - biologie%20animale

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biologie animale : terme extrait du «Glossaire de l’agriculture» et reproduit avec l’autorisation de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques.  3, record 1, French, - biologie%20animale

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Record 2,  Textual support,  English

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... an enzyme that acetylates core histones, which results in important regulatory effects on chromatin structure and assembly, and gene transcription.  1, record 2, English, - histone%20acetyltransferase

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

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Viruses, most of which infect microorganisms, are the most abundant biological entities on the planet. Identifying and measuring the community dynamics of viruses in the environment is complicated because less than one percent of microbial hosts have been cultivated. Also, there is no single gene that is common to all viral genomes, so total uncultured viral diversity cannot be monitored using approaches analogous to ribosomal DNA profiling. Metagenomic analyses of uncultured viral communities circumvent these limitations and can provide insights into the composition and structure of environmental viral communities.  2, record 3, English, - viral%20metagenomics

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

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Les virus de l’environnement sont à la fois très nombreux, très diversifiés et largement méconnus. Au-delà de leur pouvoir pathogène, on leur reconnaît aujourd’hui une influence plus large sur des aspects fondamentaux de l’écologie de notre planète, comme les cycles biogéochimiques, la régulation des communautés de micro-organismes ou encore l’évolution des organismes vivants et de leurs génomes. Les approches de métagénomique virale, [qui consistent] en un séquençage aléatoire massif des acides nucléiques encapsidés, ont permis durant cette dernière décennie de mieux connaître la composition des communautés virales naturelles ainsi que la diversité génétique des virus.  3, record 3, French, - m%C3%A9tag%C3%A9nomique%20des%20virus

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Record 4,  Textual support,  English

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New ways to cleave nucleic acids. The era of recombinant DNA began with the discovery of restriction endonucleases. Only when DNA could be precisely cut could it be predictably recombined. Current efforts to refine this biological cutting edge may herald a new phase in the exploration of gene structure and function.  2, record 4, English, - cleave

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Record 5,  Textual support,  English

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The ability of certain restriction enzymes to recognize rather short, specific sequences of DNA as targets for cleavage opens a direct approach to gene structure. It is possible to proceed to determine the sequence of DNA between points that are sufficiently close together by suitable choice of points, regions can be connected into a sequence of the entire gene. The sequence of the DNA then can be compared with the sequence of the protein that the gene represents. This allows the regions corresponding to the protein to be delineated; and, by extending the sequence in either direction, the distance to the next gene can be determined.  2, record 5, English, - gene%20structure

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

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Les résultats les plus frappants concernant la structure du gène lui-même, sont issus de l'étude des gènes rIIA et rIIB du bactériophage T4. Ce sont deux gènes contigus qui règlent la durée du cycle de T4. Des mutations dans l'un ou l'autre affectent donc la taille des plages formées par le virus sur un gazon bactérien poussant sur une boîte d'agar, ce qui permet de détecter un très petit nombre de particules de type sauvage au milieu d'un très grand nombre de mutants.  2, record 5, French, - structure%20du%20g%C3%A8ne

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Record 6,  Textual support,  English

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Silent genes and everlasting fruits and vegetables?... An intriguing feature of gene silencing is that partial or almost complete gene inactivation can be obtained, depending on the position(and perhaps the structure and copy number) of the transgene. For both sense and antisense gene silencing, transformants can be selected where genetic change is stably inherited.  1, record 6, English, - gene%20silencing

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

silençage : Région de l'ADN qui diminue la transcription d'un gène voisin de cette région.  2, record 6, French, - silen%C3%A7age%20de%20l%27expression%20g%C3%A9nique

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 2 OBS

silenceur : La méthylation de l'ADN et le développement des végétaux, paramutations et interactions alléliques, les mécanismes de silençage de l'expression génétique.  1, record 6, French, - silen%C3%A7age%20de%20l%27expression%20g%C3%A9nique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Pérdida de expresión génica por una alteración en la secuencia de ADN de un gen estructural o de su región reguladora o bien por las interacciones entre su transcrito y otros ARNm [ácido ribonucleico mensajero] que se encuentran en la célula.  3, record 6, Spanish, - silenciamiento%20g%C3%A9nico

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Silenciamiento génico. Gen que no se expresa debido a la regulación epigenética. A diferencia de los genes que son mutantes debido a alteraciones en su secuencia de DNA, los genes inactivados mediante silenciamiento pueden volver a ser activados.  1, record 6, Spanish, - silenciamiento%20g%C3%A9nico

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

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A leader peptide is typically coded... by the first gene in an operon controlled by attenuation. Translation of the leader peptide can influence which alternative mRNA secondary structure forms, thereby enhancing or decreasing transcription termination by the attenuator.  3, record 7, English, - leader%20peptide

