TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Backward inference is tracing back or backward chaining, reasoning from effect to cause, or from what is acted upon to actor. In general, backward inference has higher inferential strength than forward inference. As we are tracing backward from the effect or consequence to what has happened before, there is a closed or much restricted reasoning space and, thus, lower probability of going wrong.  3, record 1, English, - backward%20inference

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

[...] l'inférence arrière commence par un objectif et remonte jusqu'à trouver les données qui le soutiennent.  5, record 1, French, - inf%C3%A9rence%20arri%C3%A8re

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A problem dealing with content and not related to the life experience of the individual.  2, record 2, English, - abstract%20problem

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

An abstract problem is defined as a general theoretical construct by making abstractions and explicit assumptions about a number of abstract objects, and it is solved in theory by finding an appropriate inference method.  3, record 2, English, - abstract%20problem

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

As a general rule the evidence of user necessary to induce the court to presume a lost modern grant must be stronger than that upon which the court will presume a grant upon immemorial user, for where the party opposing the claim shows that the user did not at one time exist, the presumption of a modern grant becomes a more violent inference than the presumption of an ancient grant based upon immemorial user.(Halsbury, 4th ed., Vol. 14, p. 46)  1, record 4, English, - immemorial%20user

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 OBS

usage immémorial : terme normalisé par le Comité de normalisation dans le cadre du Programme national de l'administration de la justice dans les deux langues officielles (PAJLO).  2, record 4, French, - usage%20imm%C3%A9morial

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 5,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Against this general approach to the interpretation of s. 9 of the TPA [Trespass to Property Act], the appellant argues that a negative inference should be taken from other Ontario legislation.  1, record 5, English, - negative%20inference

Record 5,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 5, Textual support number: 1 CONT

À l’encontre de ce mode d’interprétation général de l’art. 9 LESA [Loi sur l'entrée sans autorisation], l’appelant fait valoir qu’une inférence négative devrait être faite à partir d’autres textes législatifs de l’Ontario.  1, record 5, French, - inf%C3%A9rence%20n%C3%A9gative

Record 5,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

... a form of reasoning from sample data to population parameters; that is any generalization, prediction, estimate, or decision based on a sample.  5, record 6, English, - statistical%20inference

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... in the past(and to some extent in the present), it was fashionable to divide the subject matter of statistics into two distinct subjects called descriptive statistics and statistical inference. In the former, the main emphasis is placed on arithmetic and graphical distillation of data to help describe the existing situation. Statistical inference, on the other hand, involves considerably more sophisticated notions concerned with general decision making and prediction. Not only is the mathematics involved often more difficult, but, as an example of an inductive science(inducting from the particular to the general), it contains subtleties and nuances that are not always revealed by a mathematical formula.  6, record 6, English, - statistical%20inference

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Raisonnement par lequel on tire, à partir des observations faites sur un échantillon prélevé dans une population préalablement définie (population de référence), des conclusions concernant certaines caractéristiques quantitatives ou qualitatives de la population en question.  3, record 6, French, - induction%20statistique

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Rama de la estadística que se ocupa de hacer afirmaciones generales acerca de un grupo o población de elementos con base en información imperfecta acerca del grupo.  3, record 6, Spanish, - inferencia%20estad%C3%ADstica

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Las técnicas de inferencia estadística se refieren sobre todo a la cuestión del grado de confianza que se puede tener en las generalizaciones y los márgenes de error que pueden contener.  3, record 6, Spanish, - inferencia%20estad%C3%ADstica

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

The phase of statistics which seeks only to describe and analyse a given group without drawing any conclusions or inferences about a larger group ...  1, record 7, English, - descriptive%20statistics

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

... in the past(and to some extent in the present), it was fashionable to divide the subject matter of statistics into two distinct subjects called descriptive statistics and statistical inference. In the former, the main emphasis is placed on arithmetic and graphical distillation of data to help describe the existing situation. Statistical inference, on the other hand, involves considerably more sophisticated notions concerned with general decision making and prediction.  2, record 7, English, - descriptive%20statistics

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 2 OBS

descriptive statistics: term used in the context of military training.  3, record 7, English, - descriptive%20statistics

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Ensemble des méthodes conduisant à une description condensée d'un ensemble d'observations, indépendamment d'une référence explicite à un modèle statistique, donc d'inférence statistique.  1, record 7, French, - statistique%20descriptive

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Terme utilisé dans le contexte de l'instruction militaire.  2, record 7, French, - statistique%20descriptive

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(4) In any proceedings in Canada to recognize or enforce a judgment given by a foreign tribunal in proceedings instituted under an antitrust law, or a foreign trade law or a provision of a foreign trade law set out in the schedule, or to enforce a concurrent or subsequent judgment for contribution or indemnity related to that judgment, no inference shall be drawn from the fact that the Attorney General of Canada has not made an order under subsection(1) or(1. 1) in respect of the judgment.  1, record 8, English, - judgment%20for%20indemnity