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Not to be confused with signal peptide.  4, record 7, English, - leader%20peptide

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

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Chez les bactéries, petit peptide codé par la séquence-leader des opérons de biosynthèse et participant à la régulation de leur expression.  1, record 7, French, - peptide%2Dleader

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Ne pas confondre avec peptide-signal.  2, record 7, French, - peptide%2Dleader

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Record 8,  Textual support,  English

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The representation of the genetic(relative) distance separating nonallelic gene loci in a linkage structure(the genes of one linkage group or chromosome), or the arrangement of the mutational sites(alleles) of a particular gene by utilizing the frequency of genetic recombination via crossing-over between genes and within genes.  1, record 8, English, - genetic%20map

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

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Représentation graphique, sous forme linéaire, de la position et des distances relatives (en unités génétiques) des gènes situés le long d'un chromosome.  1, record 8, French, - carte%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Representación del orden lineal de los genes en un cromosoma, basada en las frecuencias de recombinación (mapa de ligamiento) o en la localización física (mapa físico o cromosómico).  1, record 8, Spanish, - mapa%20gen%C3%A9tico

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

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Sequence of amino acid residues along a polypeptide chain in a protein.  2, record 9, English, - primary%20structure

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Today, the relative ease of gene sequencing is leading to an explosion in the derivation of protein primary structure by direct gene translation. This information is being stored in DNA databanks. The current problem with the design of enzymes is that we are still unable to predict reliably the three-dimensional structure adopted by a known primary structure(amino acid sequence)... Minor changes in primary structure can result in the formation of additional intramolecular intersubunit electrostatic or hydrophobic bonds. Even a small number of these bonds can drastically increase the stability of subunit enzymes against dissociative inactivation.  3, record 9, English, - primary%20structure

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It completely determines the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.  2, record 9, English, - primary%20structure

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

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Dans une chaîne polypeptidique, arrangement séquentiel des acides aminés dont l'enchaînement est assuré par des liaisons peptidiques covalentes.  2, record 9, French, - structure%20primaire

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La structure primaire de la molécule protéique [...] est la structure la plus importante et la plus spécifique : elle détermine les structures secondaire et tertiaire. [...] Les protéines thermostables, une fois déterminées leurs structures primaire et tertiaire, serviraient de modèles pour la construction d'enzymes qui pourraient alors être produites par génie génétique. Car si nous comprenions les principes qui donnent leur stabilité aux protéines, nous pourrions ne modifier que quelques résidus d'acides aminés de protéines connues pour les rendre stables.  2, record 9, French, - structure%20primaire

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

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Secuencia lineal de residuos que forman un polímero, como por ejemplo, ácidos nucleicos, polisacáridos o proteínas.  2, record 9, Spanish, - estructura%20primaria

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

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Newfoundland coastal waters are too cold for the production of salmon raised in large "fish farm" cages near shore. However, researchers at the Logy Bay research laboratory have found a way to take the "antifreeze gene" from flounder and cod and incorporate it into Newfoundland salmon.  2, record 10, English, - antifreeze%20gene

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Although McMurdo Sound fishes are exposed to great extremes of ice and temperature, antifreeze peptides enable them to avoid freezing. Dr. Arthur DeVries and his team wil look at the relationship among antifreeze levels in the fish, sea-ice cover and sea temperature; the structure and function of antifreeze molecules; and the structure and organization of the antifreeze gene. Additionally, they will try to determine whether Antarctic fishes have mechanisms to dispose of accumulated ice in their bodies.  3, record 10, English, - antifreeze%20gene

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

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Proposition faite par analogie avec la bactérie anti-gel déjà à l'étude chez les végétaux.  1, record 10, French, - g%C3%A8ne%20antigel

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Record 11,  Textual support,  English

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A series of antigens, for example, blood types, common to all members of a species but differentiating classes and subclasses within the species.  2, record 11, English, - isotype

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... one gene determines the presence(or absence) of one blood group antigen, which in turn has as part of its structure several different blood groups. This is identical to what occurs in other fields of immunology, where an antigen has many different reactive sites known as determinant groups.  3, record 11, English, - isotype

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

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Structure antigénique des immunoglobulines, constante chez tous les individus de la même espèce.  2, record 11, French, - isotype

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Record 12,  Textual support,  English

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The detection of non-Mendelian inheritance in man. How to detect and interpret variation in gene structure or expression that does not or might not follow a Mendelian mode of inheritance : mitochondrial mutations(particularly when heteroplasmic) ;uniparental disomy(full or regional, heterodisomy, homodisomy, isodisomy, pseudodisomy) ;unstable DNA(including triplet repeat regions) ;imprinting; X chromosome inactivation mutations or effects; positional effects; cis-trans effects, singleton birth after regression of an MZ twin, chimerism, parthenogenesis, aneuploid reproduction and recombination, RNA editing, etc.  1, record 12, English, - heteroplasmic

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

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Chez un enfant né d'un ovule hétéroplasmique, certains tissus sont enrichis en ADN mitochondrial normal, tandis que d'autres sont enrichis en ADN muté.  2, record 12, French, - h%C3%A9t%C3%A9roplasmique

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Record 13,  Textual support,  English

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Mutation : A sudden change in the genetic constitution... A gene mutation involves a single gene; a chromosome mutation involves more than a single locus... If the cause can be demonstrated as a chromosome change, the mutation is preferably referred to by the specific phenomenon involved e. g. a change in structure(aberration) or number(ploidy).  1, record 13, English, - aberration

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

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Changement génétique soudain se rapportant aux chromosomes et dont la cause est une modification de structure.  2, record 13, French, - aberration

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Record 14,  Textual support,  English

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The principle factor responsible for the transcriptional state of the c-fos proto-oncogene is the serum response factor(SRF) which binds a conserved DNA sequence called serum response element(SRE) present in the promoter region of the c-fos gene. In order to elucidate the molecular basis of this interaction, we have solved the crystal structure of a recombinant SRF-SRE complex(Nature, 376 : 490-298, 1995).  3, record 14, English, - serum%20response%20factor

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

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La MAP kinase activée phosphoryle des protéines kinases activées sur la protéine ribosomique S6, la p90rsk., l'activant à son tour. Ces deux kinases sont alors transférées dans le noyau. La MAP kinase phosphoryle le facteur TCF/Elk-1, un partenaire de SRF (serum response factor) qui intervient dans la stimulation de gènes appelés «à réponse ultraprécoce» dont le prototype est le gène c-fos.  1, record 14, French, - facteur%20SRF

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Record 15,  Textual support,  English

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Silent genes and everlasting fruits and vegetables?... An intriguing feature of gene silencing is that partial or almost complete gene inactivation can be obtained, depending on the position(and perhaps the structure and copy number) of the transgene. For both sense and antisense gene silencing, transformants can be selected where genetic change is stably inherited.  1, record 15, English, - silent%20gene

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Much of the recent activity took place at industry leader CALGENE. Its scientists reported the cloning of an expression of lysophophatidic acyl transferase gene from coconut, which is key to deciphering the structure of vegetable oils and raising the level of commercial harvest of laurate and myristage in the oil.  1, record 16, English, - lysophosphatidic%20acid%20acyltransferase

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Immature endosperm of coconut (Cocos nucifera) contains a membrane-bound lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) having medium chain length substrate specificity appropriate to the biosynthesis of coconut oil.  1, record 16, English, - lysophosphatidic%20acid%20acyltransferase

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Extrait de la base de données DIALOG  3, record 16, English, - lysophosphatidic%20acid%20acyltransferase

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

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Localisation de l'activité acide lysophosphatidique acyltransférase à la surface cytoplasmique des microsomes en absence de protéases.  1, record 16, French, - acide%20lysophosphatidique%20acyltransf%C3%A9rase

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Contexte tiré de la base de données documentaire PASCAL.  1, record 16, French, - acide%20lysophosphatidique%20acyltransf%C3%A9rase

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Record 17,  Textual support,  English

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The alpha and beta chains have essentially the same structure, are about the same length and show roughly the same rate of evolutionary amino acid substitution. They arose through gene duplication some 450 million years ago and became differentiated as they accumulated mutations independently.  1, record 17, English, - beta%20chain

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les chaînes alpha et bêta ont approximativement la même structure, sont de longueur à peu près identique et présentent des taux de substitution d'acide aminé voisins. Elles se sont formées, il y a quelque 450 millions d'années, par duplication génique, puis se sont différenciées indépendamment par accumulation de mutations.  1, record 17, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20b%C3%AAta

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 18,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

The alpha and beta chains have essentially the same structure, are about the same length and show roughly the same rate of evolutionary amino acid substitution. They arose through gene duplication some 450 million years ago and became differentiated as they accumulated mutations independently.  1, record 18, English, - alpha%20chain

Record 18,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 18, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les chaînes alpha et bêta ont approximativement la même structure, sont de longueur à peu près identique et présentent des taux de substitution d'acide aminé voisins. Elles se sont formées, il y a quelque 450 millions d'années, par duplication génique, puis se sont différenciées indépendamment par accumulation de mutations.  1, record 18, French, - cha%C3%AEne%20alpha

Record 18,  Textual support,  Spanish