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(4) Dans le cadre d'instances au Canada visant une demande d'exécution soit d'un jugement rendu en application d'une loi antitrust, ou d'une loi commerciale étrangère ou d'une disposition d'une telle loi mentionnées à l'annexe, soit d'un jugement, parallèle ou postérieur à ce jugement, prononçant répétition ou indemnité, il ne peut être tiré de conclusion du fait que le procureur général du Canada ne s'est pas prévalu de son pouvoir de prendre l'arrêté visé aux paragraphes (1) ou (1.1).  1, record 8, French, - jugement%20pronon%C3%A7ant%20indemnit%C3%A9

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(4) In any proceedings in Canada to recognize or enforce a judgment given by a foreign tribunal in proceedings instituted under an antitrust law, or a foreign trade law or a provision of a foreign trade law set out in the schedule, or to enforce a concurrent or subsequent judgment for contribution or indemnity related to that judgment, no inference shall be drawn from the fact that the Attorney General of Canada has not made an order under subsection(1) or(1. 1) in respect of the judgment.  1, record 9, English, - judgment%20for%20contribution

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

(4) Dans le cadre d'instances au Canada visant une demande d'exécution soit d'un jugement rendu en application d'une loi antitrust, ou d'une loi commerciale étrangère ou d'une disposition d'une telle loi mentionnées à l'annexe, soit d'un jugement, parallèle ou postérieur à ce jugement, prononçant répétition ou indemnité, il ne peut être tiré de conclusion du fait que le procureur général du Canada ne s'est pas prévalu de son pouvoir de prendre l'arrêté visé aux paragraphes (1) ou (1.1).  1, record 9, French, - jugement%20pronon%C3%A7ant%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9tition

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A mode of reasoning that starts with specific facts and concludes general hypotheses of theories(from which the initial facts can be rederived via Deductive Inference).  3, record 10, English, - induction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Inductive inference may not be truth-preserving that is, its conclusions may be incorrect though the premise statements are correct.  4, record 10, English, - induction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

It employs indu ctive inference rules. Opposite of deductive inference.  3, record 10, English, - induction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Terms standardized by ISO/IEC.  5, record 10, English, - induction

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Inférence qui procède des faits établis vers des conclusions ou hypothèses plus générales (faits à établir). Un système inductif apprend des règles ou des concepts à partir d'un ensemble d'exemples.  3, record 10, French, - induction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Les méthodes d'inférence inductive, toutefois, ne permettent habituellement pas de choisir la généralisation appropriée parmi toutes celles qui sont souvent possibles. (cf. Hayes-Roth et autres, 1983).  3, record 10, French, - induction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Contrairement à la déduction, l'induction n'est pas nécessairement adéquate (elle préserve la fausseté).  4, record 10, French, - induction

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 2 OBS

Termes normalisés par ISO/CEI.  5, record 10, French, - induction

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The general principle is that any assumption that leads you to a contradiction must be false. Thus, if you can deduce a contradiction(using valid rules of inference) from a certain assumption, it is legitimate to conclude that the assumption is false. Indirect proof is an extremely useful method, both in logic and in the real world. In real world arguments, if you can start from your opponent's premises and derive a contradiction from them(which is frequently possible), it is a very powerful refutation of the opponent's position. It is because of the usefulness of IP(indirect proof) that I have decided to introduce it right away.  1, record 11, English, - indirect%20proof

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Toute proposition est vraie ou fausse (principe du tiers exclu) et 2° la double négation d'une assertion correspond à sa vérité. La combinaison de ces deux corollaires recèle un mode d'inférence, la méthode de preuve indirecte, qui permet de démontrer des théorèmes d'existence mathématiques sur la simple base de leur non-contradiction.  1, record 11, French, - preuve%20indirecte

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Let us formulate a general paradigm for inductive inference : Given observational statements(facts), F, that represent specific knowledge about some objects, situations, processes, and so on, tentative inductive assertion, and background knowledge, find an inductive assertion(hypothesis), H, that tautologically or weakly implies the observational statements, and satisfies the background knowledge.  2, record 12, English, - factual%20assertion

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

A l'opposé d'une règle sélective, une règle constructive produit des généralisations qui peuvent porter sur des attributs n'apparaissant pas dans les assertions factuelles dont on part.  1, record 12, French, - assertion%20factuelle

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Inductive Inference Can be Performed by Rules. Here are a few examples of such rules : Climbing generalization tree(replacing a less general term boy a more general term in a statement; e. g., generalizing the statement "I like oranges" into "I like citrus fruits").  2, record 13, English, - climbing%20generalization%20tree%20rule

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Règles d'inférence inductive. (...) Une autre variante peut s'avérer fort utile lorsque le domaine de valeurs d'une variable a une structure d'arbre de spécialisation. Les valeurs "descendantes" peuvent alors être remplacées par des valeurs "ancêtres".  1, record 13, French, - mont%C3%A9e%20d%27un%20arbre%20de%20sp%C3%A9cialisation

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish